Crew Dragon Demo-2
ISS crew transport | |
Operator | SpaceX |
---|---|
COSPAR ID | 2020-033A |
SATCAT no. | 45623 |
Mission duration | 63 days, 23 hours and 25 minutes |
Spacecraft properties | |
Spacecraft | Crew Dragon Endeavour |
Spacecraft type | Crew Dragon |
Manufacturer | SpaceX |
Launch mass | 12,519 kg (27,600 lb)[1] |
Landing mass | 9,616 kg (21,200 lb)[1] |
Crew | |
Members | |
Expedition | Expedition 63 |
Start of mission | |
Launch date | 30 May 2020, 19:22:45 UTC[2] |
Rocket | Falcon 9 Block 5 (B1058.1) |
Launch site | Kennedy Space Center, LC-39A |
Contractor | SpaceX |
End of mission | |
Recovered by | GO Navigator |
Landing date | 2 August 2020, 18:48:06 UTC[3] |
Landing site | Gulf of Mexico |
Orbital parameters | |
Reference system | Geocentric orbit |
Regime | Low Earth orbit |
Inclination | 51.66° |
Docking with ISS | |
Docking port | Harmony forward[4] |
Docking date | 31 May 2020, 14:27 UTC[5][6] |
Undocking date | 1 August 2020, 23:35 UTC |
Time docked | 62 days, 9 hours, 8 minutes |
NASA (left) and SpaceX (right) insignia Commercial Crew Development → |
Crew Dragon Demo-2 (officially Crew Demo-2, SpaceX Demo-2, or Demonstration Mission-2)
Docking was autonomously controlled by the Crew Dragon, but monitored by the flight crew in case manual intervention became necessary.[16] The spacecraft soft docked with the International Space Station on 31 May 2020, nineteen hours after launch. Following soft capture, 12 hooks were closed to complete a hard capture 11 minutes later.[5] Hurley and Behnken worked alongside the crew of Expedition 63 for 62 days, including four spacewalks by Behnken with fellow American astronaut Chris Cassidy to replace batteries brought up by a Japanese cargo vehicle. Endeavour autonomously undocked from the station on 1 August 2020 and thirteen hours later returned the astronauts to Earth in the first water landing by astronauts since 1975.[17]
Background
After the Space Shuttle program was brought to an end in 2011, NASA no longer had a spacecraft system capable of sending humans to space. As a result, it was forced to fly its astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the Russian Soyuz space vehicle, at a cost of up to US$80 million per astronaut. As an alternative, NASA contracted with private companies such as SpaceX for the Commercial Crew Program, which is expected to cost 50% less than Soyuz once in regular operation.[18] Up to the launch, NASA has awarded a total of US$3.1 billion for the development of the Dragon 2.[19] The Demo-2 mission was expected to be SpaceX's last major test before NASA certified it for regular crewed spaceflights.[13] Prior to that, SpaceX had sent twenty cargo missions to the ISS, but never a crewed one.[19] Other than SpaceX, Boeing is also working on crewed orbital spaceflight under the same NASA effort.[13]
Crew
Douglas Hurley and Robert Behnken were announced as the primary crew on 3 August 2018.[20] Both astronauts are veterans of the Space Shuttle program,[21] and the Demo-2 flight was the third trip to space for both of them. The lead flight director for this mission was Zebulon Scoville.[22]
NASA astronaut
Position[16] | Astronaut | |
---|---|---|
Spacecraft commander | Douglas Hurley, NASA Expedition 63 Third and last spaceflight | |
Joint operations commander | Robert Behnken, NASA Expedition 63 Third and last spaceflight |
Position | Astronaut | |
---|---|---|
Spacecraft commander/Joint operations commander | Kjell Lindgren, NASA
|
Insignia and livery
The mission insignia was designed by artist Andrew Nyberg from Brainerd, Minnesota, a nephew of spacecraft commander Hurley.[24] The insignia features the logos of the Commercial Crew Program, Falcon 9, Crew Dragon, and the red chevron of NASA's "meatball" insignia. Also depicted are the American flag and a graphic representation of the ISS. The words NASA, SPACEX, FIRST CREWED FLIGHT and DM-2 are printed around the border along with the surnames of the astronauts. The insignia outline is in the shape of the Crew Dragon capsule.[25]
The Falcon 9 rocket used to launch Endeavour displayed NASA's "worm" insignia, the first time the logo had been used officially since it was retired in 1992.[26] NASA TV and media coverage of the launch was branded as "Launch America", with its own logo.[27][28]
The SpaceX patch shows the top of the company's spacesuit, with the ISS and North America portrayed on the helmet shield and a white star denoting the launch site at Cape Canaveral. Behind the suit are the American flag, and around the insignia's black border SPACEX DRAGON and NASA DEMO-2 are written in white, alongside the names of the two astronauts at the bottom; with a cloverleaf between the two names.
