Coxsackie B virus
Coxsackie B virus | |
---|---|
Coxsackie B4 virus | |
Virus classification | |
(unranked): | Virus |
Realm: | Riboviria |
Kingdom: | Orthornavirae |
Phylum: | Pisuviricota |
Class: | Pisoniviricetes |
Order: | Picornavirales |
Family: | Picornaviridae
|
Genus: | Enterovirus |
Species: | |
Strain: | Coxsackie B virus
|
Coxsackie B is a group of six
The genome of Coxsackie B virus consists of approximately 7,400 base pairs.[3]
Geographic distribution
The various members of the Coxsackie B group were discovered almost entirely in the United States, appearing originally in Connecticut, Ohio, New York, and Kentucky, although a sixth member of the group has been found in the Philippines.[1] However, all six serotypes have a global distribution and are a relatively common cause of gastrointestinal upset. The name reflects the first isolation from Coxsackie, New York.[citation needed]
Transmission
Infections are most commonly spread by the Fecal-oral route, emphasizing the importance of good hygiene, especially hand-washing.[2] Oral-oral and respiratory droplets can also be means of transmission.[4]
Epidemiology
Coxsackie B infections have been reported to account for nearly a quarter of all enterovirus infections.[5] Nearly half of all reported cases of Coxsackie B infections occur before the age of five.[5] For the CBV1 serotype, two-thirds of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported infections in the United States were for children under one year of age.[4]
Symptoms
Symptoms of infection with viruses in the Coxsackie B grouping include
Diagnosis
Enterovirus infection is diagnosed mainly via
Pathology
Coxsackie B infections usually do not cause serious disease, although for newborns in the first 1–2 weeks of life, Coxsackie B infections can easily be fatal.[2] The pancreas is a frequent target, which can cause pancreatitis.[2]
Coxsackie B3 (CB3) infections are the most common enterovirus cause of
Diabetes
The B4 Coxsackie viruses (CB4) serotype was suggested to be a possible cause of
Other research implicates strains B1, A4, A2 and A16 in the destruction of beta cells,[11][12] with some suggestion that strains B3 and B6 may have protective effects via immunological cross-protection.
Treatment and Prevention
As of 2008[update], there is no well-accepted treatment for the Coxsackie B group of viruses.
Persistent Coxsackie B virus (non-cytolytic infection)
Enteroviruses are usually only capable of acute infections that are rapidly cleared by the adaptive immune response.
References
- ^ ISBN 978-0-88167-026-4.
- ^ PMID 18357765.
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- ^ PMID 31230428.
- ^ PMID 20860480.
- ^ "Type of Enterovirus Linked to Type 1 Diabetes". November 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
- PMID 23974921.
- PMID 28070615.
- ^ PMID 15890942.
- ^ PMID 28950225.
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- S2CID 40883074.
- PMID 11024144.
- PMID 18357775.
- )
- ^ "Enterovirus replication in valvular tissue from patients with chronic rheumatic heart disease". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
- PMID 34222292.
- PMID 37590180.
- PMID 15457458.
- S2CID 20457715.
- "Human coxsackievirus B1". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 12071.
- "Human coxsackievirus B2". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 82639.
- "Human coxsackievirus B3". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 12072.
- "Human coxsackievirus B4". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 12073.
- "Human coxsackievirus B5". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 12074.