County Wexford
County Wexford
Contae Loch Garman | ||
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Vehicle index mark code WX | | |
Website | Official website | |
County Wexford (Irish: Contae Loch Garman) is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Leinster and is part of the Southern Region. Named after the town of Wexford, it was based on the historic Gaelic territory of Hy Kinsella (Uí Ceinnsealaigh), whose capital was Ferns.[4][5] Wexford County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county was 163,527 at the 2022 census.[3]
History
The county is rich in evidence of early human habitation.[6] Portal tombs (sometimes called dolmens) exist at Ballybrittas (on Bree Hill)[7] and at Newbawn[8] — and date from the Neolithic period or earlier. Remains from the Bronze Age period are far more widespread.[6] Early Irish tribes formed the Kingdom of Uí Cheinnsealaig, an area that was slightly larger than the current County Wexford.
County Wexford was one of the earliest areas of Ireland to be Christianised, in the early 5th century. Later, from 819 onwards, the Vikings invaded and plundered many Christian sites in the county.[9] Vikings settled at Wexford town near the end of the 9th century.[9]
In 1169, Wexford was the site of the invasion of Ireland by
The native Irish began to regain some of their former territories in the 14th century, especially in the north of the county, principally under
On 23 October 1641, a major rebellion broke out in Ireland, and County Wexford produced strong support for Confederate Ireland. Oliver Cromwell and his English Parliamentarian Army arrived in 1649 in the county and captured it. The lands of the Irish and Anglo-Normans were confiscated and given to Cromwell's soldiers as payment for their service in the Parliamentarian Army. At Duncannon, in the south-west of the county, James II, after his defeat at the Battle of the Boyne, embarked for Kinsale and then to exile in France.
County Wexford was the most important area in which the Irish Rebellion of 1798 was fought, during which significant battles occurred at The Battle of Oulart Hill during the 1798 rebellion. Vinegar Hill (Enniscorthy) and New Ross. The famous ballad "Boolavogue" was written in remembrance of the Wexford Rising. At Easter 1916, a small rebellion occurred at Enniscorthy town, on cue with that in Dublin.[10] During World War II, German planes bombed Campile.[11][12] In 1963 John F. Kennedy, then President of the United States, visited the county and his ancestral home at Dunganstown, near New Ross.
Geography and subdivisions
Wexford is the 13th-largest of Ireland's thirty-two traditional counties in area, and 9th-largest in terms of population.[3] It is the largest of Leinster's 12 counties in size, and fourth-largest in terms of population. The county is located in the south-east corner of the island of Ireland. It is bounded by the sea on two sides—on the south by the Atlantic Ocean and on the east by St. George's Channel and the Irish Sea. The River Barrow forms its western boundary. The Blackstairs Mountains form part of the boundary to the north, as do the southern edges of the Wicklow Mountains. The adjoining counties are Waterford to the south-west, Kilkenny to the west, Carlow to the north-west and Wicklow in the north.
Towns and villages
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1500 | 4,550 | — |
1510 | 4,344 | −4.5% |
1550 | 5,010 | +15.3% |
1580 | 6,224 | +24.2% |
1585 | 9,870 | +58.6% |
1600 | 12,343 | +25.1% |
1610 | 3,456 | −72.0% |
1653 | 13,004 | +276.3% |
1659 | 11,680 | −10.2% |
1668 | 13,351 | +14.3% |
1672 | 15,339 | +14.9% |
1680 | 29,875 | +94.8% |
1690 | 36,310 | +21.5% |
1700 | 48,660 | +34.0% |
1705 | 52,399 | +7.7% |
1710 | 68,980 | +31.6% |
1715 | 71,445 | +3.6% |
1720 | 79,880 | +11.8% |
1725 | 83,455 | +4.5% |
1735 | 88,611 | +6.2% |
1745 | 87,222 | −1.6% |
1755 | 84,114 | −3.6% |
1765 | 81,396 | −3.2% |
1771 | 84,233 | +3.5% |
1775 | 87,222 | +3.5% |
1781 | 90,566 | +3.8% |
1788 | 104,760 | +15.7% |
1790 | 125,881 | +20.2% |
1801 | 120,688 | −4.1% |
1811 | 131,970 | +9.3% |
1813 | 128,455 | −2.7% |
1816 | 141,389 | +10.1% |
1821 | 155,377 | +9.9% |
1821 | 170,806 | +9.9% |
