Crimea
Crimean | |
Population | 2,416,856[1] (2021) |
---|---|
Pop. density | 84.6/km2 (219.1/sq mi) |
Additional information | |
ISO code | UA-43 |
Crimea
Called the Tauric Peninsula until the
After Ukrainian independence in 1991, the central government and the
Name
In English, the omission of the definite article in English ("Crimea" rather than "the Crimea") became common during the later 20th century.[citation needed]
The spelling "Crimea" is from the Italian form, la Crimea, since at least the 17th century
Today, the Crimean Tatar name of the peninsula is Qırım, while the Russian is Крым (Krym), and the Ukrainian is Крим (Krym).
The city
The word Qırım is derived from the Turkic term qirum ("fosse, trench"), from qori- ("to fence, protect").[9][10][11]
Another classical name for Crimea,
Other suggestions either unsupported or contradicted by sources, apparently based on similarity in sound, include:
- the name of the Cimmerians, although this derivation is however no longer generally held.[13]
- a derivation from the Koiné Greek pronunciation, Crimni, i.e., "the Cliffs", a port on Lake Maeotis (Sea of Azov) cited by Herodotus in The Histories 4.20.1 and 4.110.2).[14]However, Herodotus identifies the port not in Crimea, but as being on the west coast of the Sea of Azov. No evidence has been identified that this name was ever in use for the peninsula.
- The Turkic term (e.g., in Turkish: Kırım) is related to the Mongolian appellation kerm "wall", but sources indicate that the Mongolian appellation of the Crimean peninsula of Qaram is phonetically incompatible with kerm/kerem and therefore deriving from another original term.[15][16][17]
History
Ancient history
The recorded history of Crimea begins around 5th century BCE when several
Medieval history
The south coast remained Greek in culture for almost two thousand years including under Roman successor states, the
Mongol Conquest (1238–1449)
The north and centre of Crimea fell to the
Crimean Khanate (1443–1783)
In the 1440s the Crimean Khanate formed out of the collapse of the horde[21] but quite rapidly itself became subject to the Ottoman Empire, which also conquered the coastal areas which had kept independent of the Khanate. A major source of prosperity in these times were frequents raids into Russia for slaves.
Russian Empire (1783–1917)
In 1774, the Ottoman Empire was
From 1853 to 1856, the strategic position of the peninsula in controlling the Black Sea meant that it was the site of the principal engagements of the Crimean War, where Russia lost to a French-led alliance.[23]
Russian Civil War (1917–1921)
During the
Soviet Union (1921–1991)
In 1921 the
Ukraine (since 1991)
With the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Ukrainian independence in 1991 most of the peninsula was reorganized as the Republic of Crimea,[25][26] Pro-Russian and pro-autonomy forces dominated the republic's government until it was forcibly abolished by Ukraine in 1995 with the Autonomous Republic of Crimea established firmly under Ukrainian authority.[27][28] A 1997 treaty partitioned the Soviet Black Sea Fleet, allowing Russia to continue basing its fleet in Sevastopol, with the lease extended in 2010.
Russian occupation (from 2014)
In 2014, Crimea saw intense demonstrations against the removal of the Russia-leaning Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych in Kyiv.[29] Protests culminated in Russian forces occupying strategic points in Crimea[30] and the Russian-organized Republic of Crimea declared independence from Ukraine following an illegal and internationally unrecognized referendum supporting reunification.[31] Russia then annexed Crimea, although most countries (100 votes in favour, 11 against, 58 abstentions) continued to recognize Crimea as part of Ukraine.[32][non-primary source needed]
Geography
Covering an area of 27,000 km2 (10,425 sq mi), Crimea is located on the northern coast of the Black Sea and on the western coast of the Sea of Azov; the only land border is shared with Ukraine's Kherson Oblast on the north. Crimea is almost an island and only connected to the continent by the Isthmus of Perekop, a strip of land about 5–7 kilometres (3.1–4.3 mi) wide.
