Duchy of Bar

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Counts and dukes of Bar
)
"County of Bar" redirects here. For the county in Champagne, see County of Bar-sur-Seine.
County (Duchy) of Bar
Grafschaft (Herzogtum) Bar (
Latin
)
1033–1766
Coat of arms of Bar
Coat of arms
Feudal monarchy
Historical eraMiddle Ages
• Established
1033
• Divided from the Duchy of Lorraine
1033
• Divided between France and the Empire
1301
• Raised to a duchy
1354
• United with the Duchy of Lorraine
1480
• Passed by treaty to the French crown
1766
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Duchy of Lorraine
Lorraine and Barrois
Part of a series on
Lorraine
Flag of Lorraine since the 13th century
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The County of Bar, later Duchy of Bar, was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire encompassing the pays de Barrois and centred on the city of Bar-le-Duc. It was held by the House of Montbéliard from the 11th century. Part of the county, the so-called Barrois mouvant, became a fief of the Kingdom of France in 1301 and was elevated to a duchy in 1354. The Barrois non-mouvant remained a part of the Empire. From 1480, it was united to the imperial Duchy of Lorraine.

Both imperial Bar and Lorraine came under the influence of France in 1735, with Bar ceded to the deposed king of Poland, Stanisław Leszczyński. According to the Treaty of Vienna (1738), the duchy would pass to the French crown upon Stanisław's death, which occurred in 1766.

County (1033–1354)

The county of Bar originated in the frontier fortress of Bar (from Latin barra, barrier) that Duke

Sophia (died 1093), who was the first person to associate the comital title with Bar, styling herself "Countess of Bar".[1]

Sophia's descendants, of the

Theobald II, who secured the western frontier with Champagne by granting fiefs to French nobles and buying their homage.[1]

In 1297 King

Parliament of Paris. The Treaty of Bruges did not represent any expansion of French territory. The territory to the west of the Meuse was French since the Treaty of Verdun of 843, but in 1301 it became a direct fief of the crown, including its allodial parts.[3]

The former ducal palace at Bar-le-Duc is today a museum, the Musée Barrois.[4]

Medieval duchy (1354–1508)

In 1354 the Count of Bar took the ducal title and was thereafter recognised as a

Mary.[2] The rulers of Bar were not created dukes by imperial appointment. The only title Count Robert received by imperial grant in 1354 was that of Margrave of Pont-à-Mousson.[5] This margraviate was frequently bestowed by the Dukes of Bar on their heirs apparent. In that same year the emperor raised the County of Luxembourg into a duchy and Bar fell between two duchies, Luxembourg and Upper Lorraine.[6] The ducal title was eventually accepted by the emperors, however, and the imperial tax register of 1532 records the "Duchy on the Meuse" (German: Herzogtum von der Maß) as a voting member of the Reichstag.[2]

In 1430 the last duke of the male line of the ruling house,

René II, who was already Duke of Lorraine. In 1482 he conquered the prévôté of Virton, a part of the Duchy of Luxembourg, and annexed it to Bar. In 1484 Peter II, Duke of Bourbon, regent for King Charles VIII of France, formally installed him in the Duchy of Bar.[7] In his final testament published in 1506, René decreed that the two duchies of Bar and Lorraine should never be separated. The two duchies remained joined in personal union permanently.[4]

Modern duchy (1508–1766)

On 2 October 1735 the preliminary

Gian Gastone of Tuscany (which took place on 9 July 1737), so that the deposed duke of Lorraine could inherit Tuscany. In January 1736, Stanislaus formally renounced his claim to the Polish throne (although he was allowed to retain the royal title). In August, France and the Empire finalized their agreement concerning the exchange of territories. The emperor renounced his suzerainty over Bar and Lorraine.[8]

On 30 September 1736, Stanislaus signed a convention, known as the Declaration of Meudon, whereby the French king would appoint the governor of Lorraine. On 8 February 1737, Stanislaus took possession of Bar and on 21 March of Lorraine.[9] On 18 November 1738, the final Treaty of Vienna was signed. Stanislaus turned over the incomes from Bar and Lorraine to the French crown in exchange for a generous pension, which he used to fund construction projects in the duchies.[10] On his death on 23 February 1766 the duchies passed to the royal domain of France as per the treaty.

