Court of Session

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Court of Session
Coort o Session (Scots)
Cùirt an t-Seisein (Scots Gaelic)
monarch on the recommendation of the First Minister, who receives recommendations from the Judicial Appointments Board for Scotland[1]
Authorized by
Appeals toSupreme Court of the United Kingdom[2]
Judge term lengthMandatory retirement at age of 75
Number of positions35[3]
Websitewww.scotcourts.gov.uk
Lord President
CurrentlyLord Carloway
Since19 December 2015
Lord Justice Clerk
CurrentlyLady Dorrian
Since13 April 2016
Part of a series on
Scots law
Administration
Civil courts
Criminal courts
Special courts
Criminal prosecution
Legal profession
Court of Session Act 1988
Act of Parliament
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long titleAn Act to consolidate, with amendments to give effect to recommendations of the Scottish Law Commission, certain enactments relating to the constitution, administration and procedure of the Court of Session and procedure on appeal therefrom to the House of Lords; and to repeal, in accordance with recommendations of the Scottish Law Commission, certain enactments relating to the aforesaid matters which are no longer of practical utility.
Citation1988 c. 36
Dates
Royal assent29 July 1988
Other legislation
Repeals/revokes
Status: Current legislation
Text of statute as originally enacted
Text of the Court of Session Act 1988 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk.

The Court of Session (

Scottish Gaelic: Cùirt an t-Seisein) is the supreme civil court of Scotland and constitutes part of the College of Justice; the supreme criminal court of Scotland is the High Court of Justiciary. The Court of Session sits in Parliament House in Edinburgh and is both a trial court and a court of appeal. The court was established in 1532 by an Act of the Parliament of Scotland, and was initially presided over by the Lord Chancellor of Scotland and had equal numbers of clergy and laity. The judges were all appointed from the King's Council. As of May 2017, the Lord President was Lord Carloway
, who was appointed on 19 December 2015, and the Lord Justice Clerk was Lady Dorrian, who was appointed on 13 April 2016.

Decisions of the court can be appealed to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, with the permission of either the Inner House or the Supreme Court. The Court of Session and the local sheriff courts of Scotland have concurrent jurisdiction for all cases with a monetary value in excess of £100,000; the plaintiff is given first choice of court. However, the majority of complex, important, or high value cases are brought in the Court of Session. Cases can be remitted to the Court of Session from the sheriff courts, including the Sheriff Personal Injury Court, at the request of the presiding sheriff. Legal aid, administered by the Scottish Legal Aid Board, is available to persons with little disposable income for cases in the Court of Session.

The court is a unitary collegiate court, with all judges other than the

Lord Justice General
, and senators are known as Lords Commissioners of Justiciary.

The court is divided into the Inner House of twelve senators, which is primarily an appeal court, and the

court of first instance. The Inner House is further divided into two divisions of six senators: the first division is presided over by the Lord President, and the second division is presided over by the Lord Justice Clerk. Cases in the Inner House are normally heard before a bench of three senators, though more complex or important cases are presided over by five senators. On very rare occasions the whole Inner House has presided over a case. Cases in the Outer House are heard by a single senator sitting as a Lord Ordinary, occasionally with a jury of twelve. The court is administered by the Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service, and the most senior clerk of court is the Principal Clerk of Session and Justiciary
; the Principal Clerk is responsible for all court staff, and is also responsible for the administration of the High Court of Justiciary.

History

Establishment

The Lords of Council and Session had previously been part of the

Act of Parliament in 1640 restricted membership of the court to laymen only, by withdrawing the right of churchmen to sit in judgement.[10]
The number of laymen was increased to maintain the number of lords in the court.