Much of the natural border between the Crimean Peninsula and the Ukrainian mainland comprises the Syvash or "Rotten Sea", a large system of shallow lagoons stretching along the western shore of the Sea of Azov. Besides the isthmus of Perekop, the peninsula is connected to the Kherson Oblast's Henichesk Raion by bridges over the narrow Chonhar and Henichesk straits and over Kerch Strait to the Krasnodar Krai. The northern part of Arabat Spit is administratively part of Henichesk Raion in Kherson Oblast, including its two rural communities of Shchaslyvtseve and Strilkove. The eastern tip of the Crimean peninsula comprises the Kerch Peninsula, separated from Taman Peninsula on the Russian mainland by the Kerch Strait, which connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Azov, at a width of between 3–13 kilometres (1.9–8.1 mi).
Geographers generally divide the peninsula into three zones: the
Places
Given its long history and many conquerors, most towns in Crimea have several names.
West: The
South: In the south, between the
Sea of Azov: There is little on the south shore. The west shore is marked by the Arabat Spit. Behind it is the Syvash or "Putrid Sea", a system of lakes and marshes which in the far north extend west to the Perekop Isthmus. Road- and rail-bridges cross the northern part of Syvash.
Interior: Most of the former capitals of Crimea stood on the north side of the mountains. Mangup/Doros (Gothic, Theodoro). Bakhchysarai (1532–1783). Southeast of Bakhchysarai is the cliff-fort of
Rivers: The longest is the
Nearby: East of the Kerch Strait the Ancient Greeks founded colonies at
Crimean Mountains
The southeast coast is flanked at a distance of 8–12 kilometres (5.0–7.5 mi) from the sea by a parallel range of mountains: the Crimean Mountains.[33] These mountains are backed by secondary parallel ranges.
The main range of these mountains rises with extraordinary abruptness from the deep floor of the Black Sea to an altitude of 600–1,545 metres (1,969–5,069 ft), beginning at the southwest point of the peninsula, called
Hydrography
There are 257 rivers and major streams on the Crimean peninsula; they are primarily fed by rainwater, with snowmelt playing a very minor role. This makes for significant seasonal fluctuation in water flow, with many streams drying up completely during the summer.
There are more than fifty salt lakes and
Steppe
Seventy-five percent of the remaining area of Crimea consists of semiarid prairie lands, a southward continuation of the Pontic–Caspian steppe, which slope gently to the northwest from the foothills of the Crimean Mountains. Numerous
Southern Coast
The terrain that lies south of the sheltering Crimean Mountain range is of an altogether different character. Here, the narrow strip of coast and the slopes of the mountains are covered with greenery. This "riviera" stretches along the southeast coast from capes Fiolent and Aya, in the south, to Feodosia. There are many summer sea-bathing resorts such as Alupka, Yalta, Gurzuf, Alushta, Sudak, and Feodosia. During the years of Soviet rule, the resorts and dachas of this coast served as prime perquisites of the politically loyal.[citation needed] In addition, vineyards and fruit orchards are located in the region. Fishing, mining, and the production of essential oils are also important. Numerous Crimean Tatar villages, mosques, monasteries, and palaces of the Russian imperial family and nobles are found here, as well as picturesque ancient Greek and medieval castles.
The Crimean Mountains and the southern coast are part of the Crimean Submediterranean forest complex ecoregion. The natural vegetation consists of scrublands, woodlands, and forests, with a climate and vegetation similar to the Mediterranean Basin.
