Counties of Croatia
Counties of Croatia | |
---|---|
| |
Category | Unitary state |
Location | Republic of Croatia |
Number | 20 counties plus the City of Zagreb |
Populations | 50,927 (Lika-Senj) – 790,017 (Zagreb) |
Areas | 640 km2 (247 sq mi) (Zagreb) – 5,350 km2 (2,067 sq mi) (Lika-Senj) |
Government | |
Subdivisions |
|
The counties of Croatia (Croatian: hrvatske županije) are the first-level administrative subdivisions of the Republic of Croatia.[1] Since they were re-established in 1992, Croatia has been divided into 20 counties and the capital city of Zagreb, which has the authority and legal status of both a county and a city (separate from the surrounding Zagreb County).[2][3] As of 2015, the counties are subdivided into 128 cities and 428 (mostly rural) municipalities.[4][5] The divisions have changed over time since the medieval Croatian state. They reflected territorial losses and expansions; changes in the political status of Dalmatia, Dubrovnik and Istria; and political circumstances, including the personal union and subsequent development of relations between the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia and the Kingdom of Hungary.[6]
Government
County assembly (županijska skupština) is a representative and deliberative body in each county. Assembly members are elected for a four-year term by popular vote (proportional system with closed lists and d'Hondt method) in local elections.[7]
The
Funding and tasks
The counties are funded by the central government, as well as by revenue generated by county-owned businesses, county taxes and county fees. The county taxes include a five per cent inheritance and gift tax, a motor vehicle tax, a vessel tax and an arcade game machine tax.[9][10] The counties are tasked with performing general public administration services, primary and secondary education, government funded healthcare, social welfare, administration pertaining to agriculture, forestry, hunting, fisheries, mining, industry and construction, and other services to the economy at the county level, as well as road transport infrastructure management and issuing of building and location permits and other documents concerning construction in the county area excluding the area of the big city and the county seat city; the central government and local (city and municipal) governments may also perform each of those tasks at their respective levels according to the law.[8] The Croatian County Association (Hrvatska zajednica županija) was established in 2003 as a framework for inter-county cooperation.[11]
County spending accounts for 15 per cent of the total local-government spending in Croatia. The balance is spent by cities and municipalities. Approximately one half of the total spent by the counties is channeled into their primary fields of competence – secondary and vocational education, and financing of maintenance and running costs of healthcare and social welfare institutions. There are instances where individual counties also provide services otherwise delegated to lower-level self-government, such as primary education and spatial planning in cases where those units could not set up those services.[12] The counties are criticized for inefficient spending. The criticism primarily stems from the fact that the counties receive the bulk of the funds needed for specific purposes from the central government budget and transfers them on. This contributes to the sense of absence of responsibility of the counties for the funds. In turn, that leads to very little or no incentive for improvements to spending efficiency or better collection of the county-level taxes.[13] After year 2000, all those considerations have contributed to an ongoing debate in Croatia on the need of consolidation or abolition of the counties in political forums. Opinions on the matter differ considerably.[14] They range from improving efficiency while retaining the existing counties,[15] to consolidation to obtain nine counties,[16] and abolition of the counties in favour of establishment of an administrative division of Croatia in five regions and potentially sub-regions.[17]
History
Middle Ages
Medieval Croatia under the
The number of counties, their extent and authority have varied significantly, reflecting: changes in the relative levels of power wielded by kings and nobility; territorial changes in the course of the
- Livanjsko polje, with its seat in the Livno Fortress)
- Cetina (centered on the Cetina river, with its seat in Stolac)
- Imotski (south of Livno County and north of the Biokovo Mountain, seat in Imotski Fortress)
- Pliva (around the Pliva and Vrbas rivers, with seat in Sokograd)
- Pset or Pesenta (between the Petrovac)
- Primorje or Klis Fortress)
- Bribir (to the west of Primorje County, with the seat in the Bribir Fortress)
- Nona (around Nin as the seat of the county, and Zadar)
- Knin (with its seat in the Knin Fortress)
- Sidraga (in the area between Bribir County and Zadar, likely with seat in Biograd)
- Nina, later renamed Luka (between Knin, Nona, Sidraga and Bribir counties)
