Counterfeit
To counterfeit means to imitate something authentic, with the intent to steal, destroy, or replace the original, for use in illegal transactions, or otherwise to deceive individuals into believing that the fake is of equal or greater value than the real thing. Counterfeit products are fakes or unauthorized
Counterfeit products tend to have fake company
The counterfeiting of money, mostly paper money, is usually attacked aggressively by governments worldwide.
Forgery of money or government bonds
Counterfeit money is currency that is produced without the legal sanction of the state or government; this is a crime in all jurisdictions of the world. The United States Secret Service, mostly known for its guarding-of-officials task, was initially organized primarily to combat the counterfeiting of U.S. dollars in the wake of the American Civil War. Both sides had printed counterfeit notes in attempts to destabilize the other's economy,[2][3] an example of economic warfare.
Counterfeit
Counterfeiting of documents
Questioned document examination is a scientific process for investigating many aspects of various documents, and is often used to examine the provenance and verity of a suspected forgery. Security printing is a printing industry specialty, focused on creating legal documents which are difficult to forge.
Counterfeit goods
The spread of counterfeit goods, including consumer goods (commonly called "knock-offs" or "rip-offs") and parts within the manufacturing supply chain, has become global in recent years and the range of goods subject to infringement has increased significantly. Apparel and accessories accounted for over 50 percent of the counterfeit goods seized by U.S. Customs and Border Control. According to the study of Counterfeiting Intelligence Bureau (CIB) of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), counterfeit goods make up 5 to 7% of world trade; however, these figures cannot be substantiated due to the secretive nature of the industry.[4]
A report by the
In a detailed breakdown of the counterfeit goods industry, the total loss faced by countries around the world is $600 billion, with the United States facing the most economic impact.[7]
When calculating counterfeit products, current estimates place the global losses at $400 billion.
Some see the rise in counterfeiting of goods as being related to
Certain consumer goods, especially very expensive or desirable brands or those that are easy to reproduce cheaply, have become frequent and common targets of counterfeiting. The counterfeiters either attempt to deceive the consumer into thinking they are purchasing a legitimate item, or convince the consumer that they could deceive others with the imitation. An item which makes no attempt to deceive, such as a copy of a DVD with missing or different cover art or a book without a cover, is often called a "bootleg" or a "pirated copy" instead.
Counterfeiting has also been issued to "cash in" on the ever growing record collecting market. One major example is bootleggers have cloned copies of Elvis Presley's early singles for
Many counterfeit goods are produced and manufactured in China, making it the counterfeit capital of the world: the counterfeiting industry accounts for 8% of China's GDP.
Another trend in counterfeiting, especially seen in consumer electronics, is the manufacture of entirely new products using poor quality materials or, more often, incorporating desirable features not present in a brand's authentic product line and then including prominent and fake brand names and logotypes to profit from brand recognition or brand image. An example would be imitation "Nokia" and "iPhone" cellular phones with features like
In the United States, a federal crackdown on counterfeit imports is driving an increase in domestic output of fake merchandise, according to investigators and industry executives. Raids carried out in New York City resulted in the seizure of an estimated $200 million in counterfeit apparel, bearing the logos of brands such as "
A number of companies involved in the development of anti-counterfeiting and brand protection solutions have come together to form special industry-wide and global organisations dedicated to combating the so-called "brand pirates" such as the International Hologram Manufacturers Association. Other companies and organisations have established web-based communities that provide a framework for crowd-sourced solutions to counterfeiting. One such free community, Collectors Proof,[23] enables manufacturers and users alike to associate unique identification numbers to virtually any item so that each new owner can update its chain of custody. Because quality counterfeit items are often difficult to distinguish from authentic goods, this approach enables potential customers to access an item's current and previous owners – its provenance – prior to purchase.
To combat counterfeiting, companies may have the various parts of an item manufactured in independent factories and then limit the supply of certain distinguishing parts to the factory that performs the final assembly to the exact number required for the number of items to be assembled (or as near to that number as is practicable) or may require the factory to account for every part used and to return any unused, faulty or damaged parts. To help distinguish the originals from the counterfeits, the copyright holder may also employ the use of serial numbers or holograms etc., which may be attached to the product in another factory.[citation needed]
Counterfeit culture
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Counterfeit culture is the thriving markets surrounding fake streetwear. Most commonly, these markets originate out of areas where the inability to buy popular streetwear brands has fueled more sophisticated markets for counterfeit goods. These markets have spawned the emergence of a tribe of widely available copycat brands.
In countries like North Korea and Russia where trade sanctions were imposed in the past to prevent the importation of popular brands, demand was stimulated for available counterfeit alternatives. The economic standing of a country or region also contributed to the demand for these products as the average consumer can't afford
Luxury streetwear is out of reach for many people, not just because of international sanctions and low wages, but because exclusivity is built into its business model. Social and cultural forces are driving the unique fashion scene. In particular, social media has a huge influence on over these markets giving people images of things they can't own and further fueling the desire to obtains certain “hyped” items by any means accessible.