Courts Act 1672

The Courts Act 1672 allowed for five of the Lords of Session to be appointed as

Lord Justice General, Lord Justice Clerk, and five Lords of Session.[12]

Treaty of Union

Entrance to the Law Courts, Parliament Square

The Court of Session is explicitly preserved "in all time coming" in Article XIX of the Treaty of Union between England and Scotland, subsequently passed into legislation by the Acts of Union in 1706 and 1707 respectively.[13]

19th Century

Court of Session Act 1810

Main article: Court of Session Act 1810

Several significant changes were made to the court during the 19th century, with the

Admiralty and Commissary courts, was absorbed into the Court of Session following the enactment of the Court of Session Act 1830.[9]

Judicial remuneration

In 1834, the remuneration and working conditions were a matter of public discussion and debate in the House of Commons. On 6 May 1834 Sir George Sinclair addressed the House of Commons to plead for an increase in the salaries of the senators, noting that "a Civil Judge in the Supreme Court in Scotland received only £2,000" and the masters in the Court of Chancery were paid £2,500.[17][note 1] A Select Committee was appointed to investigate the matter.[18]

In October 1834, The Spectator reported on the conflicting views around the remuneration and working conditions of the judges of the Court of Session, with conflicting views being presented in response to the Report on the Scotch Judges' Salaries. The Spectator reported the arguments made by Sir William Rae, Lord Advocate, that the judges of the Court of Session had considerable duties, which he listed as:[19]

On those thirteen are now devolved, first, all the duties that occur in the Court of Chancery in England; second, all the duties that occur in the courts of Common Law in England, in civil matters; third, all the duties that devolve on the courts of Common Law in England as connected with criminal matters, including a large portion of those done in Quarter-sessions, inasmuch as the Sheriffs, who are the next in rank to the Justiciary Judges, are held incompetent to try any case when the punishment amounts to that of transportation ; fourth, all the duties of the Court of Exchequer, (the remaining Judges of that Court having by a subsequent act been abolished); fifth, all the duties connected with bankruptcy; sixth, a set of duties unknown in England, connected with the valuation and sale of tithes, and the augmentation of ministers' stipends out of the tithes—the tribunal for disposing of such matters it known by the name of the Teind Court; seventh, the duties connected with the Court of Admiralty, and the duties connected with the Consistorial Courts.

— Sir William Rae, Evidence to Select Committee on Judges' Salaries (Scotland)

The Select Committee's Report recommended that the salaries of the Lord President, Lord Justice Clerk and remaining senators should be increased, and also recommended that all senators should become Lords Commissioners of Justiciary. The recommended salaries were:[18]

  • Lord President: increase from £4,300 to £5,300
  • Lord Justice Clerk: increase from £4,000 to £5,000
  • Senator: increase from £2,000 to £3,000

However, The Spectator was very critical of the actual amount of work done by the judges of the Court, noting that there was much public criticism of their effectiveness. The article noted that the judges were entitled to 7 months vacation in each year. The Spectator also asserted that civil justice was out of the reach of the poor in Scotland.[19]

Unification of supreme courts judiciary

In 1887 all of the Lords of Session were made Lords Commissioners of Justiciary, and thus judges of the High Court of Justiciary, following the passage of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1887.[20]

Remit and jurisdiction

Civil cases

Parliament House, Edinburgh, in Parliament Square, houses the Court of Session

The Court of Session is the supreme civil court of Scotland,[21] and it shares concurrent jurisdiction with the local sheriff courts over all cases with a value of more than £100,000 (including personal injury claims.) Where a choice of jurisdiction exists between the Court of Session and the sheriff courts, including the Sheriff Personal Injury Court, it is for the pursuer to decide which court to raise the action in.[22] The court sits in Parliament House in Edinburgh and is both a trial court and a court of appeal.[23]

Exchequer cases

The primary task of the Court of Session is to decide on civil law cases. The court is also the

Court of Session Act 1988.[24][25][26]

Admiralty cases

The Court of Session is also the

maritime cases were specified in 1999 by an Order in Council: the Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundaries Order 1999.[29]

Nobile officium

The jurisdiction of the Court of Session extends beyond statutory and common law powers, with the Court having an equitable and inherent jurisdiction called the nobile officium,[30][31] unique among British courts.[32] The nobile officium enables the court to provide a legal remedy where statute or the common law are silent, and prevent mistakes in procedure or practice that would lead to injustice. The exercise of this power is limited by adherence to precedent, and when legislation or the common law do not already specify the relevant remedy. Thus, the court cannot set aside a statutory power, but can deal with situations where the law is silent, or where there is an omission in statute. Such an omission is sometimes termed a casus improvisus.[33][34]