In addition to the above, other sources like historian Neven Budak list further three 10th century counties located to the northwest of the territory encompassed by the eleven counties centered around
In the 13th and 14th century, the
Habsburg era
At the time of
In the 1850s, during the period of
In 1871, the
County | Seat | Population (1773)[39] | Population (1785–87)[40] | Population (1802)[40] | Population (1871)[41] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Križevci | Križevci | 53,523 | 66,493 | 61,566 | 87,878 |
Požega | Požega | 54,108 | 66,161 | 66,987 | 76,881 |
Syrmia | Vukovar | 63,532 | 81,886 | 89,721 | 120,559 |
Varaždin | Varaždin | 56,969 | 90,916 | 102,616 | 173,088 |
Virovitica | Osijek | 92,852 | 116,578 | 129,641 | 185,352 |
Zagreb | Zagreb | 182,071 | 187,106 | 188,343 | 267,720 |
Littoral[b]/Rijeka | Rijeka | – | 27,951 | 28,156 | 90,070 |
Bjelovar | Bjelovar | – | – | – | 158,007 |
Abolition of the Military Frontier
In 1873, the remainder of the Croatian and Slavonian Military Frontiers was demilitarised and transferred to the civil authority. Ban Ivan Mažuranić organised the thus acquired territory by establishing six districts. Area of responsibility of each of the three Slavonian Military Frontier regiments was made a district. Elsewhere, two regimental areas of responsibility were combined to form a new district each. All the districts were named after the town hosting the regimental headquarters, except the district formed in First and the Second Ban's regiments' areas of responsibility which became the Ban's District (Banski okrug, also referred to as Banovina). Territories of the existing eight counties were reorganised internally in 1875. Districts were abolished as their subdivisions and each county was divided into two to four sub-counties (podžupanija). There were also some changes to the borders of the counties. The most significant was transfer of a portion of the Bjelovar County to the Križevci County.[42]
In 1886, new legislation on the territories of the counties. Rijeka, Bjelovar, and Križevci counties were abolished, but the
County | Seat | Area | Sub-counties |
---|---|---|---|
Bjelovar | Bjelovar | 3,475 km2 (1,342 sq mi) | Bjelovar, Križ |
Križevci | Križevci | 2,163 km2 (835 sq mi) | Križevci, Koprivnica |
Požega | Požega | 2,379 km2 (919 sq mi) | Požega, Pakrac |
Rijeka | Ogulin | 1,601 km2 (618 sq mi) | Rijeka, Delnice |
Syrmia | Vukovar | 2,476 km2 (956 sq mi) | Vukovar, Ruma |
Varaždin | Varaždin | 2,322 km2 (897 sq mi) | Varaždin, Zlatar, Krapina-Toplice |
Virovitica | Osijek | 4,781 km2 (1,846 sq mi) | Osijek, Virovitica, Đakovo |
Zagreb | Zagreb | 4,076 km2 (1,574 sq mi) | Zagreb, Karlovac, Sisak, Jastrebarsko |
County | Seat | Area (1886–1912)[44] |
Population (1910)[46] | Arms | Geographic coordinates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bjelovar-Križevci | Bjelovar | 5,048 km2 (1,949 sq mi) | 331,385 | 45°55′14″N 16°45′54″E / 45.92056°N 16.76500°E | |
Lika-Krbava | Gospić | 6,217 km2 (2,400 sq mi) | 203,973 | 44°42′28″N 15°21′12″E / 44.70778°N 15.35333°E | |
Modruš-Rijeka | Ogulin | 4,874 km2 (1,882 sq mi) | 231,354 | 45°19′30″N 14°58′28″E / 45.32500°N 14.97444°E | |
Požega | Požega | 4,938 km2 (1,907 sq mi) | 263,690 | 45°22′45″N 17°31′4″E / 45.37917°N 17.51778°E | |
Syrmia | Vukovar | 6,848 km2 (2,644 sq mi) | 410,007 | 45°4′53″N 19°15′33″E / 45.08139°N 19.25917°E | |
Varaždin | Varaždin | 2,521 km2 (973 sq mi) | 305,558 | 46°15′7″N 16°11′38″E / 46.25194°N 16.19389°E | |
Virovitica | Osijek | 4,852 km2 (1,873 sq mi) | 269,199 | 45°38′27″N 17°51′30″E / 45.64083°N 17.85833°E | |
Zagreb | Zagreb | 7,215 km2 (2,786 sq mi) | 587,378 | 45°38′27″N 16°11′57″E / 45.64083°N 16.19917°E |
Modernity
The traditional division of Croatia into counties was abolished in 1922, when the
Lists of counties
Current
Historical
County | Period of existence |
---|---|
Livno | From c. 10th century until an undetermined time. Defunct by the 16th century.[19][20] |
Cetina | |
Imotski | |
Pliva | |
Pset/Pesenta | |
Primorje/Klis | |
Bribir | |
Nona | |
Knin | |
Sidraga | |
Nina/Luka | |
Gacka | |
Krbava | |
Lika | |
Modruš | 11th – 13th/14th century[22] |
Vrbas | From c. 12th century until an undetermined time. Defunct by the 16th century.[23][33][25] |
Sana | |
Dubica | |
Glaž | |
Zagreb | 12th century – 1922[23] |
Varaždin | |
Križevci | 12th century – 1886[23][43] |
Vuka | 13th – 16th century[27] |
Virovitica | 13th – 16th century;[27][55] 1745 – 1922[36] |
Požega | |
Syrmia | 1745 – 1848;[36] 1868 – 1922[43] |
Severin | 1778 – 1786[36] |
Rijeka | 1851 – 1886[37][43] |
Bjelovar | 1871 – 1886[38] |
Bjelovar-Križevci | 1886 – 1922[43] |
Lika-Krbava | |
Modruš-Rijeka | |
In 1922, all counties in existence at the time were abolished.[35] |
See also
- Administrative divisions of Croatia
- Flags of the counties of Croatia
- List of county prefects of Croatia
- List of Croatian counties by Human Development Index
- History of Croatia
- Administrative divisions of the Banovina of Croatia
- Counties of the Independent State of Croatia
- ISO 3166-2:HR
Notes
- ^ Also city mayors and municipality presidents with deputies.
