Crevice weaver

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Crevice weavers
Temporal range: Neogene–present
Kukulcania hibernalis
, male
Filistatid web
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Filistatidae
Ausserer, 1867
Diversity
19 genera, 185 species
Distribution is approximate

Crevice weaver spiders (Filistatidae) comprise

genera
and more than 120 described species worldwide.

One of the most abundant members of this family in the

dorsal carapace that causes them to be often mistaken for brown recluse spiders. The tiny members of the genus Filistatinella are like miniature versions of Kukulcania. The nominate genus Filistata is Afro-Eurasian
in distribution. In many older books the species from the Americas now placed in the genus Kukulcania are placed in Filistata.

A striking visual characteristic of the family, beside dimorphism, is the unusual upward bend encountered near the femur of the first pair of legs. While resembling hydraulic muscle mechanisms akin to arthropods, this modification actually allows the spider to retain the prey directly from the crevice it occupies. Also, if the larger prey ever tries to pull it from the crevice, the spider can use these legs to "grab" to the side walls and hence make it difficult. Many Kukulcania species also use them to dig holes in the soft ground at a 25- to 30-degree angle.[citation needed]

Taxonomy

The family Filistatidae was created in 1867 by Anton Ausserer.[1] It was based on the species he called Filistata bicolor (now Filistata insidiatrix), a Mediterranean species also found in southern Austria.[2][3]

Phylogeny

On the basis of the features of the male and female genitalia, the family was placed in the

Hypochilidae and the remaining haplogynes.[7] The precise phylogenetic position of the family was described in 2014 as "one of the most enigmatic problems in spider phylogeny".[5]

A 2015 study, based on

genomic data, places Filistatidae with Hypochilidae in a clade outside most of the families previously placed in Haplogynae:[8]

Araneomorphae

Hypochilidae

Filistatidae

most other "traditional" haplogynes

Leptonetidae

Entelegynae

This placement suggests that features that were thought to be "primitive" to araneomorph spiders as a whole (such as an M-shaped midgut) could actually be novel derived features (

synapomorphies) of the Hypochilidae-Filistatidae clade.[8]

Genera

As of April 2019, the World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera:[9]

  • Afrofilistata Benoit, 1968 — Sudan
  • Andoharano Lehtinen, 1967 — Namibia, Madagascar
  • Antilloides Brescovit, Sánchez-Ruiz & Alayón, 2016 — Mexico
  • Filistata Latreille, 1810 — Australia, Asia
  • Filistatinella Gertsch & Ivie, 1936 — Mexico, United States
  • Filistatoides F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899 — Guatemala, Chile, Cuba
  • Kukulcania Lehtinen, 1967 — North America, Central America, Chile
  • Labahitha Zonstein, Marusik & Magalhaes, 2017 — Malaysia
  • Lihuelistata Ramírez & Grismado, 1997 — Argentina
  • Microfilistata Zonstein, 1990 — Iran, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan
  • Misionella Ramírez & Grismado, 1997 — Brazil, Argentina
  • Pholcoides Roewer, 1960 — Afghanistan, Tajikistan, India
  • Pikelinia Mello-Leitão, 1946 — South America
  • Pritha Lehtinen, 1967 — Asia, Oceania, Africa, France
  • Sahastata Benoit, 1968 — Asia, Eritrea
  • Tricalamus Wang, 1987 — China, Japan, Afghanistan
  • Wandella Gray, 1994 — Australia
  • Yardiella Gray, 1994 — Australia
  • Zaitunia Lehtinen, 1967 — Asia, Greece
  • Kukulcania hibernalis male
    Kukulcania hibernalis male

See also

References

  1. ^ "Family: Filistatidae Ausserer, 1867", World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 2016-01-10
  2. ^ "Taxon details Filistata insidiatrix (Forsskål, 1775)", World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 2016-01-10
  3. ^ Ausserer, A. (1867), "Die Arachniden Tirols nach ihrer horizontalen und verticalen Verbreitung, I", Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 17: 137–170
  4. ^ Coddington, Jonathan A. (2005). "Phylogeny and classification of spiders" (PDF). In Ubick, D.; Paquin, P.; Cushing, P.E. & Roth, V. (eds.). Spiders of North America: an identification manual. American Arachnological Society. pp. 18–24. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
  5. ^
    PMID 24907603
  6. ^ .
  7. ^ "Family: Filistatidae Ausserer, 1867". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2019-04-22.