The nobile officium was used to implement recognition of an

Blackpool Borough Council on behalf of four children. There was insufficient accommodation in England to house the children, so the councils sought to place them in suitable Scottish accommodation. However, legislation was silent on the cross-border jurisdiction of such orders as made by the High Court of Justice. Nonetheless, equivalent orders made by a Scottish court were enforceable in England and Wales. Thus, the Court of Session found, using its inherent powers, that the orders could be applied as though they had been issued by the Court of Session itself.[35][33]

In September 2019 UK Prime Minister

article 50 extension letter on Johnson's behalf, if he declined to do so.[32]

Appellate jurisdiction

Appeals in the Court of Session are generally heard by the Inner House before three judges, although in important cases in which there is a conflict of authority a court of five judges or, exceptionally, seven, may be convened. The Inner House is sub-divided into two divisions of equal authority and jurisdiction - the First Division, headed by the Lord President; and the Second Division headed by the Lord Justice Clerk. The courts to hear each case are, ordinarily, drawn from these divisions.[36][37] When neither is available to chair a hearing, an Extra Division of three senators is summoned, chaired by the most senior judge present; due to pressure of business the Extra Division sits frequently nowadays.[38]

Until 2015 civil cases that went to a

Appellants could take the appeal to a sheriff principal for an initial appeal, and then onto the Inner House, or they could take the appeal directly to the Inner House.[39] However, the appellate jurisdiction of sheriffs principal for all civil cases (including summary cause and small claims actions) was transferred to the Sheriff Appeal Court following passage of the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014. The 2014 Act also modified the appellate jurisdiction of the Inner House with civil appeals from the sheriff courts being heard by an appeal sheriff sitting in the Sheriff Appeal Court. Such appeals are binding on all sheriff courts in Scotland, and appeals can only be remitted (transferred) to the Inner House where they are deemed to be of wider public interest, raise a significant point of law, or are particularly complex:[40]

... the rationale for the establishment of the Sheriff Appeal Court, that it will deal with virtually all civil appeals from the sheriff court because these do not merit the attention of Inner House judges except in very exceptional cases. This will free up Inner House judges to deal with more complex matters.

— Paragraph 133, Policy Memorandum, Courts Reform (Scotland) Bill, Scottish Government[41]

Legal aid

Legal aid, administered by the Scottish Legal Aid Board, is available to persons with little disposable income for cases in the Court of Session.[42]

Oath of Allegiance

First Minister Humza Yousaf takes the Oath of Allegiance in the presence of the Lord Advocate, the chief legal officer of the Scottish Government and the Crown in Scotland

The Oath of Allegiance is taken by holders of political office in Scotland before the Lord President of the Court of Session at a meeting of the court.[43]

Acts of Sederunt

Main article: Act of Sederunt

subordinate legislation and take legal force as Scottish statutory instruments. The power to enact Acts of Sederunt is granted by the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 and the Tribunals (Scotland) Act 2014, which replaced powers regulated by the Court of Session Act 1988 and the Sheriff Courts (Scotland) Act 1971.[44][45][40][46] These are generally incorporated into the Rules of Court, which are published by the Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service and form the basis for Scots civil procedure.[47]

Acts of Sederunt regulate civil procedure in the Court of Session, the sheriff courts of Scotland (including the Sheriff Appeal Court and Sheriff Personal Injury Court), and in the tribunals of Scotland. The Court of Session can amend or repeal any enactment, including primary legislation, if it relates to matters an Act of Sederunt may cover.[citation needed] Rules for regulating civil procedure are decided upon by the Scottish Civil Justice Council before being presented to the Lords of Session for decision; the Lords of Session may approve, amend or reject the rules so presented.[48][49]

An Act of Sederunt, Act of Sederunt (Regulation of Advocates) 2011, devolves authority to the Faculty of Advocates to regulate admission to practice as an advocate before the Court of Session and the High Court of Justiciary; advocates are notionally officers of the court, and are de jure appointed by the court.[50]