1831 | 182,713 | +7.0% |
1841 | 202,033 | +10.6% |
1851 | 180,158 | −10.8% |
1861 | 143,954 | −20.1% |
1871 | 132,666 | −7.8% |
1881 | 123,854 | −6.6% |
1891 | 111,778 | −9.8% |
1901 | 104,104 | −6.9% |
1911 | 102,273 | −1.8% |
1926 | 95,848 | −6.3% |
1936 | 94,245 | −1.7% |
1946 | 91,855 | −2.5% |
1951 | 90,032 | −2.0% |
1956 | 87,259 | −3.1% |
1961 | 83,308 | −4.5% |
1966 | 83,437 | +0.2% |
1971 | 86,351 | +3.5% |
1979 | 96,421 | +11.7% |
1981 | 99,081 | +2.8% |
1986 | 102,552 | +3.5% |
1991 | 102,069 | −0.5% |
1996 | 104,371 | +2.3% |
2002 | 116,596 | +11.7% |
2006 | 131,749 | +13.0% |
2011 | 145,320 | +10.3% |
2016 | 149,722 | +3.0% |
2022 | 163,527 | +9.2% |
[3][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] |
- Adamstown
- Arthurstown
- Ballycanew
- Ballycullane
- Ballyedmond
- Ballyfad
- Ballygarrett
- Ballyhack
- Ballymitty
- Ballywilliam
- Bannow
- Barntown
- Blackwater
- Bree
- Bridgetown
- Broadway
- Bunclody
- Camolin
- Campile
- Castlebridge
- Castletown
- Cleariestown
- Clohamon
- Clonroche
- Coolgreany
- Courtown
- Craanford
- Crossabeg
- Cullenstown
- Curracloe
- Duncannon
- Duncormick
- Enniscorthy
- Ferns
- Fethard-on-Sea
- Foulkesmill
- Gorey
- Hollyfort
- Inch
- Killinierin
- Kilmore
- Kilmore Quay
- Kilmuckridge
- Kiltealy
- Monamolin
- Monaseed
- Murrintown
- Monageer
- Monbeg
- Newbawn
- New Ross
- Oulart
- Oylegate
- Poulpeasty
- Rathangan
- Rosslare
- Rosslare Harbour
- Raheen
- Rathnure
- Saltmills
- Taghmon
- Watch House Village
- Wellingtonbridge
- Wexford
Mountains and hills
Largely low-lying fertile land is the characteristic landscape of the county. The highest point in the county is Mount Leinster at 795 metres (2,608 ft),[20] in the Blackstairs Mountains in the north-west on the boundary with County Carlow.
Other high points:
- Black Rock Mountain, 599 m (1,965 ft), located near the Wexford-Carlow border, within County Wexford.
- Croghan Mountain (or Croghan Kinsella) on the Wexford-Wicklow border – 606 m (1,988 ft)
- Annagh Hill, 454 m (1,490 ft), near the Wicklow border
- Slieveboy, 420 m (1,380 ft)
Notable hills include: Carrigbyrne Hill; Camross (or Camaross) Hill, 181 m (594 ft);[21] Carrigmaistia, 167 m (548 ft);[21] Bree Hill, 179 m (587 ft);[21] Gibbet Hill; Vinegar Hill; Slievecoiltia; Forth Mountain, 237 m (778 ft);[21] and Tara Hill.
Rivers and lakes
The major rivers are the
There are no significant fresh-water lakes in the county. Small seaside lakes or lagoons exist at two locations – one is called Lady's Island Lake and the other Tacumshin Lake.
The Wexford Cot is a flat-bottomed boat used for fishing on the tidal mudflats in Wexford.[23] A canoe-shaped punt fitted with a gun, called a float in Wexford, is used traditionally to shoot game birds in the North Slob mud flats.[24]
Islands
The Saltee Islands lie 5 km (3 mi) offshore from Kilmore Quay, while the smaller Keeragh Islands are 1.5 km (1 mi) offshore from Bannow.
Climate
County Wexford, sometimes dubbed Ireland's "sunny southeast", has in general a higher number of hours of sunshine recorded daily than in the rest of the country.[25] This has resulted in Wexford becoming one of the most popular places in Ireland in which to reside.[citation needed] The county has a mild, but changeable, oceanic climate with few extremes. The North Atlantic Drift, a continuation of the Gulf Stream, moderates winter temperatures. There is a meteorological station located at Rosslare Harbour.[26] January and February are generally the coldest months, with temperatures ranging from 4–9 °C (39–48 °F) on average.[27] July and August are generally the warmest months, with average temperatures ranging from 13–19 °C (55–66 °F) in coastal areas and 12–22 °C (54–72 °F) in inland areas.[28][29] The prevailing winds blow from the south-west.[30] Precipitation falls throughout the year. Mean annual rainfall is 800–1,200 millimetres (31–47 in).[31] Generally, the county receives less snow than more northerly parts of Ireland. Heavy snowfalls are relatively rare, but can occur. The one exception is Mount Leinster, visible from a large portion of the county, and frequently covered with snow during the winter months. Frost is frequent in winter months, less so in coastal areas.
