Crataegus monogyna
Crataegus monogyna | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Rosales |
Family: | Rosaceae |
Genus: | Crataegus |
Section: | Crataegus sect. Crataegus |
Series: | Crataegus ser. Crataegus |
Species: | C. monogyna
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Binomial name | |
Crataegus monogyna | |
Distribution map | |
Synonyms[3] | |
Many, including:
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Crataegus monogyna, known as common hawthorn, one-seed hawthorn, or single-seeded hawthorn, is a species of flowering plant in the rose family Rosaceae. It is native to Europe, northwestern Africa, and Western Asia, but has been introduced in many other parts of the world.
Names
This species is one of several that have been referred to as Crataegus oxyacantha, a name that has been rejected by the botanical community as too ambiguous. In 1793, Medikus published the name C. apiifolia for a European hawthorn now included in C. monogyna, but that name is illegitimate under the rules of botanical nomenclature.[4][5]
Other common names include may, mayblossom, maythorn, (as the plant generally flowers in May) quickthorn, whitethorn, motherdie, and haw.
Description
The common hawthorn is a
The
The common hawthorn is distinguished from the related but less widespread
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Flowers
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Flowers
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Close-up
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Bole of ancient specimen at Saint-Mars-sur-la-Futaie, France
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General view of the Saint-Mars tree
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Replacement of the Glastonbury or Holy Thorn cut down by vandals in 2010
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The Hethel Old Thorn
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Fruit containing a seed
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Pink may on farmland in North Yorkshire, England
Distribution
Ireland and Britain[8] The mountains are very young in the Eastern Anatolian region of Turkey. Therefore, the trees in the region multiply with seeds.[citation needed]
Grazing
Due to excessive animal grazing in the area, new shoots of vulnerable Crataegus monogyna trees in the open field are eaten by animals. This does not allow them to grow and causes them to take a horizontally irregular shape on the ground.[citation needed]
A study in Wales indicted that current levels of overgrazing by sheep might extirpate the species in 60-70 years.[9]
Uses
Food
Fruits
The fruit of hawthorn, called haws, are edible raw
Petals
The petals are also edible,
Medicine
C. monogyna is one of the most common species used as the "hawthorn" of traditional
C. monogyna is a source of
Gardening and agriculture
This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. (September 2023) |
Common hawthorn is extensively planted as a
Numerous hybrids exist, some of which are used as garden shrubs. The most widely used hybrid is C. × media (C. monogyna × C. laevigata), of which several cultivars are known, including the very popular 'Paul's Scarlet' with dark pink double flowers. Other garden shrubs that have sometimes been suggested as possible hybrids involving the common hawthorn,[citation needed] include the various-leaved hawthorn of the Caucasus, which is only very occasionally found in parks and gardens.
Culture
In pre-modern Europe, hawthorn was used as a symbol of hope, and also as a charm against witchcraft and vampires.[18] Hawthorn was believed by some to have the ability to inhibit intruding supernatural forces, and was also thought to be sacred in nature due to an association between the hawthorn bush and the crown of thorns that, according to the New Testament, was placed on Jesus.[19]
As protection against witchcraft, hawthorn was sometimes placed in the cradles of infants, or around houses and doorways.
Notable trees
An ancient specimen, and reputedly the oldest tree of any species in France, is to be found alongside the church at
The oldest known living specimen in East Anglia, and possibly in the United Kingdom, is known as the Hethel Old Thorn,[25] and is located in the churchyard in the small village of Hethel, south of Norwich, in Norfolk. It is reputed to be more than 700 years old, having been planted in the thirteenth century.[25]
See also
- The hawthorn button-top gall on hawthorn is caused by the dipteran gall-midge Dasineura crataegi.
- Folklore about hawthorns, primarily the European species C. laevigata and/or C. monogyna and hybrids between the two
- Haweater
References
- . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ "Mutel, Fl. Franç. 1: 358 (1834)". Archived from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
- ^ "Crataegus monogyna Jacq". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
- ISBN 978-0-912861-35-7.
- ^ "Crataegus apiifolia". International Plant Names Index.
- ^ "Crataegus monogyna Jacq". Bean's Trees and Shrubs. International Dendrology Society. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
- ISBN 978-185918-4783.
- ISBN 0 521 04656 4
- ^ J. E. G. Good, et al. "Distribution, Longevity and Survival of Upland Hawthorn (Crataegus Monogyna) Scrub in North Wales in Relation to Sheep Grazing." Journal of Applied Ecology, vol. 27, no. 1, 1990, pp. 272-83. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2403584. Accessed 8 February 2024.
- PMID 36140986.
- ^ "Crataegus monogyna". Survival and Self Sufficiency. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
- ^ Richard Mabey, Food for Free, Collins, October 2001.
- ^ "Foods of England". Retrieved 16 April 2016.
- ISBN 9780907325369p. 70
- ^ a b "Hawthorn", University of Maryland Medical Center: Complementary and Alternative Medicine Guide, archived from the original on 30 June 2017, retrieved 3 October 2016
- PMID 21554133.
- ^ "The burning properties of wood" (PDF). Scouts. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
- ^ a b Melton 1994, p. 295.
- ^ a b c d e Melton 1994, p. 296.
- ^ Melton 1994, p. 295–296.
- ^ Melton 1994, p. 297.
- ^ "Common Hawthorn next to the church in Saint-Mars-sur-la-Futaie, Mayenne, France". Monumental trees. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023.
- ^ a b "BBC News – The mystery over who attacked the Holy Thorn Tree". BBC News. 4 April 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
- ^ Phipps, J.B.; O’Kennon, R.J.; Lance, R.W. 2003. Hawthorns and medlars. Royal Horticultural Society, Cambridge, UK.
- ^ a b "Hethel Old Thorn". Wildlifetrusts.org/. Archived from the original on 24 February 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2007.
Further reading
- Melton, J. Gordon (1994). The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia of the Undead. ISBN 978-1578590766.
External links
- Philips, R. (1978). Trees of North America and Europe (ISBN 0-394-50259-0.
- Kheloufi, A., Mansouri, L. M., & Vanbellinghen, C. (2019). "Seed germination of Crataegus monogyna—a species with a stony endocarp". Reforesta (7), 73–80.
- Bahorun, Theeshan, et al. (2003). "Phenolic constituents and antioxidant capacities of Crataegus monogyna (Hawthorn) callus extracts". Food/Nahrung 47.3 (2003): 191–198.
- Crataegus monogyna in Topwalks
- Hawthorn Gallery (photographs of a number of such trees, including Hethel Old Thorn)
- Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. .
- Crataegus monogyna at Flora Iberica