Structure

James V in 1532, detail from the Great Window in Parliament House, Edinburgh. "The first Session was begun by Gavin Dunbar
, Archbishop of Glasgow; Alexander Myln, Abbot of Cambuskenneth, Lord President; Master Richard Bothuile, Rector of Ashkirk; Sir John Dingwell, Provost of the Church of the Holy Trinity, near Edinburgh; Master Henry Quhyte, Rector of the Church of Finhaven; Master William Gibson, Dean of the Collegiate Church of Restlerig; Master Thomas Hay, Dean of the Collegiate Church of Dunbar, all elected by our Sovereign Lord the King." -- W Forbes-Leith, Pre-Reformation Scholars in Scotland in the 16th century, 1915

Houses and Lords Ordinary

The Court of Session constitutes part of the College of Justice, and is divided into two houses. The Lords Ordinary sit in the Outer House, and usually singly. The Lords of Council and Session sit in the Inner House, typically in threes. The nature of cases referred to the Court of Session will determine which house that case shall be heard in.

Inner House

Main article: Inner House

The Inner House is the senior part of the Court of Session, and is both a court of appeal and a court of first instance. The Inner House has historically been the main locus of an extraordinary equitable power called the nobile officium – the High Court of Justiciary has a similar power in criminal cases.

Court of Appeal.[52][53][54]

The Inner House is the part of the Court of Session which acts as a

court of appeal for cases decided the Outer House[55] and of civil cases from the sheriff courts, the Court of the Lord Lyon, Scottish Land Court, and the Lands Tribunal for Scotland.[56] The Inner House always sits as a panel of at least three senators and with no jury.[57]

Unlike in the High Court of Justiciary, there is a right of appeal to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom of cases from the Inner House. The right of appeal only exists when the Court of Session grants leave to this effect or when the decision of the Inner House is by majority. Until the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 came into force in October 2009, this right of appeal was to the House of Lords[2] (or sometimes to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council).

Outer House

Main article:
High Court in England and Wales,[58] and in this house judges sit singly—and with a jury of twelve in personal injury or defamation actions.[23] Subject-matter jurisdiction is extensive and extends to all kinds of civil claims unless expressly excluded by statute, and it shares much of this jurisdiction with the sheriff courts.[59] Some classes of cases, such as intellectual property disputes, are heard by an individual judge designated by the Lord President as the jurist for intellectual property cases.[60]

Final judgments of the Outer House, as well as some important judgements on procedure, may be appealed to the Inner House. Other judgments may be so appealed with leave.[61]

Lands Valuation Appeal Court

The

Scottish civil court, composed of three Court of Session judges, and established under Section 7 of the Valuation of Lands (Scotland) Amendment Act 1879.[62] It hears cases where the decision of a local Valuation Appeal Committee is disputed.[63] The senators who make up the Lands Valuation Appeal Court was specified in 2013 by the Act of Sederunt (Lands Valuation Appeal Court) 2013, which has both Lord Carloway (Lord President) and Lady Dorrian (Lord Justice Clerk) as members with a further four senators specified.[64]

Rights of audience

Members of the

rights of audience in the court.[65] Barristers from England and Wales have no right of audience, which caused controversy in 2011 (over an appeal from an immigration tribunal)[66] and again in 2015 (over an appeal from a tax tribunal)[67] when barristers recognised by the General Council of the Bar
were denied the right to take an appeal on behalf of clients they had represented at tribunal.

Judges and office holders

Main article:
Senators of the College of Justice
Colin Sutherland, Lord Carloway, current Lord President of the Court of Session

The court's

senators of the College of Justice holding office as Lords of Council and Session. The total numbers of judges is fixed by Section 1 of the Court of Session Act 1988, and subject to amendment by Order in Council.[68][3] Judges are appointed for life, subject to dismissal if they are found unfit for office, and subject to a compulsory retirement age of 75.[69]

Temporary judges can also be appointed.