Soil
An ice sheet covered most, but not all, of the county during the last Ice age. As the ice retreated, County Wexford would have been one of the first areas to be covered with glacial drift (a mixture of boulders, clay, sand and gravel) that blanketed the existing bedrock. This has led to high-quality soils, suitable for a wide range of agriculture. A very detailed soil survey of the county was published in 1964 as part of the 'National Soil Survey of Ireland'. It classifies each area of the county according to its specific soil type.[32]
Most of the county is covered with soils called
Flora
Common species of tree include
Fauna
South-eastern Wexford is an important site for wild birds—the north side of Wexford Harbour, the North Slob, is home to 10,000 Greenland white-fronted geese each winter (roughly one third of the entire world's population), while in the summer Lady's Island Lake is an important breeding site for terns, especially the roseate tern. The grey heron is also seen.
Throughout the county
Only two types of
Governance and politics
Local government
National politics
County Wexford is represented by the
The county is part of the European Parliament constituency of South (5 seats).[39]
Demographics
In 2022, the county had a total population of 163,919 people.[13] Of these, 61.4% (91,969 people) lived in rural areas and 38.6% (57,753 people) lived in urban areas.[40] 83.8% of the population stated their religion as Roman Catholic, 7.1% other religions, and 7.5% stated they had no religion.[13] Between 2006 and 2011, the population increased by 10%, slowing to 3% between 2011 and 2016.[40]
Urban areas and populations
Town | Population (2022) |
---|---|
Wexford | 21,524 |
Enniscorthy | 12,310 |
Gorey | 11,517 |
New Ross | 8,610 |
Culture
Since 1951, an
There is a renowned singing tradition in County Wexford. Having an abundance of traditional songs, many of which relate to the rebellion of 1798, the county has for many years had a strong presence in the Irish traditional singing scene. Noted singers include All-Ireland Fleadh Champions Paddy Berry, Seamus Brogan and Niall Wall. Paddy Berry has also collected and published a number of songs from Wexford.
Beaches in Curracloe, County Wexford were used to film the opening scenes of the movie Saving Private Ryan, which depicted the D-day assault on Omaha Beach. The Count of Monte Cristo, directed by Kevin Reynolds, was partly filmed in the village of Duncannon in 2000 — Duncannon Fort being used for one of the main scenes.[44] The movie Brooklyn (film) was partially set and filmed in Enniscorthy and featured some of the locals as extras.
Media
Two radio stations are based in the county:
The county's main newspapers include Wexford People, New Ross Standard, Gorey Guardian, and Enniscorthy Echo.
Places of interest
The scenic Bannow Drive, popular amongst tourists, is a signposted route through four Wexford villages: Duncormick, Cullenstown, Bannow and Wellingtonbridge.
Ballyteigue Burrow, located near Duncormick, is one of the finest protected sand dune systems in Ireland. Rich in wildflowers, wildlife and butterflies, this 9 km (6 mile) coastal stretch is a protected nature reserve by the golden sands of Ballyteigue Bay, with spectacular scenery.
The Hook Peninsula is noted for its many beaches and spectacular scenery. It features the medieval Hook Head lighthouse and the historic townland of Loftus Hall.
Popular beaches are located at Courtown, Curracloe, Carnsore Point, Duncannon and Rosslare Strand.
Other places of interest include:
- Ferns Castle and Abbey[47]
- Enniscorthy Castle and Museum
- Vinegar Hill
- National 1798 Visitor Centre[48]
- Boolavogue
- The Browne-Clayton Monument
- Oulart Hill
- Castleboro House[49]
- The Seven 'Castles' of Clonmines
- Johnstown Castle
- Dollar Bay
- Loftus Hall – Abandoned Haunted House (the first Hall was built on this site in 1350) www.loftushall.ie
- Ballyteigue Castle
- Bannow Church (dates from the 13th century)
- Selskar Abbey, Wexford town
- Irish National Heritage Park (Ferrycarrig)
- Tacumshin windmill (southeast County Wexford)
- St. Mary's Church, New Ross
- Dunbrody Abbey
- Tintern Abbey[50]
- Slade Castle
- Ballyhack Castle
- J.F. Kennedy homestead and park
- Slieve Coilte
- Wells House and Gardens
- Duncannon Fort
- Saltee Islands
Economy
Agriculture
The economy is chiefly agricultural.
