Criticism of United States foreign policy
Criticism of United States foreign policy encompasses a wide range of opinions and views on the perceived failures and shortcomings of American foreign policy and actions. Some Americans view the country as qualitatively different from other nations and believe it cannot be judged by the same standards as other countries; this belief is sometimes termed American exceptionalism.[1] This belief was particularly prevalent in the 20th century. This belief became less dominant in the 21st century as the country has become more divided politically and has made highly controversial foreign policy decisions such as the Iraq War. Nevertheless, the United States is an extremely powerful country from an economic, military, and political point-of-view, and it has sometimes disregarded international norms, rules, and laws in its foreign policy.[2][3]
American exceptionalism and isolationism
Critics of
In his World Policy Journal review of Bill Kauffman's 1995 book America First! Its History, Culture, and Politics,
Historical foreign policy
18th and 19th centuries
From its founding, many of the leaders of the young American government had hoped for a non-interventionist foreign policy that promoted "commerce with all nations, alliance with none". However, this goal quickly became increasingly difficult to pursue, with growing implicit threats and non-military pressure faced from several powers, most notably Great Britain. The United States government was drawn into several foreign affairs from its founding and has been criticized throughout history for many of its actions, although in many of these examples it has also been praised.
Revolutionary France
After the
Under the
Relations with Native Americans
While U.S. relations with the many
After a long period of respect for sovereignty, United States policy for Native American territories shifted significantly again after the American Civil War. Previously, the pro-State Rights government believed in the legitimacy of Native American Nations' sovereignty. After the conclusion of the Civil War, conversely, views on the sovereignty of Native American nations diminished, as the United States government vested greater powers within the federal government. Over time, the U.S. government found more and more justifications for revoking Native American lands, greatly reducing the size of sovereign native territory.
Mexican–American War
It has been criticized for the war with Mexico in the 1840s which some [who?] see as a theft of land.
20th century
Generally during the 19th century, and in early parts of the 20th century, the U.S. pursued a policy of isolationism and generally avoided entanglements with European powers.
Middle East
While it may be the case that the
Korea
Candidate
Vietnam
The Vietnam War has been called a decade-long mistake by many, both inside and outside the U.S.[1]
Kosovo
The U.S. supported action against the rump state known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (also known as Serbia and Montenegro) in 1999 and the secession of Kosovo from Serbia in 2008. The U.S. has continued to support its independence since then. Critics claim this policy breaks international treaties but they have been dismissed by the U.S. These critics say the Kosovo policy has given encouragement to secessionist uprisings in Spain, Belgium, Georgia, Ukraine, China, and others. They also claim that it gives precedent for other lawful successions that would be otherwise illegal because they represent a breach of UN Security Council Resolutions and treaties guaranteeing territorial integrity.
However, the U.S. has dismissed any similarities between those secessionist movements and Kosovo as most other secessionist movements are not facing multiple civil wars involving ethnic cleansing and genocide campaigns that require international intervention. Additionally, some do not accept that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was the only legitimate successor state to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) after its breakup. The SFRY was the actual party guaranteed territorial integrity under the treaties, not just Serbia and Montenegro.
Issues
Lack of control over foreign policy
During the early 19th century, general Andrew Jackson exceeded his authority on numerous times and attacked American Indian tribes as well as invaded the Spanish territory of Florida without official government permission. Jackson was not reprimanded or punished for exceeding his authority. Some accounts blame newspaper journalism called yellow journalism for whipping up virulent pro-war sentiment to help instigate the Spanish–American War. This was not the only undeclared war the U.S. has fought. There have been hundreds of "imperfect wars" fought without proper declarations in a tradition that began with President George Washington.