The court is a unitary collegiate court, with all judges other than the Lord President and the Lord Justice Clerk holding the same rank and title—Senator of the College of Justice and also Lord or Lady of Council and Session.

sheriffs, or advocates in private practice. The judges sit also in the High Court of Justiciary, where the Lord President is called the Lord Justice General.[71][72]

Appointment

To be eligible for appointment as a senator, or temporary judge, a person must have served at least five years as sheriff or sheriff principal, been an advocate for five years, a

Writer to the Signet for ten years (having passed the exam in civil law at least two years before application.)[73][74]
Appointments are made by the First Minister of Scotland on the recommendation of the Judicial Appointments Board for Scotland. The Judicial Appointments Board has a statutory authority for making recommendations under Sections 9 to 27 of the Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008 (as amended by the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014).[75] Appointments to the Inner House are made by the Lord President and Lord Justice Clerk, with the consent of the Scottish Ministers.[68]

Removal from office

The Lord President, Lord Justice Clerk and other senators can be removed from office after a tribunal has been convened to examine their fitness for office. The tribunal is convened on the request of the Lord President, or in other circumstances that the First Minister sees fit. However, the First Minister must consult the Lord President (for all other judges) and the Lord Justice Clerk (when the Lord President is under investigation.) Should the tribunal recommend their dismissal the Scottish Parliament can resolve that the First Minister make a recommendation to the Monarch.[76][77]

Lord President

Main article: Lord President of the Court of Session

The Lord President is the most senior judge of the Court of Session, and is also president of the 1st Division of the Inner House.

Lord Justice Clerk

Main article: Lord Justice Clerk

The Justice Clerk is the second most senior judge of the Court of Session, and deputises for the Lord President when the Lord President is absent, unable to fulfil his duties, or when there is a vacancy for Lord President. The Lord Justice Clerk is president of the 2nd Division of the Inner House. The

Court of Session Act 1988, when enacted, limited the number of senators of the College of Justice (aside from the chairman of the Scottish Land Court, who ranks as a senator) to 24.[78] This was subsequently increased to 25 in 1991,[79] 27 in 1993,[80] 32 in 1999,[81] 34 in 2004,[82] 35 in 2016,[3] and most recently 36 by The Maximum Number of Judges (Scotland) Order 2022.[83] The current judges are as follows.[84]

Inner House

The Lord President is the president of the First Division, and the Lord Justice Clerk is the president of the Second Division.

Senator Mandatory retirement Inner House appointment Outer House appointment Division
1 The Rt Hon. Lord Carloway
(Lord President of the Court of Session and Lord Justice General)		 20 May 2029 August 2008 February 2000 First
2 The Rt Hon. Lady Dorrian
(Lord Justice Clerk)		 16 June 2032 November 2012 2005 Second
3 The Rt Hon. Lady Paton 2027 April 2007 January 2000 Second
4 The Rt Hon. Lord Malcolm 1 October 2028 1 July 2014 2007 Second
5 The Rt Hon. Lord Pentland 11 March 2032 July 2020 November 2008 First
6 The Rt Hon. Lord Doherty 30 January 2033 December 2020 May 2010 First
7 The Rt Hon. Lord Matthews 4 December 2028 August 2021 2007 Second
8 The Rt Hon. Lord Tyre 17 April 2031 5 January 2022 May 2010 First
9 The Rt Hon. The Lord Boyd of Duncansby 7 June 2028 5 January 2022 26 June 2012 First
10 The Rt Hon. Lady Wise 22 January 2033 5 January 2022 6 February 2013 First
11 The Rt Hon. Lord Armstrong 26 May 2031 23 June 2023 15 February 2013 Second
12 The Rt Hon. Lord Beckett 1 July 2023 17 May 2016 Second

