Cowra breakout

Coordinates: 33°48′41″S 148°42′14″E / 33.81139°S 148.70389°E / -33.81139; 148.70389
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Cowra Breakout
POWs
escape
Deaths235

The Cowra Breakout occurred on 5 August 1944, when 1,104

prisoners of war attempted to escape from a prisoner of war camp near Cowra, in New South Wales, Australia. It was the largest prison escape of World War II, as well as one of the bloodiest. During the escape and ensuing manhunt
, four Australian soldiers were killed and 231 Japanese soldiers were killed or committed suicide. The remaining escapees were re-captured and imprisoned.

Location and background

Situated some 314 km (195 mi) due west of Sydney, Cowra was the town nearest to No. 12 Prisoner of War Compound, a major POW camp where 4,000 Axis military personnel and civilians were detained throughout World War II. The prisoners at Cowra also included 2,000 Italians, Koreans and Taiwanese (who had served in the Japanese military) as well as Indonesian civilians, detained at the request of the Dutch East Indies government.[1]

By August 1944, there were 2,223 Japanese POWs in Australia, including 544 merchant seamen. There were also 14,720

North African Campaign, as well as 1,585 Germans
, most of whom were captured naval or merchant seamen.

Although the POWs were treated in accordance with the

1929 Geneva Convention, relations between the Japanese POWs and the guards were poor, due largely to significant cultural differences.[2] A riot by Japanese POWs at Featherston prisoner of war camp in New Zealand
, in February 1943, led to security being tightened at Cowra.

Eventually the camp authorities installed several

Militia's 22nd Garrison Battalion, which was composed mostly of old or disabled veterans or young men considered physically unfit for front-line service.[citation needed
]

Breakout

Japanese POW cap, which was originally maroon, is the only known clothing relic from the Cowra POW camp
The Japanese Garden in 2004
Harry Doncaster Memorial

In the first week of August 1944, a tip-off from an informer (recorded in some sources to be a Korean informant using the name Matsumoto)[3] at Cowra led authorities to plan to move all Japanese POWs at Cowra, except officers and NCOs, to another camp at Hay, New South Wales, some 400 km (250 mi) to the west. The Japanese were notified of the move on 4 August.

In the words of historian Gavin Long, the following night:

At about 2 a.m. a Japanese inmate ran to the camp gates and shouted what seemed to be a warning to the sentries. Then a Japanese bugle sounded. A sentry fired a warning shot. More sentries fired as three mobs of prisoners, shouting "

garotting cords.[4]

The bugler, Hajime Toyoshima, had been Australia's first Japanese prisoner of the war.[5] Soon afterwards, prisoners set most of the buildings in the Japanese compound on fire.

Within minutes of the start of the breakout attempt, Privates Benjamin Gower Hardy and Ralph Jones manned the No. 2 Vickers machine-gun and began firing into the first wave of escapees. They were soon overwhelmed by a wave of Japanese prisoners who had breached the lines of barbed wire fences. Before dying, Private Hardy managed to remove and throw away the gun's bolt, rendering the gun useless. This prevented the prisoners from turning the machine gun against the guards.

Some 359 POWs escaped, while some others attempted or committed suicide, or were killed by their countrymen. Some of those who did escape also committed suicide to avoid recapture. All the survivors were recaptured within 10 days of their breakout.[6]

Aftermath

During the escape and subsequent round-up of POWs, four Australian soldiers and 231 Japanese soldiers were killed and 108 prisoners were wounded. The leaders of the breakout ordered the escapees not to attack Australian civilians, and none were killed or injured.

The government conducted an official inquiry into the events. Its conclusions were read to the Australian House of Representatives by Prime Minister John Curtin on 8 September 1944. Among the findings were:

  • Conditions at the camp were in accordance with the Geneva Conventions;
  • No complaints regarding treatment had been made by or on behalf of the Japanese before the incident, which appeared to have been the result of a premeditated and concerted plan;
  • The actions of the Australian garrison in resisting the attack averted a greater loss of life, and firing ceased as soon as they regained control;
  • Many of the dead had committed suicide or been killed by other prisoners, and many of the Japanese wounded had suffered self-inflicted wounds.

Privates Hardy and Jones were

posthumously awarded the George Cross
as a result of their actions.

Graves at the Japanese War Cemetery in Cowra; many of those on the side nearest the camera are for people killed in the breakout.

A fifth Australian, Thomas Roy Hancock of C Company 26 Battalion V.D.C. was accidentally shot by another volunteer while dismounting from a vehicle, in the process of deploying to protect railways and bridges from the escapees. Hancock later died of sepsis.

Australia continued to operate No. 12 Camp until the last Japanese and Italian prisoners were repatriated in 1947.

Cowra maintains a significant Japanese war cemetery, the only such cemetery in Australia. In addition, the nearby Cowra Japanese Garden and Cultural Centre, a commemorative Japanese garden, was later built on Bellevue Hill to memorialize these events. The garden was designed by Ken Nakajima in the style of the Edo period.[7]

The last survivor of the breakout attempt, Teruo Murakami, died in Japan on September 14 2023.[8]

Depictions in film and literature

See also

References

  1. ^ "The Story of Italians at the POW Camp". Cowra Council. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  2. ^ "They had to remember they were soldiers, albeit female | Australian War Memorial". www.awm.gov.au. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  3. ^ Ota Y. https://mro.massey.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10179/4778/02_whole.pdf - Shooting and Friendship over Japanese Prisoners of War
  4. OCLC 1297619
    .
  5. ^ S Thompson. Exhibit - Objects through Time: COWRA bugle, c1930s Archived 5 August 2012 at archive.today, Migration Heritage Centre, New South Wales, 2006
  6. .
  7. ^ Tam, Tracy, "Australian town commemorates 1944 POW camp breakout", The Japan Times, (Kyodo News), 19 August 2014
  8. ^ "Vale Teruo Murakami, the last survivor of the Cowra Breakout". www.cowracouncil.com.au. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  9. .
  10. .
  11. ^ "The Cowra Breakout - Curator's notes + clips & credits". National Film and Sound Archive (NFSA). Retrieved 24 November 2011.
  12. ^ "The Cowra Breakout (TV mini-series 1984)". IMDb. Retrieved 24 November 2011.
  13. .

External links