Council of Five Hundred

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Council of Five Hundred

Conseil des Cinq-Cents
18 Brumaire coup d'état.
Type
Type
History
Established31 October 1795
Disbanded10 November 1799
Preceded byNational Convention (unicameral)
Succeeded byCorps législatif
Seats500
Meeting place
Salle du Manège, rue de Rivoli, Paris

The Council of Five Hundred (Conseil des Cinq-Cents) was the lower house of the legislature of France under the Constitution of the Year III. It existed from 31 October 1795 to 9 November 1799 during the Directory (Directoire) period of the French Revolution.[1]

Role and function

Deputy Jean-Baptiste Desmolin from Gers in official uniform of member of the Council of Five Hundred (portrait by Laneuville)

The Council of Five Hundred was established under the Constitution of Year III which was

adopted by a referendum on 24 September 1795,[2] and constituted after the first elections which were held from 12–21 October 1795. Voting rights were restricted to citizens owning property bringing in income equal to 150 days of work.[2] Each member elected had to be at least 30 years old, meet residency qualifications and pay taxes. To prevent them coming under the pressure of the sans-culottes and the Paris mob, the constitution allowed the Council of the Five Hundred to meet in closed session.[3] A third of them would be replaced annually.[4][5]

Besides functioning as a legislative body, the Council of Five Hundred proposed the list out of which the Ancients chose five Directors, who jointly held executive power. The Council of Five Hundred had their own distinctive official uniform, with robes, cape and hat, just as did the Council of Ancients and the Directors.[6][5] Under the Thermidorean constitution, as Boissy d'Anglas put it, the Council of Five Hundred was to be the imagination of the Republic, and the Council of Ancients its reason.[7][verification needed][8]

Elections of 1795

1795 election results - 63 Republicans, 54 moderate Monarchists, 33 ultra-Monarchists

Elections of 1797

1797 election results: 28 Republicans, 44 Independents, 105 Moderate Monarchists

In the elections of April 1797, there were a number of voting irregularities and a very low turnout, resulting in a strong showing for Royalist tendencies. A number of the newly elected deputies formed the

Napoleon Bonaparte, the Directors accused the entire body of plotting against the Revolution and moved quickly to annul the elections and arrest the royalists in what was known as the Coup of 18 Fructidor.[10]

To support the coup, General

Pierre Augereau. Deputies were arrested and 53 were exiled to Cayenne
in French Guiana. Since death from tropical disease was likely, this punishment was nicknamed the "dry guillotine". The 42 opposition newspapers were closed, the chambers were purged, and elections were partly cancelled.

Elections of 1798

The elections of April 1798 were heavily manipulated. The Council of the Five Hundred

'.

Coup of 18th Brumaire Year VIII

Lucien Bonaparte, the Last President of the Council

In October 1799

coup of 18 Brumaire, Napoleon led a group of grenadiers who drove the council from its chambers and installed him as leader of France as its First Consul. This ended the Council of Five Hundred, the Council of Ancients and the Directory.[14]

References

  1. le Moniteur universel
    , 1 novembre 1795, p. 4
  2. ^ a b Chronicle of the French Revolutions, Longman 1989 p.495
  3. ^ Chronicle of the French Revolutions, Longman 1989 p.505
  4. .
  5. ^ . Retrieved 30 April 2017.
  6. ^ "Grand costumes des membres du conseil et : Conseil des Cinq Cent Conseil des Anciens Haute Cour de justice tribunal de cassation : [estampe] / [non identifié]". gallica.bnf.fr. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
  7. ^ Barraud, Boris (16 September 2016). "La République révolutionnaire – Modernité et archaïsme constitutionnels des premières institutions républicaines de France (1792-1799)". hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr (in French). Retrieved 30 April 2017.
  8. ISBN 9782753525962. Retrieved 30 April 2017. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help
    )
  9. ^ Chronicle of the French Revolutions, Longman 1989 p.561
  10. ^ .
  11. ^ Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman Group 1989 p.601
  12. ^ Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman Group 1989 p.637
  13. ^ Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman Group 1989 p.645
  14. ^ Chronicle of the French Revolution, Timefem in 1670 p.650