Coxsackie B virus

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Coxsackie B virus
Coxsackie B4 virus
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Picornavirales
Family:
Picornaviridae
Genus: Enterovirus
Species:
Enterovirus B
Strain:
Coxsackie B virus

Coxsackie B is a group of six

pathogenic enterovirus, that trigger illness ranging from gastrointestinal distress to full-fledged pericarditis and myocarditis (coxsackievirus-induced cardiomyopathy).[1][2]

The genome of Coxsackie B virus consists of approximately 7,400 base pairs.[3]

Geographic distribution

The various members of the Coxsackie B group were discovered almost entirely in the United States, appearing originally in Connecticut, Ohio, New York, and Kentucky, although a sixth member of the group has been found in the Philippines.[1] However, all six serotypes have a global distribution and are a relatively common cause of gastrointestinal upset. The name reflects the first isolation from Coxsackie, New York.[citation needed]

Transmission

Infections are most commonly spread by the Fecal-oral route, emphasizing the importance of good hygiene, especially hand-washing.[2] Oral-oral and respiratory droplets can also be means of transmission.[4]

Epidemiology

Coxsackie B infections have been reported to account for nearly a quarter of all enterovirus infections.[5] Nearly half of all reported cases of Coxsackie B infections occur before the age of five.[5] For the CBV1 serotype, two-thirds of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported infections in the United States were for children under one year of age.[4]

Symptoms

Symptoms of infection with viruses in the Coxsackie B grouping include

sudden death, and may account for up to 50% of such cases.[6] The incubation period for the Coxsackie B viruses ranges from 2 to 6 days, and illness may last for up to 6 months in extreme cases, but may resolve as quickly as two days. Infection usually occurs between the months of May and June, but do not show symptoms until October in temperate Northern Hemisphere regions. People should ideally spend 1 month resting during the height of infection. Another cause of this virus is from a dirty wound from an accident.[1]

Diagnosis

Enterovirus infection is diagnosed mainly via

serological tests such as ELISA[7] and from cell culture.[1] Because the same level and type of care is given regardless of type of Coxsackie B infection, it is mostly unnecessary for treatment purposes to diagnose which virus is causing the symptoms in question, though it may be epidemiologically useful.[citation needed
]

Pathology

Coxsackie B infections usually do not cause serious disease, although for newborns in the first 1–2 weeks of life, Coxsackie B infections can easily be fatal.[2] The pancreas is a frequent target, which can cause pancreatitis.[2]

Coxsackie B3 (CB3) infections are the most common enterovirus cause of

toll-like receptor 4.[9] Both CB3 and CB4 exploit cellular autophagy to promote replication.[9]

Diabetes

Main article: Coxsackie B4 virus

The B4 Coxsackie viruses (CB4) serotype was suggested to be a possible cause of

diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1D).[10] An autoimmune response to Coxsackie virus B infection upon the islets of Langerhans may be a cause of T1D.[2]

Other research implicates strains B1, A4, A2 and A16 in the destruction of beta cells,[11][12] with some suggestion that strains B3 and B6 may have protective effects via immunological cross-protection.

Treatment and Prevention

As of 2008, there is no well-accepted treatment for the Coxsackie B group of viruses.

anti-inflammatories can be given to reduce damage to the heart muscle.[citation needed
]

Persistent Coxsackie B virus (non-cytolytic infection)

Enteroviruses are usually only capable of acute infections that are rapidly cleared by the adaptive immune response.

myalgic encephalomyelitis,[21][22] and in Sjögren's syndrome.[23] In these persistent infections, viral RNA is present at very low levels, and some researchers believe it is just a fading remnant of the acute infection[14] although others scientists believe this persistent viral RNA may have pathological effects and cause disease.[24]

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-0-88167-026-4
    .
  2. ^
    PMID 18357765
    .
  3. PMID 24555514
    .
  4. ^
    PMID 19622041
    .
  5. ^
    PMID 6091168
    .
  6. PMID 2407397
    .
  7. S2CID 32392085
    .
  8. ^
    PMID 31230428
    .
  9. ^
    PMID 20860480
    .
  10. ^ "Type of Enterovirus Linked to Type 1 Diabetes". November 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
  11. PMID 23974921
    .
  12. PMID 28070615
    .
  13. ^
    PMID 15890942
    .
  14. ^
    PMID 28950225
    .
  15. PMID 35632526
    .
  16. S2CID 40883074
    .
  17. PMID 11024144
    .
  18. PMID 18357775
    .
  19. OCLC 233973571.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link
    )
  20. ^ "Enterovirus replication in valvular tissue from patients with chronic rheumatic heart disease". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  21. PMID 34222292
    .
  22. PMID 37590180
    .
  23. PMID 15457458
    .
  24. S2CID 20457715
    .
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coxsackie_B_virus&oldid=1212347398"