- ^ Not a county specifically; Comprises the city of Fiume (modern-day Rijeka) included in the Corpus Separatum directly governed by the Kingdom of Hungary, the city of Bakar and further territories of the former Severin County outside the Corpus Separatum not transferred to the Zagreb County, but governed as a part of the Kingdom of Croatia.[40]
- ^ The city of Zagreb acts as both a county and a city, and is not part of any other county—Zagreb County is a separate administrative unit encompassing territory outside the city of Zagreb.[4]
References
- ^ a b Constitution.
- ^ HGK.
- ^ County Territories Act 1997.
- ^ a b c County Territories Act 2006.
- ^ HINA 2013.
- ^ a b c Goldstein 1996, p. 86.
- ^ a b Local Elections Act 2012.
- ^ a b Local Government Act 2013.
- ^ Tax Administration.
- ^ Bajo & Bronić 2004, pp. 448–450.
- ^ County Association.
- ^ Bejaković 2016, p. 19.
- ^ Bejaković 2016, p. 20.
- ^ Bejaković 2016, p. 18.
- ^ Bejaković 2016, p. 25.
- ^ Radman 2016, p. 26.
- ^ Radman 2016, p. 31.
- ^ Vrbošić 1992, pp. 55–56.
- ^ a b Vrbošić 1992, pp. 56–57.
- ^ a b Budak 2018, pp. 197, 199, 327.
- ^ Vrbošić 1992, p. 57.
- ^ a b c Nadilo 2002, p. 501.
- ^ a b c d Font 2005, p. 16.
- ^ Slukan-Altić 2007, p. 7.
- ^ a b Engel 1998, p. 63.
- ^ Ćošković 1998.
- ^ a b c Petković 2006, pp. 243–244.
- ^ Vrbošić 1992, pp. 55–57.
- ^ Engel 1999, pp. 179–180.
- ^ LZMK Vuka County.
- ^ Mujadžević 2009, p. 90.
- ^ Mujadžević 2009, pp. 103–104.
- ^ a b Vlašić 2016, p. 72.
- ^ LZMK Glaž.
- ^ a b c Vrbošić 1992, pp. 58–59.
- ^ a b c d Croatian Encyclopedia.
- ^ a b Dubravica 2001, p. 162.
- ^ a b Dubravica 2001, pp. 162–165.
- ^ Skenderović 2010, p. 82.
- ^ a b c Korunić 2013, pp. 59–61.
- ^ Dubravica 2001, pp. 162, 166.
- ^ a b Dubravica 2001, p. 167.
- ^ a b c d e Dubravica 2001, p. 170.
- ^ a b Dubravica 2001, p. 169.
- ^ Vrbošić 1992, pp. 58–62.
- ^ Kolar-Dimitrijević 1991, p. 47.
- ^ Frucht 2005, p. 429.
- ^ Biondich 2000, p. 11.
- ^ County Territories Act 1992.
- ^ Babić 2011, pp. 427–432.
- ^ NUTS Croatia 2019.
- ^ HGK 2016, p. 2.
- ^ CBS Census 2022.
- ^ Čajkušić, Pipp & Omerzo 2022.
- ^ Mujadžević 2009, pp. 90, 103–104.
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