Wexford
Forestry
Evergreen tree species are extensively cultivated, especially in more recent years—
Mining
Silver was once mined at Clonmines—primarily in Tudor times. Lead was mined at Caim, 1818 – c. 1850—this mine also contains zinc; the two are usually found together. Copper ore (malachite) is found at Kerloge, just south of the town of Wexford. Iron is found in small quantities at Courtown Harbour. The county is not noted for mineral reserves. No significant mining activity is currently practised, with the exception of quarrying for stone. In 2007, a significant oil find was made 60 km (37 mi) off Hook Head in County Wexford.[51]
Energy
Carnsore Point made the national headlines in the late 1970s after a proposal was made to build a nuclear energy plant there; the plans were abandoned after extensive protests from the public, due to environmental and health concerns.[52]
Transport
- Bus: Wexford and Dublin are linked by Bus Éireann route 2,[58] while route 5 operates Waterford-New Ross-Enniscorthy-Dublin.[59] There are numerous local bus routes radiating from Wexford town to places such as Kilmore Quay, Lady's Island, Kilmuckridge.
- Rail: The Wellington Bridge, Ballycullane and Campile).
- Ferry: Rosslare Europort, located at Rosslare Harbour, operates a busy ferry service. There are regular sailings to Wales (Pembroke and Fishguard) and France (Cherbourg and in the summer months to Roscoff) for passengers and vehicles. There is also ferry service in operation between Ballyhack and Passage East (County Waterford), crossing the Barrow estuary.
Sport and events
Gaelic games
In recent years the county
is played on a limited basis; there are a number of handball alleys located throughout the county.As a county, Wexford are most noted for hurling have won the Leinster Senior Hurling Championships a total of 21 times, first in 1890 and most recently in 2019.
In the All Ireland Senior Hurling Championships, Wexford have won 6 times, first in 1910 and most recently in 1996, beating Limerick in the final.
Football
Golf
There are numerous golf clubs in the county – including Rosslare (a Links course),[60] and Enniscorthy.[61] Two more are located near Gorey – Ballymoney Golf Club and Courtown Golf Club – are 18 hole golf courses.[62] Bunclody Golf and Fishing Club, boasting Europe's only golf lift, is situated just inside County Carlow.[63] There are also a few others. New Ross Golf Club, however, is actually located in County Kilkenny – about 1 km (1,000 yards) from New Ross town.[64]
There are also many par-3 courses in the county, such as Scarke Golf Course & Driving Range,[65] located about 2 km (1.2 mi) east of New Ross, the 'Abbey Par 3' course, at Winningtown, Fethard-on-Sea, Blackwater Par 3 Golf Course,[66] Kilnew, Blackwater, located a few kilometres northeast of Wexford town, Garrylough Golf Course and Driving Range, Screen, and Rathaspeck Manor Golf Course, Rathaspeck, near Rosslare (there are also few Par-4 holes on this course). There are also a number of other Par-3 courses in the county.
Fishing
Maritime activity takes at various locations in County Wexford, including at
Racing
Wexford Racecourse (horse racing) is in Wexford town[67] and there is a Greyhound Racing track at Enniscorthy.[68]
People
- Bunny Ahearne – president of the International Ice Hockey Federation
- Michael Balfe – 19th-century composer, grew up in Wexford
- John Banville – novelist (2005 Booker Prize and 2013 Austrian State Prize for European Literature)
- Major G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton – zoologist, grew up in Kilmanock
- John Barry – Commander United States Navy
- singer, song collector and folklorist
- Wallis Bird – musician
- Des Bishop – New York-raised comedian, went to school in County Wexford
- Jim Bolger ONZ – former Prime Minister of New Zealand.[69]
- Jim Bolger (racehorse trainer) – horse trainer.[70]
- Myles Byrne – participant in the Irish Rebellion of 1798
- Thomas Cloney – participant in the Irish Rebellion of 1798
- John Henry Colclough – participant in the Irish Rebellion of 1798
- Eoin Colfer – best-selling writer of children's literature
- Brendan Corish – Irish Labour Party leader and Tánaiste
- Richard Corish – Trade Unionist
- Gordon D'Arcy- Rugby player, Leinster & Ireland
- Tadhg Furlong- Rugby player, Leinster & Ireland
- Francis Danby – 19th-century painter
- Chris de Burgh – Argentinian-born singer-songwriter, based in County Wexford
- Pádraic Delaney – actor
- John Doran (British Army officer)
- Anne Doyle – RTÉ newsreader
- Kevin Doyle – football player
- Mary Fitzgerald (trade unionist)
- Nicholas French – former RC Bishop of Ferns
- Nicholas Furlong – writer, journalist and historian
- Eileen Gray – 20th-century Irish furniture designer and architect and a pioneer of the Modern Movement in architecture, raised in Enniscorthy[71]
- Anna Maria Hall (Mrs. S.C. Hall) – 19th-century novelist, raised in Bannow[72]
- John Harrison – recipient of the Victoria Cross
- Beauchamp Bagenal Harvey – participant in the Irish Rebellion of 1798
- Edward Hay – writer of a history of the Irish Rebellion of 1798
- Herbert Hore – historian
- William Kehoe – iron founder
- Bridget Murphy (Kennedy) – great-grandmother of John F. Kennedy (former president of the United States).