Climate
Crimea is located between the
The climate of Crimea is influenced by its geographic location, relief, and influences from the Black Sea.[48] The Southern Coast is shielded from cold air masses coming from the north and, as a result, has milder winters.[48] Maritime influences from the Black Sea are restricted to coastal areas; in the interior of the peninsula the maritime influence is weak and does not play an important role.[48] Because a high-pressure system is located north of Crimea in both summer and winter, winds predominantly come from the north and northeast year-round.[48] In winter these winds bring in cold, dry continental air, while in summer they bring in dry and hot weather.[48] Winds from the northwest bring warm and wet air from the Atlantic Ocean, causing precipitation during spring and summer.[48] As well, winds from the southwest bring very warm and wet air from the subtropical latitudes of the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean sea and cause precipitation during fall and winter.[48]
Mean annual temperatures range from 10 °C (50.0 °F) in the far north (Armiansk) to 13 °C (55.4 °F) in the far south (Yalta).[48] In the mountains, the mean annual temperature is around 5.7 °C (42.3 °F).[48] For every 100 m (330 ft) increase in altitude, temperatures decrease by 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) while precipitation increases.[48] In January mean temperatures range from −3 °C (26.6 °F) in Armiansk to 4.4 °C (39.9 °F) in Myskhor.[48] Cool-season temperatures average around 7 °C (44.6 °F) and it is rare for the weather to drop below freezing except in the mountains, where there is usually snow.[50] In July mean temperatures range from 15.4 °C (59.7 °F) in Ai-Petri to 23.4 °C (74.1 °F) in the central parts of Crimea to 24.4 °C (75.9 °F) in Myskhor.[48] The frost-free period ranges from 160 to 200 days in the steppe and mountain regions to 240–260 days on the south coast.[48]
Precipitation in Crimea varies significantly based on location; it ranges from 310 millimetres (12.2 in) in Chornomorske to 1,220 millimetres (48.0 in) at the highest altitudes in the Crimean mountains.[48] The Crimean mountains greatly influence the amount of precipitation present in the peninsula.[48] However, most of Crimea (88.5%) receives 300 to 500 millimetres (11.8 to 19.7 in) of precipitation per year.[48] The plains usually receive 300 to 400 millimetres (11.8 to 15.7 in) of precipitation per year, increasing to 560 millimetres (22.0 in) in the southern coast at sea level.[48] The western parts of the Crimean mountains receive more than 1,000 millimetres (39.4 in) of precipitation per year.[48] Snowfall is common in the mountains during winter.[49]
Most of the peninsula receives more than 2,000 sunshine hours per year; it reaches up to 2,505 sunshine hours in Qarabiy yayla in the Crimean Mountains.[48] As a result, the climate favors recreation and tourism.[48] Because of its climate and subsidized travel-packages from Russian state-run companies, the southern coast has remained a popular resort for Russian tourists.[51]
Strategic value
The nearby
According to the International Transport Workers' Federation, as of 2013[update] there were at least 12 operating merchant seaports in Crimea.[54]
Economy
In 2016 Crimea had Nominal GDP of
The main branches of the modern Crimean economy are agriculture and fishing oysters pearls, industry and manufacturing, tourism, and ports. Industrial plants are situated for the most part in the southern coast (Yevpatoria, Sevastopol, Feodosia, Kerch) regions of the republic, few northern (Armiansk, Krasnoperekopsk, Dzhankoi), aside from the central area, mainly Simferopol okrug and eastern region in Nizhnegorsk (few plants, same for Dzhankoj) city. Important industrial cities include Dzhankoi, housing a major railway connection, Krasnoperekopsk and Armiansk, among others.
After the Russian annexation of Crimea in early 2014 and subsequent sanctions targeting Crimea, the tourist industry suffered major losses for two years. The flow of holidaymakers dropped 35 percent in the first half of 2014 over the same period of 2013.[56] The number of tourist arrivals reached a record in 2012 at 6.1 million.[57] According to the Russian administration of Crimea, they dropped to 3.8 million in 2014,[58] and rebounded to 5.6 million by 2016.[59]
The most important industries in Crimea include food production, chemical fields, mechanical engineering, and metalworking, and fuel production industries.[60] Sixty percent of the industry market belongs to food production. There are a total of 291 large industrial enterprises and 1002 small business enterprises.[60]
In 2014, the republic's annual GDP was $4.3 billion (500 times smaller than the size of Russia's economy). The average salary was $290 per month. The budget deficit was $1.5 billion.[61]
Agriculture
Agriculture in the region includes cereals, vegetable-growing, gardening, and wine-making, particularly in the Yalta and Massandra regions. Livestock production includes cattle breeding, poultry keeping, and sheep breeding.[60] Other products produced on the Crimean Peninsula include salt, porphyry, limestone, and ironstone (found around Kerch) since ancient times.[34]
The vine mealybug (
Energy
Crimea possesses several
Name | Type | Location | Reserves |
---|---|---|---|
Dzhankoi gas field | onshore | Dzhankoi | |
Holitsynske gas field | offshore | Black Sea | |
Karlavske gas field | onshore | Chornomorske | |
Krym gas field | offshore | Black Sea | |
Odeske gas field[70] | offshore | Black Sea | 21 billion m3 |
Schmidta gas field | offshore | Black Sea | |
Shtormvaia gas field
|
offshore | Black Sea | |
Strilkove gas field | offshore | Sea of Azov |
The republic also possesses two
- Electricity
Crimea has 540 MW of its own electricity generation capacity, including the 100 MW Simferopol Thermal Power Plant, the 22 MW Sevastopol Thermal Power Plant and the 19 MW Kamish-Burunskaya Thermal Power Plant.[71] This local electricity generation has proven insufficient for local consumption, and since annexation by Russia, Crimea has been reliant on an underwater power cable to mainland Russia.[72]
Power generation is set to be increased by two combined-cycle gas steam turbo thermal plants PGU, each {or should this be both combined?} providing 470 MW (116 167 MW GT, 235 MW block), built by TPE (among others) with turbines provided by Power Machines; NPO Saturn with Perm PMZ; either modified GTD-110M/GTE-160/GTE-180 units or UTZ KTZ, or a V94.2 supplied by MAPNA, modified in Russia by PGU Thermal.
