Hemoptysis

Hemoptysis or haemoptysis is the discharge of

• Past history, history of present illness, family history^[2]
  • history of tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, mitral stenosis, etc.
  • history of
    cigarette smoking
    , occupational diseases by exposure to silica dust, etc.
• Blood
  • duration, frequency, amount
  • Amounts of blood: large amounts of blood, or is there blood-streaked sputum
  • Probable source of bleeding: Is the blood coughed up, or vomited?
• Bloody sputum
  • color, characters: blood-streaked, fresh blood, frothy pink, bloody gelatinous.
• Accompanying symptoms
  • fever, chest pain, coughing, purulent sputum, mucocutaneous bleeding, jaundice.
• Imaging examination
  • chest X-ray, CT scan and 3D reconstruction images or CT virtual bronchoscopy, bronchial angiography.
• Laboratory tests
  • blood test: WBC
  • Sputum: cells and bacterial examinations, sputum culture
• Bronchial fiber endoscopy^[3]

Differential diagnosis

The most common causes for hemoptysis in adults are chest infections such as

• Lung cancer, including both non-small cell lung carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma.^[5][6]
• Sarcoidosis^[7]
• Aspergilloma^[8]
• Tuberculosis^[9]
• Histoplasmosis^[10]
• Pneumonia^[11]
• Pulmonary edema^[12][13]
• Endometriosis and thoracic endometriosis syndrome^[14]
• Foreign body aspiration and aspiration pneumonia^[15]
• Goodpasture's syndrome^[16]
• Microscopic polyangiitis^[17]
• Granulomatosis with polyangiitis^[18]
• Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis^[19][20]
• Bronchitis^[21]
• Bronchiectasis^[21]
• Pulmonary embolism^[22]
• Anticoagulant use^[22]
• Trauma^[22]
• Lung abscess^[22]
• Mitral stenosis^[23]
• Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia^[24]
• Bleeding disorders^[25]
• Hughes-Stovin syndrome and other variants of Behçet's disease^[26]
• Pulmonary
  arteriovenous malformations

Although there are reports that the fatality rate is as high as 80%, the mortality rate for hospitalized hemoptysis patients is 9.4% (with

The general definition of massive hemoptysis is more than 200 ml within 24 hours, but there is a wide range in the literature (100-600 ml). Considering that the total volume of the tracheal and bronchial lumen is about 150 cc,[28]^[29] it may be reasonable to define massive hemoptysis as 200 ml, which is a little more than 150 ml, in terms of setting the threshold for fatal hemoptysis. More than 400ml/day is not adequate for screening purposes.^{[citation needed]}

Treatment

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Treatments include iced