Designers have even begun to acknowledge the
Anti-counterfeiting technologies
Anti-counterfeiting technologies are added to products or their packaging to allow consumers or inspectors to check whether a product is authentic. The
- Electronic technologies
- Marking technologies
- Chemical and physical technologies
- Mechanical technologies
- Technologies for digital media
The International Standard Organization has also published standards related to the implementation of anti-counterfeiting solutions, including ISO 12931[28] and ISO 22381.
See also
- Authentication
- Brand protection
- Coin counterfeiting
- Copyright infringement
- Counterfeit banknote detection pen
- Counterfeit medications
- Counterfeit watch
- Entertainment law
- Fauxbergé
- Gresham's Law
- Illegal stamps
- Intellectual property
- Legal fake
- Philatelic fakes and forgeries
- Prescription Drug Marketing Act
- Slug
- Watered stock
References
- ^ "Physical Unclonable Functions in Theory and Practice", p. 46, by Christoph Böhm, Maximilian Hofer
- ^ Weidenmier, Marc. "Money and Finance in the Confederate States of America". EH.net. Economic History Association. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ^ "Catching Counterfeiters". U.S. Marshals Service. 15 June 2020. Archived from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ^ ICC Counterfeiting Intelligence Bureau (1997), Countering Counterfeiting: A Guide to Protecting and Enforcing Intellectual Property Rights, United Kingdom.
- ^ "The Economic Effect of Counterfeiting and Piracy, Executive Summary" (PDF). OECD, Paris. 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
- ^ "Magnitude of counterfeiting and piracy of tangible products – November 2009 update" (PDF). OECD, Paris. 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
- ^ "Havocscope Counterfeit and Piracy Markets by Countries". Archived from the original on 4 February 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
- ^ "Havocscope Counterfeit and Piracy Markets by Products". Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
- ^ "U.S. Shutters 82 Sites in Crackdown on Downloads, Counterfeit Goods" Archived 26 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine Wired magazine, 29 November 2010
- ^ Schmidle, Nicholas (19 August 2010). "Inside the Knockoff-Tennis-Shoe Factory". The New York Times Magazine. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
- S2CID 118178651.
- ^ "Intellectual Property Rights" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2010. Retrieved 15 May 2010.
- ^ "MIT CIS: Publications: Foreign Policy Index". Archived from the original on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2010.
- ^ Senate Armed Services Committee, Senate Armed Services Committee Announces Investigation into Counterfeit Electronic Parts in DOD Supply Chain Archived 8 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine, published 9 March 2011, accessed 2 January 2022
- ^ Trace Laboratories, Inc., Counterfeit Electronic Components: Understanding the Risk Archived 2022-01-04 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 4 January 2022
- ^ Nash-Hoff, M. Senate Report Reveals Extent of Chinese Counterfeit Parts in Defense Industry Archived 8 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine, published 31 May 2012, accessed 12 March 2022
- ^ "Shanzhai ji: All you need to know about fake phones - Mobile Phones". CNET. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
- ^ "Dual SIM review: Mobiles go two-in-one - page 2". GSM Arena. 3 August 2007. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
- ^ Fingas, Jon (5 August 2013). "GooPhone and LG to offer first tri-SIM smartphones using MediaTek chips". Engadget. Archived from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- 9to5Google. Archivedfrom the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- ^ Chase, Brendon; Derek Fung (8 October 2009). "Fake iPod versus the real thing". CNET. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- ^ Humphries, Matthew (8 February 2011). "L.A. police seize $10 million worth of counterfeit iPhones & iPods". Geek.com. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- ^ "Collectors Proof". Archived from the original on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ "EUIPO Anti-Counterfeiting Technology Guide". European Observatory on Infringements of Intellectual Property Rights. 26 February 2021. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021.
- ^ Dillon, Frank (8 June 2021). "13% of consumers misled into buying counterfeit goods or services". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
- ^ "Counterfeit problem? The 2021 Anti-counterfeiting Technology Guide". Scantrust. 22 March 2021. Archived from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
- ^ Linsner, Bristows LLP-Marc (2 March 2021). "EUIPO Observatory publishes Anti-counterfeiting Technology Guide | Lexology". www.lexology.com. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
- ^ Nouvelle, L'Usine (5 October 2012). "ISO 12931, la norme anti-contrefaçon pour tous" (in French). Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
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External links
- OECD/EUIPO 2019 report on counterfeiting
- Anti-counterfeit news and features at SecuringIndustry.com
- Beware of Pirates! How to Avoid Bootleg Blu-rays and DVDs article at Brenton Film
- Detecting the Truth: Fakes, Forgeries and Trickery virtual museum exhibition at Library and Archives Canada