Solar photovoltaic SES plants are plentiful on the peninsula, including a small facility north of Sevastopol. There also is the Saky gas thermal plant near the Jodobrom chemical plant, featuring SaKhZ(SaChP) boosted production with Perm GTE GTU25P (PS90GP25 25 MW aeroderivative GP) PGU turbogenerators. Older plants in operation include the Sevastopol TEC (close to Inkerman) which uses AEG and Ganz Elektro turbines and turbogenerators generating about 25 MW each, Simferopol TEC, Yevpatoria, Kamysh Burun TEC (Kerch south – Zaliv) and a few others.
Transport
This section lacks an overview of its topic.(March 2014) |
- Crimean Bridge
In May 2015, work began on a multibillion-dollar road-rail link (a pair of parallel bridges) across the Kerch Strait.
- Public transportation
Almost every settlement in Crimea is connected with another settlement by bus lines. Crimea contains the longest (96 km or 59 mi) trolleybus route in the world, founded in 1959, stretching from Simferopol to Yalta.[76] The trolleybus line starts near Simferopol's Railway Station (in Soviet times it started near Simferopol International Airport) through the mountains to Alushta and on to Yalta. The length of line is about 90 km and passengers are assigned a seat. Simferopol, Yalta and Alushta also have an urban and suburban trolleybus network. Trolleybuses also operate in Sevastopol and Kerch.
A tram system operates in the city of Yevpatoria. In the nearby townlet village of Molochnoye, a 1.6 km-long tram line provides the only connection between the sea shore and a holiday resort, but its operation is halted since 2015.
- Railway traffic
There are two railroad lines running through Crimea: the non-electrified
Until 2014 the network was part of the Cisdneper Directorate of the Ukrainian Railways. Long-distance trains provided connection to all major Ukrainian cities, to many towns of Russia, Belarus and, until the end of the 2000s, even to Vilnius, Riga, Warsaw and Berlin.
Since 2014 the railways are operated by the Crimea Railway. Local trains belong to the Yuzhnaya Prigorodnaya Passazhirskaya Kompaniya (Southern Suburban Passenger Company), serving the entire network of the peninsula and via the Crimean Bridge three trains daily to Anapa. Long-distance trains under the name Tavriya – operated by the company Grand Servis Ekspress – connect Sevastopol and Simferopol daily with Moscow and Saint Petersburg; in the summer season Yevpatoria and Feodosia are also directly connected by them. Several times a week Simferopol is also linked with Volgograd, Sochi, Yekaterinburg, Omsk and even Murmansk by train.
Further development plans consist of a bypass line between Simferopol and Kerch, and a complete electrification of the network with changing the voltage of the already electrified lines from 3 kV DC to 25 kV 50 Hz AC.
- Aviation
- Simferopol International Airport is an air transport hub of Crimea.