Pre-launch processing
NASA calculated the loss-of-crew (LOC) probability for the test flight as 1-in-276, better than the commercial crew program requirement threshold of 1-in-270. The 1-in-276 number included mitigations to reduce the risk, such as on-orbit inspections of the Crew Dragon spacecraft once it was docked to the space station to look for damage from micrometeoroids and orbital debris (MMOD). NASA pegged the overall risk of a loss of mission (LOM) as 1-in-60, covering scenarios where the Crew Dragon does not reach the space station as planned, but the crew safely returns to Earth.[29]
The Crew Dragon Demo-2 mission was initially planned for launch in July 2019 as part of the
On 17 April 2020, NASA and SpaceX announced the launch date as 27 May 2020.
Behnken and Hurley arrived at
Launch attempts
An official launch weather forecast for Dragon Crew Demo-2 by the 45th Weather Squadron of the U.S. Space Force, for the original launch time at 20:33:33 UTC on 27 May 2020, predicted a 50% probability of favorable conditions. The launch was scrubbed at T−16:53 minutes due to thunderstorms and light rain in the area caused by Tropical Storm Bertha.[43][44] The second launch attempt also faced a 50% probability of favorable conditions, but was successful and took place on 30 May 2020 at 19:22:45 UTC.[45][46] The other launch windows were 31 May 2020 at 19:00:07 UTC, with a 60% probability of favorable conditions and 2 June 2020 at 18:13 UTC with a 70% probability of favorable conditions.[47][48]
Attempt | Planned | Result | Turnaround | Reason | Decision point | Weather go (%) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 27 May 2020, 4:33:33 pm | Scrubbed | — | Weather | 27 May 2020, 4:16 pm (T-00:16:53) | 50 | Rocket generated lightning risk (field mill rule violation)[49] |
2 | 30 May 2020, 3:22:45 pm | Success | 2 days, 22 hours, 49 minutes |
Mission
Launch and orbit
Three days after the first launch attempt was scrubbed, the
Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken revealed the name of their Crew Dragon capsule 206, Endeavour, shortly after launch, reviving another old tradition from the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs where astronauts would name their spacecraft.[57] It was the third U.S. spacecraft named Endeavour, after Space Shuttle Endeavour, built in 1991 to replace Space Shuttle Challenger, which was destroyed in 1986,[58] and the Apollo command and service module used for the Apollo 15 mission in 1971.[59] Hurley said that they chose Endeavour as both his and Behnken's first flights to space were on the Shuttle Endeavour.[6]
Each crew member brought along a toy from their family; an Apatosaurus dinosaur named "Tremor" and a Ty plush toy. As in past space missions, the plush toy was used as an indication of zero gravity for the strapped-in astronauts. Behnken and Hurley said, "That was a super cool thing for us to get a chance to do for both of our sons, who I hope are super excited to see their toys floating around with us on board".[60][61]
The crew were awakened on the second day of the flight with Black Sabbath's "Planet Caravan".[62] NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Gemini program, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15. Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.[63]
Approach, docking, and activities aboard the ISS
Nineteen hours later, Endeavour approached the ISS. Hurley demonstrated the ability to pilot the spacecraft via its touchscreen controls until it reached a distance of 220 metres (720 ft), after which Endeavour autonomously soft-docked to the pressurized mating adapter
Over their time aboard the ISS, Hurley and Behnken spent over 100 hours completing science experiments, while traveling 27 million miles over their 1024 orbits of the Earth. Behnken also completed 4 spacewalks with Chris Cassidy.[68]
Undocking and return
NASA mission managers had evaluated additional sites off Panama City, Florida, Tallahassee, Tampa, and Daytona Beach to provide more options in the event of stormy tropical weather.[3] The United States Coast Guard advised against entering a 10 nmi (19 km; 12 mi) square defined in its Notices to Mariners for the hours leading up to splashdown noting "hazardous space operations" and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) restricted air traffic in the area in a NOTAM.[69]
Endeavour stayed docked to the ISS for 62 days, 9 hours and 8 minutes, undocking at 23:35 UTC on 1 August 2020.[70] At the time of undocking, Endeavour weighed approximately 12,520 kg (27,600 lb).[71] The capsule completed four departure burns to move away from the ISS, followed by a phasing burn lasting over six minutes to place the capsule on a trajectory to return to Earth. The crew was awakened on the final day of the flight with prerecorded voice messages from their sons. A yaw maneuver occurred at 17:51 to separate the "claw" umbilical mechanism from the trunk.[72]
The deorbit burn of 11 minutes and 22 seconds occurred shortly after 17:56 UTC. Just before reentry at 18:11 UTC, the nose cone was closed. Drogue chutes deployed at 18:44 UTC for approximately one minute, drawing out main parachute deployment approximately one minute later. A maximum of 4 g was experienced by Dragon capsule and its crew during the re-entry period.[72] Endeavour returned to Earth with 150 kg (330 lb) of cargo including 90 kg (200 lb) of science cargo, mostly kept in freezers.[73]
Sixty-three days, 23 hours, 25 minutes and 21 seconds after launch, at 18:48:06 UTC on 2 August 2020,
The
Post-flight analysis of the Dragon's heat shield revealed higher than expected erosion, at four points where the capsule bolts to the trunk of the vehicle using tension ties. SpaceX stated that the erosion was likely caused by air flow phenomena that were not expected to occur around the ties. The heat shield design was changed to include more erosion resistant materials at the ties.[79] One of four ties was noted to have deep erosion. Though it could not be determined why this was not seen during SpaceX Demo-1, Hans Koenigsmann speculated that it may be related to different mass and trajectory flown by the spacecraft.[82] In addition, SpaceX noted that the parachutes were deployed lower than expected, but still within the allowable range. To address the issue, the instrument used to measure barometric pressure which determines altitude was replaced.[79]
-
Crew Dragon Endeavour landing in the Gulf of Mexico on 2 August 2020.