- Patrick Kennedy – great-grandfather of John F. Kennedy (former president of the United States).
- Father John Murphy – participant in the Irish Rebellion of 1798.
- Col Joshua Nunn – veterinarian and barrister
- Aidan O'Brien – horse trainer
- Joseph O'Brien (jockey)– son of Aidan O'Brien and horse trainer, formerly jockey
- Thomas O'Connor (rancher) – Irish rancher and landowner
- Michael O'Hanrahan – Irish rebel executed for fighting in the 1916 Easter Rising.
- Chris O'Neill – animator/musician and online entertainer[73]
- Nicky Rackard – hurling player
- John Redmond – 19th- 20th-century nationalist politician
- Billy Roche – playwright
- Dick Roche – politician
- Patrick Roche – politician
- James Ryan – politician and Irish Revolutionary
- Martin Storey – hurling player
- Colm Tóibín – novelist (2006 International Dublin Literary Award)
- Maverick Sabre – singer/songwriter
See also
- List of towns and villages in Ireland
- List of abbeys and priories in Ireland (County Wexford)
- Lord Lieutenant of Wexford
- High Sheriff of Wexford
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- ^ "Bus Éireann – View Ireland Bus and Coach Timetables & Buy Tickets" (PDF). buseireann.ie. Archived from the original on 7 October 2013.
- ^ "Bus Éireann – View Ireland Bus and Coach Timetables & Buy Tickets" (PDF). buseireann.ie. Archived from the original on 13 September 2013.
- ^ Rosslare Golf Club Archived 11 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine (18 holes).
- ^ Enniscorthy Golf Club Archived 14 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine (18 holes).
- ^ Courtown Golf Club website Archived 15 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Wexford Golf Club Bunclody". bunclodygfc.ie. Archived from the original on 29 May 2009.
- ^ Location map Archived 29 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine on New Ross Golf Club website.
- ^ Scarke Golf Course & Driving Range website Archived 28 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Blackwater Par 3 Golf Course website Archived 12 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Wexford Racecourse". Archived from the original on 21 May 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2008.
- ^ "Enniscorthy Greyhound Track". Irish Greyhound Board website. Archived from the original on 24 May 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2008.
- ^ Jim Bolger[circular reference]
- ^ Jim Bolger (racehorse trainer)[circular reference]
- ^ "ARAM – Eileen Gray". www.eileengray.co.uk. Archived from the original on 23 August 2013.
- ^ Anna Maria Hall biography Archived 5 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine on Ricorso
- Enniscorthy Guardian. Retrieved 2 May 2022 – via Irish Independent.
Bibliography
- Byrne, Francis J. Irish Kings and High Kings. Dublin, 1973–2001
- Carlyle, Thomas. "Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches". Vol. 1. New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845
- Cambrensis, Giraldus. Expugnatio Hibernica – The Conquest of Ireland. Dublin: R.I.A., 1978
- Colfer, Billy. The County of Wexford. County Wexford: Foillsitheoirí Cois Sláine, n.d. – 1980 or 1981.
- ISBN 0-7171-3461-X.
- ISBN 0-9512812-3-2.
- Ordnance Survey Ireland (OSi). Discovery Series 77 – Co Wexford (part). Scale 1: 50,000. Dublin: OSI, Phoenix Park, 1997. ISBN 0-904996-71-9
- The Times Atlas of the World – Reference Edition. London: Times Books, 1995–2002. ISBN 0-00-712400-7
- Whelan, K.(ed) & W. Nolan (assoc. ed.). Wexford: History and Society. Dublin: Geography Publications, 1987