Outer House

Senator Mandatory retirement Appointment
13 The Hon. Lord Brailsford 16 August 2029 2006
14 The Hon. Lady Stacey 25 May 2029 January 2009
15 The Hon. Lord Clark 24 May 2016
16 The Hon. Lord Ericht 12 September 2038 31 May 2016
17 The Hon. Lady Carmichael 26 November 2044 30 June 2016
18 The Rt. Hon. Lord Mulholland 18 April 2034 15 December 2016
19 The Hon. Lord Summers 27 August 2039 17 March 2017
20 The Hon. Lord Arthurson 16 December 2039 17 March 2017
21
The Hon. Lord Fairley
 20 February 2043 13 January 2020
22 The Hon. Lady Poole 11 August 2045 13 January 2020
23 The Hon. Lord Harrower 17 February 2020
24 The Hon. Lord Weir 21 Feb 2042 6 April 2020
25 The Hon. Lord Braid 6 March 2033 22 June 2020
26 The Hon. Lord Sandison 30 May 2041 1 March 2021
27 The Hon. Lady Haldane 1 March 2021
28 The Hon. Lord Richardson 26 August 2049 1 March 2021
29 The Hon. Lady Drummond 19 December 2042 16 May 2022
30 The Hon. Lord Young 16 May 2022
31 The Hon. Lord Lake 16 May 2022
32 The Hon. Lord Scott 16 May 2022
33 The Hon. Lord Stuart 24 April 2041 16 May 2022
34 The Hon. Lord Duthie 27 June 2050 9 January 2023
35 The Hon. Lord Colbeck 19 May 2023

Principal Clerk of Session and Justiciary

The administration of the court is part of the Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service, and is led by the

Supreme Courts of Scotland and their associated staff. As of June 2018, the Principal Clerk is Gillian Prentice.[86]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Wages and Prices | A Family Story". www.afamilystory.co.uk. 5 October 2013. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2017. A labourer in 1834 had an annual salary of £27.17s.10d.

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  2. ^ a b "Role of the Supreme Court". Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2009.
  3. ^ a b c Scottish Parliament. The Maximum Number of Judges (Scotland) Order 2016 as made, from legislation.gov.uk.
  4. ISBN 978-1-86232-165-6. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2009. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help
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  5. ^ Smith, Thomas Broun (1961). British justice: the Scottish contribution. London: Stevens & Sons. p. 54.
  6. ^ "College of Justice Act 1532 (as enacted)". Records of the Parliament of Scotland. APS ii 335 (c. 2). University of St Andrews. 17 May 1532. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
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  10. ^ Beveridge, Thomas (1826). A practical treatise on the forms of process: containing the new regulations before the Court of session, Inner-house, Outer-house and Bill-chamber; the Court of teinds, and the Jury court. Volume I. Edinburgh: Bell & Bradfute. p. 28.
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  25. ^ "Section 3,Court of Session Act 1988", Acts of the United Kingdom Parliament, vol. 1988, no. 36, Office of Public Sector Information, p. I(3), archived from the original on 14 February 2021, retrieved 20 November 2007, One of the judges of the Court who usually sits as a Lord Ordinary shall be appointed by the Lord President to act as Lord Ordinary in exchequer causes, and no other judge shall so act unless and until such judge is appointed in his place
  26. Scottish Court Service. Archived from the original
    on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2007. Exchequer causes
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  29. ^ Statutory Instrument 1999 No. 1126 The Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundaries Order 1999 (Coming into force 13 April 1999)
  30. ^ "Nobile officium n. phr". Dictionary of the Scots Language. Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
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  32. ^ a b Severin Carrell (13 September 2019). "Anti-Brexiters file new legal challenge to force article 50 extension". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
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  42. ^ "Civil Legal Assistance: Many more people to get civil legal aid". Scottish Legal Aid Board. Archived from the original on 3 April 2009. Retrieved 2 September 2009. Previously, you couldn't get civil legal aid at all if your disposable income was over £10,306... That limit has more than doubled to £25,000.
  43. ^ "Schedule, Promissory Oaths Act 1868", Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, vol. 72, p. Schedule, 1868, archived from the original on 14 February 2021, retrieved 1 September 2009, The oath as to England is to be tendered by the Clerk of the Council, and taken in presence of Her Majesty in Council, or otherwise as Her Majesty shall direct. The oath as to Scotland is to be tendered by the Lord President of the Court of Session at a sitting of the Court.
  44. ^ Scottish Parliament. Tribunals (Scotland) Act 2014 as amended (see also enacted form), from legislation.gov.uk.
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Further reading

External links

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