Some critics suggest foreign policy is manipulated by lobbies, such as the pro-Israel lobby[9] or the Arab one, although there is disagreement about the influence of such lobbies.[9] Nevertheless, Zbigniew Brzezinski argues for stricter anti-lobbying laws.[10]
Financial interests and foreign policy
Some historians, including
During the first half of the 20th century the United States became engaged in a series of local conflicts in
Some critics assert the U.S. decision to support the separatists in Colombia in 1903 was motivated largely by business interests centered on Panama Canal despite declarations that it aimed to "spread democracy" and "end oppression".[12] One can say that U.S. foreign policy does reflect the will of the people, however people might have a consumerist mentality, which justifies wars in their minds.[14]
There are allegations that decisions to go to war in
Allegations of imperialism
There is a growing consensus among American historians and political scientists that the United States during the American Century grew into an empire resembling in many ways Ancient Rome.[17] Currently, there is a debate over implications of imperial tendencies of U.S. foreign policy on democracy and social order.[18][19]
In 2002, conservative political commentator
According to Newsweek reporter Fareed Zakaria, the Washington establishment has "gotten comfortable with the exercise of American hegemony and treats compromise as treason and negotiations as appeasement", and added, "This is not foreign policy; it's imperial policy."[22]
Emily Eakin reflecting the intellectual trends of the time, summarized in The New York Times that, "America is no mere superpower or hegemon but a full-blown empire in the Roman and British sense. That, at any rate, is the consensus of some of the nation's most notable commentators and scholars."[20]
Many allies of the U.S. were critical of a new, unilateral sensibility tone in its foreign policy, and showed displeasure by voting, for example, against the U.S. in the United Nations in 2001.[23]
Allegations of hypocrisy
The U.S. has been criticized for making statements supporting peace and respecting national sovereignty while carrying out military actions such as in
However, some defenders argue that a policy of rhetoric while doing things counter to the rhetoric was necessary in the sense of
Support of dictatorships and state terrorism
The U.S. has been criticized for supporting dictatorships with economic assistance and military hardware. Particular dictatorships have included the
Ruth J Blakeley and
J. Patrice McSherry, a professor of political science at Long Island University, states that "hundreds of thousands of Latin Americans were tortured, abducted or killed by right-wing military regimes as part of the US-led anti-communist crusade", which included US support for Operation Condor and the Guatemalan military during the Guatemalan Civil War.[42] According to Latin Americanist John Henry Coatsworth, the number of repression victims in Latin America alone far surpassed that of the Soviet Union and its East European satellites during the period 1960 to 1990.[43] Mark Aarons asserts that the atrocities carried out by Western-backed dictatorships rival those of the communist world.[44]
Contemporary research and declassified documents demonstrate that the US and some of its Western allies directly facilitated and encouraged the
According to journalist Glenn Greenwald, the strategic rationale for U.S. support of brutal and even genocidal dictatorships around the globe has been consistent since the end of World War II: "In a world where anti-American sentiment is prevalent, democracy often produces leaders who impede rather than serve U.S. interests ... None of this is remotely controversial or even debatable. U.S. support for tyrants has largely been conducted out in the open, and has been expressly defended and affirmed for decades by the most mainstream and influential U.S. policy experts and media outlets."[52]
The U.S. has been accused of complicity in war crimes for backing the
Sanctions
Numerous US unilateral sanctions against various countries around the world have been criticized by different commentators. Since 1998 the United States has imposed economic sanctions on more than 20 countries.[57]
These sanctions, according to Daniel T. Griswold, failed to change the behavior of sanctioned countries; but they have barred American companies from economic opportunities, and harmed the poorest people in the countries under sanctions.[58] Secondary sanctions,[a] according to Rawi Abdelal, often separate the United States and Europe because they reflect US interference in the affairs and interests of the European Union.[59] Since Trump became the president of the United States, Abdelal believes, sanctions have been seen not only as an expression of Washington's preferences and whims, but also as a tool for US economic warfare that has angered historical allies such as the European Union.[60]
Interference in internal affairs
The United States was criticized for manipulating the internal affairs of foreign nations, including Ukraine,[61] Guatemala,[29] Chile,[29] Cuba,[12] Colombia,[12] various countries in Africa[62] including Uganda.[62]
One study indicated that the country most often intervening in foreign elections is the United States with 81 interventions from 1946 to 2000.[63][64]
Promotion of democracy
Some critics argue that America's policy of advocating democracy may be ineffective and even counterproductive.[65][66] Zbigniew Brzezinski declared that "[t]he coming to power of Hamas is a very good example of excessive pressure for democratization" and argued that George W. Bush's attempts to use democracy as an instrument against terrorism were risky and dangerous.[67]
Analyst
According to The Huffington Post, "The 45 nations and territories with little or no democratic rule represent more than half of the roughly 80 countries now hosting U.S. bases. ... Research by political scientist Kent Calder confirms what's come to be known as the 'dictatorship hypothesis': The United States tends to support dictators [and other undemocratic regimes] in nations where it enjoys basing facilities."[69]
Human rights problems
President George W. Bush has been criticized for neglecting democracy and human rights by focusing exclusively on an effort to fight terrorism.[62] The U.S. was criticized for alleged prisoner abuse at Guantánamo Bay, Abu Ghraib in Iraq, and secret CIA prisons in eastern Europe, according to Amnesty International.[70] In response, the U.S. government claimed incidents of abuse were isolated incidents which did not reflect U.S. policy.