-
Support teams arrive in a fast boat at the SpaceX Crew Dragon Endeavour.
-
Private boats coming close to a crew working on the capsule.
-
Large numbers of private boats creating a circle around the Endeavour capsule.
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Endeavour being loaded onto the "nest" on board GO Navigator.
-
Robert Behnken, left, and Douglas Hurley are seen inside SpaceX Crew Dragon Endeavour being greeted by SpaceX medical director Anil Menon on board GO Navigator.
Timeline
Note: all times in UTC
- T+00:00:00 (19:22:45, 30 May 2020) – the Crew Dragon spacecraft launches from Launch Complex 39A at Cape Canaveral, Florida.[11][83]
- T+00:01:01 (19:23:46) – Max-Q[84]
- T+00:02:38 (19:25:23) – MECO[84]
- T+00:02:40 (19:25:25) – Stage separation of the Falcon 9.[84]
- T+00:08:50 (19:31:35) – SECO[84]
- T+00:12:08 (19:34:53) – Endeavour separates from the second stage.[84]
- T+17:54 (13:56, 31 May 2020) – Crew Dragon reaches Waypoint 1 for ISS.
- T+18:54 (14:16) – Initial soft docking with the ISS.
- T+19:05 (14:27) – Hard docking with the ISS.[5]
- T+21:39 (17:01) – Hatch opening.[6][65][66]
- T+21:59 (17:22) – Behnken and Hurley board the ISS.
- T+27 days (26 June 2020) – First spacewalk.
- T+32 days (1 July 2020) – Second spacewalk.
- T+47 days (16 July 2020) – Third spacewalk.
- T+52 days (21 July 2020) – Fourth spacewalk.
- T+63 days, 09:08 (23:35, 1 August 2020) – Undocking from ISS.
- T+63 days, 23:25:21 (18:48:06, 2 August 2020) – Capsule return to Earth, splashdown, mission ends.
- T+64 days, 00:36 (19:59, 2 August 2020) – Crew recovery by GO Navigator.
Follow up mission of the capsule
Endeavour was refurbished and reused for the SpaceX Crew-2 mission that launched on 23 April 2021.[85] Alongside, Bob's seat of the Crew Dragon Endeavor is used by his wife, K. Megan McArthur in Crew-2 mission.[86] The intervening Crew Dragon mission, SpaceX Crew-1 SpaceX's first operational astronaut flight launched four Expedition 64 astronauts aboard Crew Dragon Resilience on 16 November 2020 at 00:27:17 UTC.[87]
See also
- Boeing Crewed Flight Test, Boeing's first crewed mission of its capsule
- SpaceX Dragon – Family of SpaceX spacecraft
- List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches
- Return to Space - Netflix documentary about SpaceX and Demo-2 mission
Notes
- ^ This mission has multiple official names. Mission operator SpaceX refers to the mission as "Crew Demo-2",[7] while customer NASA refers to the mission as "SpaceX Demo-2",[8][9] and the United States Space Force refers to the mission as "Dragon Crew Demo-2".[10] Unless otherwise noted, this article uses "Demo-2" to refer this mission
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- ^ "Megan to reuse Bob's demo-2 seat in crew-2 mission". aljazeera.com. 20 April 2020. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ "Astronauts fly with SpaceX in landmark launch for commercial spaceflight". Spaceflight Now. 16 November 2020. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
External links
Extended video series from SpaceX
Launch, coast, approach, and docking
- Crew Demo 2 (Launch) on YouTube
- Crew Demo 2 (Coast) on YouTube
- Crew Demo 2 (Approach and Docking) on YouTube
Departure, return coast, and splashdown
- Crew Demo 2 Departure on YouTube
- Crew Demo 2 Return Coast Phase on YouTube
- Crew Demo 2 Splashdown on YouTube