- Highways
- А-291 – Tavrida highway (route Yevpatoria-) Sevastopol – Simferopol (SW to W N to East ring) – Bilohirsk
– north Feodosia – Kerch south (strait bridge) - E105/M18 – Syvash (bridge, starts), Dzhankoi, North Crimean Canal (bridge), Simferopol, Alushta, Yalta (ends)
- E97/M17 – Perekop (starts), Armiansk, Dzhankoi, Feodosia, Kerch (ferry, ends)
- A290 – Novorossiysk to Kerch via the Crimean Bridge (formerly known as Highway M25)
- H05 – Krasnoperekopsk, Simferopol (access to the Simferopol International Airport)
- H06 – Simferopol, Bakhchysarai, Sevastopol
- H19 – Yalta, Sevastopol
- P16
- P23 – Feodosia
- P25 – Simferopol, Yevpatoria
- P27 – Sevastopol, Inkerman (completely within the city of Sevastopol)
- P29 – Feodosia
- P34 – Alushta, Yalta
- P35 – Hrushivka, Sudak
- P58 – Sevastopol, Port "Komysheva Bukhta" (completely within the city of Sevastopol)
- P59 (completely within the city of Sevastopol)
- Sea transport
The cities of Yalta,
Tourism
The development of Crimea as a holiday destination began in the second half of the 19th century. The development of the transport networks brought masses of tourists from central parts of the Russian Empire. At the beginning of the 20th century, a major development of palaces, villas, and dachas began—most of which remain. These are some of the main attractions of Crimea as a tourist destination. There are many Crimean legends about famous touristic places, which attract the attention of tourists.
A new phase of tourist development began when the Soviet government started promoting the healing quality of the local air, lakes and therapeutic muds. It became a "health" destination for Soviet workers, and hundreds of thousands of Soviet tourists visited Crimea.
In the 1990s, Crimea became more of a get-away destination than a "health-improvement" destination. The most visited areas are the south shore of Crimea with cities of Yalta and Alushta, the western shore – Yevpatoria and Saky, and the south-eastern shore – Feodosia and Sudak. According to National Geographic, Crimea was among the top 20 travel destinations in 2013.[80]
Places of interest include
- Koktebel
- Livadia Palace
- Mount Mithridat
- Scythian Treasure
- Swallow's Nest
- Tauric Chersonesos
- Vorontsov Palace
- Bakhchisaray Palace
- Massandra Palace and Winery
- Novyi Svit
- Nikitsky Botanical Garden
- Aivazovsky National Art Gallery in Feodosia
- Naval museum complex Balaklava
- The Valley of Ghosts
Sanctions
Following Russia's largely unrecognized annexation of Crimea, the
Politics
Crimea is Ukrainian territory currently occupied by Russia; Ukraine has not relinquished title over the Crimean territory since the events of 2014, and Crimea is internationally recognized as part of Ukraine. They exercise administration of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea from Kyiv in the Ministry of Reintegration of Temporarily Occupied Territories. Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy drew attention to this fact in August 2022 when he stated that it was "necessary to liberate Crimea" from Russian occupation and to re-establish "world law and order".[90]
Demographics
As of 2014[update], the total population of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol was 2,248,400 people (Republic of Crimea: 1,889,485, Sevastopol: 395,000).
According to the 2014 Russian census, 84% of Crimean inhabitants named Russian as their native language; 7.9% – Crimean Tatar; 3.7% – Tatar; and 3.3% – Ukrainian.[citation needed] It was the first official census in Crimea since a Ukrainian-held census in 2001.[93]
According to the 2001 census, 77% of Crimean inhabitants named Russian as their native language; 11.4% – Crimean Tatar; and 10.1% – Ukrainian.[94] In 2013, however, the Crimean Tatar language was estimated to be on the brink of extinction, being taught in Crimea only in around 15 schools at that point. Turkey provided the greatest support to Tatars in Ukraine, which had been unable to resolve the problem of education in their mother tongue in Crimea, by bringing the schools to a modern state.[95][96]
The ethnic composition of Crimea's population has changed dramatically since the early 20th century. The 1897
Date | 1785 [97] | 1795 [97] | 1816 [97] | 1835 [97] | 1850 [97] | 1864 [97] | 1926[100]
|
1939[101] | 1959[102]
