Cowrie
Cowrie Cowry | |
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Cowries are generally seen on rocky areas of the sea bed. | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Mollusca |
Class: | Gastropoda |
Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
Order: | Littorinimorpha |
Superfamily: | Cypraeoidea |
Family: | Cypraeidae |
Cowrie or cowry (pl. cowries) is the common name for a group of small to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Cypraeidae, the cowries.
The term porcelain derives from the old Italian term for the cowrie shell (porcellana) due to their similar appearance.[1]
Cowrie shells have held cultural, economic, and ornamental significance in various cultures. The cowrie was the shell most widely used worldwide as
In the
Some species in the family Ovulidae are also often referred to as cowries. In the British Isles the local Trivia species (family Triviidae, species Trivia monacha and Trivia arctica) are sometimes called cowries. The Ovulidae and the Triviidae are other families within Cypraeoidea, the superfamily of cowries and their close relatives.
Etymology
The word cowrie comes from
Shell description
The shells of cowries are usually smooth and shiny and more or less egg-shaped. The round side of the shell is called the Dorsal Face, whereas the flat under side is called the Ventral Face, which shows a long, narrow, slit-like opening (aperture), which is often toothed at the edges. The narrower end of the egg-shaped cowrie shell is the anterior end, and the broader end of the shell is called the posterior. The spire of the shell is not visible in the adult shell of most species, but is visible in juveniles, which have a different shape from the adults.
Nearly all cowries have a porcelain-like shine, with some exceptions such as Hawaii's granulated cowrie, Nucleolaria granulata. Many have colorful patterns. Lengths range from 5 mm (0.2 in) for some species up to 19 cm (7.5 in) for the Atlantic deer cowrie, Macrocypraea cervus.
Human use
Monetary use
Cowrie shells, especially
The
Ritual use
The
In Eastern India, particularly in West Bengal, it is given as a token price for the ferry ride of the departed soul to cross the river "Vaitarani". Cowries are used during cremation. Cowries are also used in the worship of Goddess Laxmi.
In Brazil, as a result of the Atlantic slave trade from Africa, cowrie shells (called búzios) are also used to consult the Orixás divinities and hear their replies.
Cowrie shells were among the devices used for divination by the
In certain parts of Africa, cowries were prized charms, and they were said to be associated with fecundity, sexual pleasure and good luck.[11]
In
Jewelry
Cowrie shells are also worn as
On the
Games and gambling
Cowrie shells are sometimes used in a way similar to
In
Other
Large cowrie shells such as that of a
In the 1940s and 1950s, small cowry shells were used as a teaching aid in infant schools e.g counting, adding, subtracting.
-
Print from 1845 shows cowrie shells being used as money by an Arab trader.
-
Antiquities of Native Americans, particularly of the Georgia tribes (1873)
-
Cowrie shells used as dice, showing a roll of 3
See also
- Money cowry
- Shell money
References
- ^ "Home : Oxford English Dictionary". Oed.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
- ^ "A Cowry Shell Artifact from Bolsa Chica : An Example of Prehistoric Exchange" (PDF). Pcas.org. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
- ^ "Cowrie". Infoplease.com.
- ^ "Cowri". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
- ^ Russell, Bertrand (1929). Marriage and Morals. H. Liveright. p. 34.
- ISBN 9780521541107. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
- ^ "Money Cowries" Archived 2009-04-05 at the Wayback Machine by Ardis Doolin in Hawaiian Shell News, NSN #306, June 1985
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2021-02-25. Retrieved 2012-05-12.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ISBN 9781553797463.
- ISBN 978-81-206-0170-3.
- ISBN 1-85986-059-1.
- ^ Golani, Amir (2014). "Cowrie Shells and their Imitations as Ornamental Amulets in Egypt and the Near East". Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranea: 71–94.
- ^ Kovács 2008: 17
- ^ Radiance from the Waters: Ideals of Feminine Beauty in Mende Art by Sylvia Ardyn Boone. Yale University Press, 1986.
- JSTOR 1257370.
- ^ Cowries as a badge of rank in Fiji. (archived)
- ^ Tiraa-Passfield, Anna (September 1996). "The uses of shells in traditional Tuvaluan handicrafts" (PDF). SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin #7. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ^ "Tihar". Yeti Trial Adventure. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
Further reading
- Felix Lorenz; Alex Hubert (1999). A Guide to Worldwide Cowries. Conchbooks. ISBN 978-3-925-91925-1.
External links
- Cowrie Genomic Database Project
- Genus Cypraea on Animal Diversity Web
- cowry.org – studying Hawaii's cowries
- Beautifulcowries – a gallery of images of cowries
- Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921. .
- Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. .
- "miigis" at Wiktionary