Corticosterone
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IUPAC name
11β,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione
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Systematic IUPAC name
(1S,3aS,3bS,9aR,9bS,10S,11aS)-10-Hydroxy-1-(hydroxyacetyl)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1,2,3,3a,3b,4,5,8,9,9a,9b,10,11,11a-tetradecahydro-7H-cyclopropa[a]phenanthren-7-one | |
Identifiers | |
3D model (
JSmol ) |
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2339601 | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
ChemSpider | |
DrugBank | |
ECHA InfoCard
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100.000.018 |
EC Number |
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IUPHAR/BPS |
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KEGG | |
MeSH | Corticosterone |
PubChem CID
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UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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Properties | |
C21H30O4 | |
Molar mass | 346.467 g·mol−1 |
Hazards | |
GHS labelling: | |
Warning | |
H317 | |
P261, P272, P280, P302+P352, P321, P333+P313, P363, P501 | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Corticosterone, also known as 17-deoxycortisol and 11β,21-dihydroxyprogesterone,[1] is a 21-carbon steroid hormone of the corticosteroid type produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands. In the very rare case of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17α-hydroxylase deficiency cortisol production is blocked.[2]
Roles
In many species, including
However, in
Corticosterone is the precursor molecule to the mineralocorticoid aldosterone, one of the major homeostatic modulators of sodium and potassium levels in vivo.
Release or generation mechanisms
One example of a release pathway relates to
Corticosterone in birds
A sizable amount of research has been done on the effects of corticosterone in
Corticosterone both inhibits
Corticosterone has further developmental effects on birds. Increased levels of corticosterone in chicks leads to increased begging for food and
Parental response to increased begging by chicks is an increased time foraging for food. This leaves the nest of chicks without protection for increased durations of time.[8] To counter this, during extended periods of food shortage, chicks of some species may suppress corticosterone activity and thus reduce the negative effects elevated corticosterone induces.[9]
Effect on memory
Corticosterone has multiple effects on
With emotional memories, corticosterone is largely associated with fear memory recognition. Studies have shown that when fear memories are reactivated or consolidated, levels of corticosterone increased. The increase in corticosterone is linked to anxiety relief. This finding depends on the time at which the administration of corticosterone took place as compared to when the fear conditioning took place; corticosterone can either facilitate or interrupt conditioned fear.[10]
Not only does corticosterone have effects on emotional memories but memory recognition and consolidation as well.
With respect to recognition and long term memories, corticosterone has variable effects. Studies show that the modification of certain chemical and brain processes that affect corticosterone levels can also impact stress effects on memory. In studies on rats, the fluctuations of corticosterone concentration are shown to prevent stress’ impairment of recognition memory in lower amounts. These lower levels seem to be linked to the rescue of stress-induced attenuation of CA1 long-term
In the end, corticosterone affects many processes in terms of memory as well as different types of memories themselves.
Additional images
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Steroidogenesis[14]
See also
References
- ISBN 978-0-412-27060-4.
- ^ "C-17 Hydroxylase Deficiency: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". 1 February 2018 – via eMedicine.
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(help) - ^ "e.hormone | The Hormones : Corticoids". Retrieved 2009-04-09.
- ^ C. Michael Hogan (2008) Rough-skinned Newt (Taricha granulosa), Globaltwitcher, ed. Nicklas Stromberg [1] Archived 2009-05-27 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Romero, L.M., Strochlic, D., Wingfield, J.C. (2005). Corticosterone inhibits feather growth: Potential mechanism explaining seasonal down regulation of corticosterone during molt. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 142, 65-73.
- ^ Liebl, A. L., & Martin, L. B. (2012). Exploratory behaviour and stressor hyper-responsiveness facilitate range expansion of an introduced songbird. Proc. R. Soc. B, 279(1746), 4375-4381.
- ^ Kitaysky, A.S., Kitaiskaia, E.V., Piatt, J.F., Wingfield, J.C. (2003). Benefits and costs of increased levels of corticosterone in seabird chicks. Hormones and Behavior, 43, 140-149.
- ^ Kitaysky, A.S., Piatt, J.F., Wingfield, J.C. (2000). Corticosterone facilitates begging and affects resource allocation in the black-legged kittiwake. Behavioral Endocrinology, 12, 619-625.
- ^ Kitaysky, A.S., Kitaishaia, E.V., Wingfield, J.C., Piatt, J.F. (2001). Dietary restriction causes chronic elevation of corticosterone and enhances stress response in red-legged kittiwake chicks. Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 8, 701-709
- ^ A. Albrecht et al. 2013. Long-Lasting Increase of Corticosterone After Fear Memory Reactivation: Anxiolytic Effects and Network Activity Modulation in the Ventral Hippocampus. Neuropsychopharmacology. 38: 386-394.
- ^ H. Tamano et al. 2013. Preventative effect of theanine intake on stress-induced imparirments of hippocampal long-term potentiation and recognition memory. Brain Research Bulletin. 95: 1-6.
- ^ S. Moore et al. 2013. Conversion of short-term to long-term memory in the novel object recognition paradigm. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 105: 174-185.
- ^ a b C. Yang et al. 2013. Stress within a Restricted Time Window Selectively Affects the Persistence of Long-Term Memory. PLoS One. 8(3): e59075.
- ISSN 2002-4436.