|
1970
|
1979[103] | 2001[105]
|
2014[106]
| |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carried out by | Russian Empire | Soviet Union | Ukraine | Russia | ||||||||||||||||||||
Ethnic group | % | % | % | % | % | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % |
Russians | 2.2% | 4.3% | 4.8% | 4.4% | 6.6% | 28.5% | 180,963 | 33.11% | 301,398 | 42.2% | 558,481 | 49.6% | 858,273 | 71.4% | 1,220,484 | 67.3% | 1,460,980 | 66.9% | 1,629,542 | 67.0% | 1,450,400 | 60.4% | 1,492,078 | 67.9% |
Ukrainians | 1.3% | 3.6% | 3.1% | 7% | 64,703 | 11.84% | 77,405 | 10.6% | 154,123 | 13.7% | 267,659 | 22.3% | 480,733 | 26.5% | 547,336 | 25.1% | 625,919 | 25.8% | 576,600 | 24.0% | 344,515 | 15.7% | ||
Crimean Tatars | 84.1% | 87.6% | 85.9% | 83.5% | 77.8% | 50.3% | 194,294 | 35.55% | 179,094 | 25.1% | 218,879 | 19.4% | 5,422 | 0.2% | 38,365 | 1.6% | 245,200 | 10.2% | 232,340 | 10.6% | ||||
Belarusians | 2,058 | 0.38% | 3,842 | 0.5% | 6,726 | 0.6% | 21,672 | 1.8% | 39,793 | 2.2% | 45,000 (e) | 2.1% | 50,045 | 2.1% | 35,000 | 1.5% | 21,694 | 1.0% | ||||||
Armenians | .6% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 1% | 6.5% | 8,317 | 1.52% | 10,713 | 1.5% | 12,923 | 1.1% | 3,091 | 0.2% | 2,794 | 0.1% | 10,000 | 0.4% | 11,030 | 0.5% | |||||
Jews | 2.3% | 2.3% | 2% | 2.2% | 7% | 24,168 | 4.42% | 45,926 | 6.4% | 65,452 | 5.8% | 26,374 | 2.2% | 25,614 | 1.4% | 17,371 | 0.7% | 5,500 | 0.2% | 3,374 | 0.1% | |||
Others | 13.7% | 3.9% | 2.1% | 5.5% | 5.4% | 7.7% | 72,089 | 13.19% | c.27,500 | 2.3% | 92,533 | 4.2% | ||||||||||||
Total population stating nationality | 546,592 | 713,823 | 1,126,429 | 1,813,502 | 2,184,000 | 2,430,495 | 2,401,200 | 2,197,564 | ||||||||||||||||
Nationality not stated | 12,000 | 87,205 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Total population | 1,201,517 | 2,458,600 | 2,413,200 | 2,284,769 |
Crimean Tatars, a predominantly
Jews in Crimea were historically Krymchaks and Karaites (the latter a small group centered at Yevpatoria). The 1879 census for the Taurida Governorate reported a Jewish population of 4.20%, not including a Karaite population of 0.43%. The Krymchaks (but not the Karaites) were
The number of
Besides the Crimean Germans, Stalin in 1944 also deported 70,000 Greeks, 14,000 Bulgarians[114] and 3,000 Italians.
- Life expectancy at birth
-
Life expectancy in the Republic of Crimea
-
Life expectancy in Sevastopol
-
Life expectancy in Crimea and neighboring regions
- Religion
In 2013, Orthodox Christians made up 58% of the Crimean population, followed by Muslims (15%) and believers in God without religion (10%).[115]
Following the
Culture
What is thought to be the first work of literature in the
Ivan Aivazovsky, the 19th-century marine painter of Armenian origin, who is considered one of the major artists of his era was born in Feodosia and lived there for the most part of his life. Many of his paintings depict the Black Sea. He also created battle paintings during the Crimean War.[119]
Crimean Tatar singer Jamala won the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 representing Ukraine with her song "1944", about the historic deportation of Crimean Tatars in that year by Soviet authorities.[120]
-
Painting of the Russian squadron in Sevastopol by Ivan Aivazovsky (1846)
-
The grave of Russian poet and artist Maximilian Voloshin
-
People at theKazantipmusic festival in 2007
Sport
Following
A number of Crimean-born athletes have been given permission to compete for Russia instead of Ukraine at future competitions, including Vera Rebrik, the European javelin champion.[122] Due to Russia currently being suspended from all international athletic competitions, Rebrik participates in tournaments as a "neutral" athlete.[123]
Gallery
-
Bakhchisaray Palace
-
Dulber Palace in Koreiz
-
Vorontsov Palace
-
Catholic church in Yalta
-
St. Vladimir's Cathedral, dedicated to the Heroes of Sevastopol (Crimean War).
See also
- 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine
- Crimean Gothic
- List of cities in Crimea
- Politics of Crimea
- Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty of 1997
Notes
Explanatory notes
- ^ Used by Ukraine as the flag of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and by Russia as the flag of the Republic of Crimea.
- romanized: Kimmería / Taurikḗ