List of rulers

All the dates are regnal dates. All rulers before Sophia ruled Bar, but did not use the title "Count of Bar".

Counts of Bar

House of Ardennes
House of Montbéliard
  • Theodoric II
    (1093–1105)
  • Reginald I
    (1105–1150)
  • Reginald II
    (1150–1170)
  • Henry I
    (1170–1189)
  • Theobald I
    (1189–1214)
  • Henry II
    (1214–1239)
  • Theobald II
    (1239–1291)
  • Henry III
    (1291–1302)
  • Edward I
    (1302–1337)
  • Henry IV
    (1337–1344)
  • Edward II
    (1344–1352)

Dukes of Bar

House of Montbéliard
  • Robert
    (1352–1411)
  • Edward III
    (1411–1415)
  • Louis
    (1415–1431)
House of Anjou
  • René I
    (1431–1480)
  • Yolanda
    (1480–1483)
  • René II (1483–1508)

Margraves of Pont-à-Mousson

  • Robert
    (1354–1411), Duke of Bar
  • Edward III
    (1411–1415), Duke of Bar
  • Louis (I)
    (1415–1419), Duke of Bar
  • René I
    (1419–1441, 1443–1444), Duke of Bar
  • Louis (II) (1441–1443)
  • John (1444–1470), Duke of Lorraine
  • Nicholas (r. 1470–1473), Duke of Lorraine
  • vacant (1473–1480)
  • René II (r. 1480–1508), Duke of Lorraine and Bar
From the death of René II, the list is identical with
that of Lorraine
.

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Evergates 1995, p. 96.
  2. ^ a b c Spangler 2009, p. 56.
  3. ^ Moeglin 2006, pp. 231–32.
  4. ^ a b Monter 2007, pp. 15–16.
  5. ^ Arnold 1991, p. 100.
  6. ^ a b Arnold 1991, p. 263.
  7. ^ Monter 2007, pp. 23–24.
  8. ^ Rudolf Vierhaus, Germany in the Age of Absolutism (Cambridge University Press), p. 133.
  9. ^ Charles T. Lipp, Noble Strategies in an Early Modern Small State: The Mahuet of Lorraine (University of Rochester Press), pp. 135–36.
  10. ^ Whaley 2012, p. 165 and n. 8.

Sources

  • Arnold, Benjamin (1991). Princes and Territories in Medieval Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Collin, Hubert (1971). "Le comté de Bar au début du XIVe siècle". Bulletin philologique et historique du Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques: 81–93.
  • Evergates, Theodore (1995). "Bar-le-Duc". In Kibler, William W.; Zinn, Grover A.; Henneman Jr, John Bell; Earp, Lawrence (eds.). Medieval France. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 96.
  • Grosdidier de Matons, Marcel (1922). Le comté de Bar des origines au traité de Bruges (vers 950–1031). Paris: Picard.
  • Moeglin, Jean-Marie (2006). "Historiographie médiévale et moderne dans le Saint Empire romain germanique". École pratique des hautes études: Section des sciences historiques et philologiques. 20: 230–34.
  • Monter, E. William (2007). A Bewitched Duchy: Lorraine and Its Dukes, 1477–1736. Paris: Librairie Droz.
  • Parisse, Michel (1982). Noblesse et chevalerie en Lorraine médiévale. Nancy: University of Nancy.
  • Poull, Georges (1977). La maison ducale de Bar: les premiers comtes de Bar (1033–1239). Rupt-sur-Moselle: Poull.
  • Spangler, Jonathan (2009). The Society of Princes: The Lorraine-Guise and the Conservation of Power and Wealth in Seventeenth-Century France. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate.
  • Thomas, Heinz (1973). Zwischen Regnum und Imperium: Die Fiirstentiimer. Bar und. Lothringen zur Zeit Kaiser Karls IV. Bonner historische Forschungen, 40. Bonn.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Whaley, Joachim (2012). Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume II: The Peace of Westphalia to the Dissolution of the Reich, 1648–1806. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

External links

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