Corrections

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Corrections (disambiguation).
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The Huntsville Unit of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice in Huntsville, Texas, is a prison, a component of a correctional system.
Qur'anic education for offenders at the Central Jail Faisalabad in Faisalabad, Pakistan

In

US
have ministries or departments, respectively, of corrections, correctional services, or similarly-named agencies.

Coporal punishment in Afghanistan during the days of the Taliban

"Corrections" is also the name of a

field of academic study concerned with the theories, policies, and programs pertaining to the practice of corrections. Its object of study includes personnel training and management as well as the experiences of those on the other side of the fence — the unwilling subjects of the correctional process.[1] Stohr and colleagues (2008) write that "Earlier scholars were more honest, calling what we now call corrections by the name penology, which means the study of punishment for crime."[5]

Terminology

The idea of "corrective labor" (

Soviet Russia dates back as far as December 1917.[6]
From 1929 the
USSR started using the terminology "corrective-labor camps" (Russian: исправительно-трудовые лагеря (ИТЛ))[7]
and "corrective labor colonies" (Russian: исправительно-трудовые колонии (ИТК)).

The terminology change in US academia from "penology" to "corrections" occurred in the 1950s and 1960s which was driven by a new philosophy emphasizing

which?] as "The New Penology".[9]

Community Based Corrections

US Marshals and prisoners on board a Con Air flight

Community Based Corrections are sanctions imposed on convicted adults or adjudicated juveniles that occur in a residential or community setting outside of jail or prison. The sanctions are enforced by agencies or courts with legal authority over the adult or juvenile offenders.[10]

Community Based Corrections can focus on both of adults and juveniles, attempting to rehabilitate them back into the community. In contrary to the "tough on crime" mindset which expresses harsh punishment, this community based correctional method seeks to transition offenders back into the community.[11]

Sentences

Main article: Sentence (law)

In Canada, until 1972, the Criminal Code legislated that courts could impose a form of whipping on male offenders, to be administered on up to three occasions, but did not limit the number of strokes. Whipping of female offenders was not allowed. The whipping could be inflicted using a strap,

cat-o'-nine-tails, or a paddle unless specified by the court.[12]
The move to abolish corporal punishment in the Canadian penal system coincided with several reforms and a change from the Reform Institutions label to Corrections or Correctional.

restitution; these are sometimes applied in combination.[13]

Theories

See also: Incarceration in the United States

The use of sanctions, which can be either positive (rewarding) or negative (punishment) is the basis of all criminal theory, along with the main goals of social control, and deterrence of deviant behavior.

Many facilities operating in the United States adhere to particular correctional theories. Although often heavily modified, these theories determine the nature of the facilities' design and security operations. The two primary theories used today are the more traditional Remote Supervision[citation needed] and the more contemporary direct supervision model.[14] In the Remote Supervision Model, officers observe the inmate population from remote positions, e.g., towers or secure desk areas. The Direct Supervision Model positions prison officers within the inmate population, creating a more pronounced presence.

List of Departments of Corrections

United States

Other countries

See also

Juvenile corrections

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-1-4129-3773-3
    .
  2. OCLC 420487111 0-314-19949-7, p. 396 (or p. 424 depending on the volume[clarification needed
    ])
  3. ISBN 0-314-19949-7
    , p. 396, which does not define "penal system".
    Blomberg and Lucken (2010) describe the post-1940 penal system in the
    ISBN 978-0-202-36334-9
    .
    Stohr et al., p. 1 distinguish prisons from community-based correctional programs like parole and probation.
  4. ISBN 978-1-4129-2946-2
    .
  5. ISBN 978-1-4129-3773-3
    .
  6. ^ Beermann, R (1985). "Corrective labor". In Feldbrugge, F. J. Ferdinafdgbhnjnd Joseph Maria (ed.). Encyclopedia of Soviet Law. Law in Western Europe. Vol. 28 (Revised ed.). Brill. p. 200.
    ISBN 9789024730759
    . Retrieved 2016-05-06. Corrective labor without deprivation of freedom [...] has developed from the initially ad hoc orders (some of them by Lenin himself) to apply it against class enemies. [...] The first legal enactments were issued as early as 19 December 1917 [...] Something new and constructive was brought into the stale and unimaginative air of correctional and penal practice [...].
  7. ^ Ivanova, Galina Mikhailovna (2015). "Chapter 1: Repression and Punishment". In Raleigh, Donald J (ed.). Labor Camp Socialism: The Gulag sdfghin the Soviet Totalitarian System. New Russian history. Routledge. p. 23.
    ISBN 9781317466642
    . Retrieved 2016-05-06. On November 6, 1929, the Central Executive Committee and Sovnarkom of the USSR amended the 'Basic Principles of Criminal Legislation of the Union of SSR and the Union Republics' adopted in 1924. Article 13 of this document reads, in part: 'Social protection measures of a judicial-correctional nature are ... (b) deprivation of liberty in corrective-labor camps in remote locations of the USSR' [...] This was the first mention in Soviet legislation of the term 'corrective-labor camp' (ispravitel'no-trudovoi lager': ITL) [...]. [P]roclaimed principles of legality and humanism [...] are demonstrated by a different document - the Corrective-Labor Code of 1924.
  8. ISBN 978-1-59345-512-5
    .
  9. ^ John T. Whitehead; Mark Jones; Michael Braswell (2008). Exploring Corrections in America (2 ed.). Elsevier. pp. 8 and 54.
    ISBN 978-1-59345-512-5
    .
  10. ^ "Topic: Community Corrections - CrimeSolutions.gov". www.crimesolutions.gov.
  11. PMID 28127923
    .
  12. ^ Abolition of Corporal Punishment 1972, Correctional Service of Canada
  13. ISBN 978-1-57441-186-7
    .
  14. ISBN 978-0-7637-2862-5
    .

Further reading
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