Shmashana

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Shmashana outside Indian village

A śmaśāna (Devanagari: श्मशान) is a

crematory ground, where dead bodies are brought to be burnt on a pyre. It is usually located near a river or body of water on the outskirts of a village or town; as they are usually located near river ghats
they are also called smashan ghat.

The word has its origin from Sanskrit language: shma refers to shava ("corpse"), while shana refers to shanya ("bed").[1][2] The other Indian religions like Sikhism, Jainism and Buddhism also use śmaśāna for the last rites of the dead.

Hinduism

Manikarnika Ghat, a Shmashana ghat at Varanasi, India

As per

Antim Sanskar (last rites). At the cremation ground, the chief mourner has to obtain the sacred fire from one who resides by the śmaśāna and light funeral pyres (chita) for a fee.[3]

Various

Hindu scriptures also give details of how to select the site of śmaśāna: it should be on the northern side of the village with land sloping towards the south, it should be near a river or a source of water and should not be visible from a distance.[4]

Dead bodies are traditionally cremated on a

funeral pyre usually made of wood. However, nowadays in many cities of India there are electric or gas based furnaces used in indoor crematoria.[5][6]

Jainism

The Jains also cremate the dead as soon as possible to avoid growth of micro-organisms.

Navkar Mantra. After cremation, they sprinkle milk on that place. They collect the ashes but unlike Hindus, they do not immerse them in the water. Instead of it they dig the ground and bury the ashes in that pit and sprinkle salt in the pit[7][8]

Early Buddhism

In the

Gautama Buddha frequently instructs his disciples to seek out a secluded dwelling (in a forest, under the shade of a tree, mountain, glen, hillside cave, charnel ground, jungle grove, in the open, or on a heap of straw).[9] [10]
. The Vinaya and Sutrayana tradition of the "Nine Cemetery Contemplations" (Pali: nava sīvathikā-manasikāra) described in the Satipatthana Sutta demonstrate that charnel ground and cemetery meditations were part of the ascetic practices in Early Buddhism.

'Cemetery contemplations', as described in

MN
: 10):

...have as their objects a corpse one or two or three days old, swollen up, blue-black in colour, full of corruption; a corpse eaten by crows, etc.; a framework of bones; flesh hanging from it, bespattered with blood, held together by the sinews; without flesh and blood, but still held together by the sinews; bones scattered in all direction; bleached and resembling shells; heaped together after the lapse of years; weathered and crumbled to dust.

At the end of each of these contemplations there follows the conclusion: "This body of mine also has this nature, has this destiny, cannot escape it."

Similar are the 10 objects of loathsomeness (asubha q.v.).

— [11]

Spiritual role

A śmaśāna, also known as a cremation ground or burial ground, holds cultural, religious, and ritualistic significance in various Eastern spiritual traditions, including Hinduism and certain Tibetan Buddhist practices. The śmaśāna is said to be abode of ghosts, evil spirits, fierce deities, tantrics. Therefore, people in general prefer to avoid going near śmaśāna at night. Women generally do not go to śmaśāna, only males go to śmaśāna to perform last rites.

Śmaśāna is a place, where followers of

Tibetan Buddhist traditions of Vajrayana, Dzogchen for sadhna of Chöd, Phowa, Zhitro, etc. The deity called Shmashana Adhipati
is usually considered to be lord of Śmaśāna.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Burning ghats.

References

  1. ISBN 978-0-7102-0236-9
    . Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  2. ISBN 978-0-9793051-1-5
    . Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  3. ^ Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi; Makhan Jha; Baidyanath Saraswati (1979). The Sacred Complex of Kashi: A Microcosm of Indian Civilization. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 60–. GGKEY:PC0JJ5P0BPA. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  4. ISBN 978-81-7017-315-1
    . Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  5. ^ A modern indoor Electric crematorium in Surat, India
  6. ^ Cemetery Staff Go On Strike From May 1. DNA India, 25 May 2010 - At every cemetery, there is a death register karkoon (clerk), also known as a DRK, an electrician for electric crematorium, a furnace operator and labourers.
  7. ISBN 978-81-7835-723-2
    . Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  8. ISBN 978-1-136-84628-1
    . Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  9. ^ In these suttas, the Buddha instructs monks to stay in the forest in order to aid their meditation practice DN 2,DN 11,DN 12,DN 16, MN 4,MN 10, MN 27,MN 39,MN 60,MN 66,MN 101, MN 105, MN 107, MN 125, AN 4.259, AN 5.75, AN 5.76, AN 5.114, AN 10.60, Sn 1.12, Sn 3.11, SN 11.3, SN 22.80, This list is not exhaustive as there are many more related suttas.
  10. OCLC 1479270
    .
  11. ^ Nyanatiloka (1980). Buddhist Dictionary: Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines. Fourth Revised Edition edited by Nyanaponika. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. Source: [1] (accessed: Tuesday December 24, 2009)
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