In May 2023, The New York Times reported that declassified documents confirm that, regarding irregular warfare, US Special Operations forces "are not required to vet for past human rights violations by the foreign troops they arm and train as surrogates." The report notes that while there is no vetting of these foreign troops for crimes including "rape, torture or extrajudicial killings," potential candidates are vetted for political views that might make them a threat to U.S. forces, with "phone call logs, travel histories, social media posts, and social contacts" being thoroughly screened.[71]
Militarism
In the 1960s, Martin Luther King Jr. criticized excessive U.S. spending on military projects,[72] and suggested a linkage between its foreign policy abroad and racism at home.[72] In 1971, a Time essayist noted 375 major and 3,000 lesser U.S. military facilities worldwide and concluded that "there is no question that the U.S. today has too many troops scattered about in too many places."[1]
Expenditures to fight the
Andrew Bacevich argues that the U.S. has a tendency to resort to military means to try to solve diplomatic problems.[14] The U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War was a $111 billion,[76] decade-long military engagement which ended in a military victory but strategic defeat due to the public's loss of support for the war.
Violation of international law
The U.S. does not always follow
Critics point out that the
Manipulation of U.S. foreign policy
Some political scientists maintained that setting economic interdependence as a foreign policy goal may have exposed the United States to manipulation. As a result, the U.S. trading partners gained an ability to influence the U.S. foreign policy decision-making process by manipulating, for example, the currency exchange rate, or restricting the flow of goods and raw materials. In addition, more than 40% of the U.S. foreign debt is currently owned by the big institutional investors from overseas, who continue to accumulate the Treasury bonds.[81] A reporter for The Washington Post wrote that "several less-than-democratic African leaders have skillfully played the anti-terrorism card to earn a relationship with the United States that has helped keep them in power", and suggested, in effect, that therefore foreign dictators could manipulate U.S. foreign policy for their own benefit.[62] It is also possible for foreign governments to channel money through political action committees to buy influence in Congress.
Commitment to foreign aid
Some critics charge that U.S. government aid should be higher given the high levels of
However, since the U.S. grants tax breaks to nonprofits, it subsidizes relief efforts abroad,[86] although other nations also subsidize charitable activity abroad.[87] Most foreign aid (79%) came not from government sources but from private foundations, corporations, voluntary organizations, universities, religious organizations and individuals. According to the Index of Global Philanthropy, the United States is the top donor in absolute amounts.[88]
Environmental policy
The U.S. has been criticized for failure to support the 1997 Kyoto Protocol.[89][90]
The Holocaust
There has been sharp criticism about the U.S. response to the Holocaust: That it failed to admit Jews fleeing persecution from Europe at the beginning of World War II, and that it did not act decisively enough to prevent or stop the Holocaust. Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was the President at the time, was well-informed about the Hitler regime and its anti-Jewish policies,[91] but the U.S. State Department policies made it very difficult for Jewish refugees to obtain entry visas. Roosevelt similarly took no action on the Wagner–Rogers Bill, which could have saved 20,000 Jewish refugee children, following the arrival of 936 Jewish refugees on the MS St. Louis, who were denied asylum and were not allowed into the United States because of strict laws passed by Congress.[92]
During the era, the American press did not always publicize reports of Nazi atrocities in full or with prominent placement.[93] By 1942, after newspapers began to report details of the Holocaust, articles were extremely short and were buried deep in the newspaper. These reports were either denied or unconfirmed by the United States government. When it did receive irrefutable evidence that the reports were true (and photographs of mass graves and murder in Birkenau camp in 1943, with victims moving into the gas chambers), U.S. officials suppressed the information and classified it as secret.[94] It is possible lives of European Jews could have been saved.
Alienation of allies
There is evidence that many U.S. allies have been alienated by a unilateral approach. Allies signaled dissatisfaction with U.S. policy in a vote at the U.N.[23]
Ineffective public relations
One report suggests that news source Al-jazeera routinely paints the U.S. as evil throughout the Middle East.[95] Other critics have faulted the U.S. public relations effort.[62][89] As a result of faulty policy and lackluster public relations, the U.S. has a severe image problem in the Middle East, according to Anthony Cordesman.[96]
Analyst
Ineffective prosecution of war
One estimate is that the second Iraq War along with the so-called
There have been criticisms of U.S. warmaking failures.[101] In the War of 1812, the U.S. was unable to conquer British North America (modern-day Canada) despite several attempts.[102]
Ineffective strategy to fight terrorism
Critic Cordesman criticized U.S. strategy to combat terrorism as not having enough emphasis on getting Islamic republics to fight terrorism themselves.[103] Sometimes visitors have been misidentified as "terrorists".[104]
Small role of Congress in foreign policy
Critic Robert McMahon thinks
Regarding the SFA, "Congress was not consulted in any meaningful way. Once the document was finalized, Congress was not given the opportunity to debate the merits of the agreement, which was specifically designed to shape the structure of our long-term relations in Iraq" (11). "Congress did not debate or vote on this agreement, which set U.S. policy toward an unstable regime in an unstable region of the world."
Lack of vision
The short-term election cycle coupled with the inability to stay focused on long-term objectives motivates American presidents to lean towards actions that would appease the citizenry, and, as a rule, avoid complicated international issues and difficult choices. Thus, Zbigniew Brzezinski criticized the Clinton presidency as having a foreign policy which lacked "discipline and passion" and subjected the U.S. to "eight years of drift".[10] In comparison, the next, Bush presidency was criticized for many impulsive decisions that harmed the international standing of the U.S. in the world.[107] Former director of operations for the Joint Chiefs of Staff Lt. Gen. Gregory S. Newbold commented that, "There's a broad naïvete in the political class about America's obligations in foreign policy issues, and scary simplicity about the effects that employing American military power can achieve".[108]
Allegations of arrogance
Some commentators have thought the United States became arrogant, particularly after its victory in World War II.[1] Critics such as Andrew Bacevich call on America to have a foreign policy "rooted in humility and realism".[15] Foreign policy experts such as Zbigniew Brzezinski counsel a policy of self-restraint and not pressing every advantage, and listening to other nations.[10] A government official called the U.S. policy in Iraq "arrogant and stupid", according to one report.[95]
Problem areas festering
Critics point to a list of countries or regions where continuing foreign policy problems continue to present problems. These areas include South America,[109] including Ecuador,[110] Bolivia, Uruguay, and Brazil. There are difficulties with Central American nations such as Honduras.[111] Iraq has continuing troubles.[112] Iran, as well, presents problems with nuclear proliferation.[112][113] In Afghanistan, the US 20-year war failed and the country fell into the Taliban regime.[114] The Middle East in general continues to fester,[16] although relations with India are improving.[115] Policy towards Russia remains uncertain.[116] China also presents a challenge.[16][117] There are difficulties in other regions too. In addition, there are problems not confined to particular regions, but regarding new technologies. Cyberspace is a constantly changing technological area with foreign policy repercussions.[118]
See also
- Perceptions of the United States sanctions
- Global arrogance
- Art, Truth and Politics
- Criticism of the Bush Doctrine
- Criticism of the Iraq War
- Criticism of Plan Colombia
- Criticism of the United States government
- Criticism of the War on Terror
- Foreign policy of the United States
- United States diplomatic cables leak
- United States non-interventionism
- United States support for Israel in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war
- Accusation of US complicity in Israel's alleged war crimes in Gaza
Footnotes
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