Crnojević noble family
Crnojević Црнојевић | |
---|---|
Grand Duke (Veliki Vojvoda/Велики војвода) | |
Estate(s) | (southern Montenegro, northern Albania; north of Lake Skadar)
main regions:
towns: |
Dissolution | 1530 |
The House of Crnojević (
Its progenitor
History
Origins
During the 14th and throughout the 15th century, the Crnojević family became one of the most politically influential dynasties of the region. They ruled the territory of Zeta, north of Lake Skadar, roughly corresponding to modern-day Southern Montenegro and Northern Albania.[3] At times, they cooperated with the Balšić, a competing noble family, but most frequently fought them for control.[3]
Đuraš Vrančić, a nobleman who served King Stefan Milutin (r. 1282–1321) in the Kingdom of Serbia,[4] is the earliest known progenitor of the family.[5] His grandson Đuraš Ilijić (son of Ilija Đurašević) was a military leader under Tsar Stefan Dušan and head of Upper Zeta from 1326 until 1362.[6][7] Under Đuraš Ilijić, the family was referred to as Đurašević.[5]
Đuraš Ilijić became advisor to the
In 1355, the Croatian duchess and sister of Emperor Dušan, Jelena Nemanjić Šubić, had come greatly under pressure by the Hungarian King who attacked one of her cities in Croatia, (Skradin). Emperor Dušan dispatched Đuraš Ilijić to relieve the siege. He left with an army and his two brothers, Nikola and Vladin, as well as his sons and nephews.[8] Đuraš successfully kept the city up to January 10, 1356, when Emperor Uroš, Dušan's successor, ordered him to deliver it to the Venetians.[9]
Đuraš was liquidated by Balša I's sons as a rival in 1362.[10] He was buried in the Church of Saint Michael on Prevlaka with the inscription "in Emperor's Stefan's name the third knight" (Serbian: у цара Стефана трети витез).
After this, the Đuraševići were greatly suppressed by the Balšić. They ruled in the areas of
Crnoje Đurašević, the son of Đuraš, had three sons: Radič, Stefan, and Dobrivoje. Crnoje's descendants initially bore the surnames Crnojević-Đurašević but eventually dropped the former, and the family name became simplified as Crnojević.[11]
Crnojević
After the death of Radič, the Crnojevići, under the brothers Dobrivoj and Stefan, suffered a major decline. There were territorial losses to the Đuraševići, led by the brothers
The most important role in establishing the family's rule in
His son
Ivan's son Đurađ (1490–1496) remained consistent to his father's policies, although he married a daughter of a Venetian noble. He founded the printing house of the Cetinje monastery in which the first book in the Cyrillic script of Church Slavonic among South Slavs was printed in 1494.[18] When his contacts with the King of France on starting an anti-Ottoman war became known to the Turks, he had to flee Montenegro, which fell under direct Turkish rule.
He was succeeded by his brother Stefan II (1496–1498) who led the administration of Montenegro for the Ottoman Empire. Ivan's third son Staniša, now islamized and renamed as Skender-beg, ruled his ancestral lands from 1513 to 128.[3]
The descendants of Đurađ lived in Hungary and Venice where they died out in the mid-17th century.[3]
Rulers
- Đuraš Ilijić (1326–1362†)
- Radič (fl. 1392-1396†)
- Đurađ III and Aleksa(1403–1435)
- Gojčin (1435-1451)
- Stefan I(1451–1465)
- Ivan I (1465–1490)
- Đurađ IV (1490–1496)
- Stefan II (1496–1498)
- Ivan II (1498–1515)
- Đurađ V(1515–1516)
- Staniša-Skenderbeg(1516-1530)
Family tree
- Đuraš Vrančić
- Ilija Đurašević[19]
- Đuraš Ilijić[6]
- Crnoje Đurašević
- Radič Crnojević married Jelena,[12] later wife of Sandalj Hranić
- Đurađ Đurašević Crnojević married unknown Zaharia
- Đurašin
- Gojčin
- Stefan (Stefanica) Crnojević married Mara Kastrioti
- Đurađ Crnojević married unknown Mocenigo
- Catalina married Radu IV the Great
- Charles Michael (Petar) Crnojevic
-
- Đurađ Crnojević married firstly Jela Thopia, married secondly Elisabetta Erizzo
- Solomon married Elisabetta
- Konstantin married Maria Contarini
- Ivan Caterina Orio
- Đurađ V[citation needed]
- Antonija married to Jerolim Zagurović
- Anđelo Zagurović
- Anđelo
- Unknown Daughter
- Unknown Daughter
- Stefan
- Staniša(Skenderbeg), Sanjak-bey of Montenegro
- Unknown Daughter
- Unknown Daughter
- Đurađ Crnojević married firstly Jela Thopia, married secondly Elisabetta Erizzo
- Đurađ Crnojević married unknown Mocenigo
- Unknown Son
- Aleksa (Lješ, Alexius) Đurašević Crnojević
- Radič Crnojević married Jelena,[12] later wife of Sandalj Hranić
- Stefan
- Dobrovoj
- Crnoje Đurašević
- Nikola[5]
- Vladin[5]
- Đuraš Ilijić[6]
- Ilija Đurašević[19]
See also
- List of rulers of Montenegro
References
- ^ Veselinović & Ljušić 2008, p. 34.
- ^ Slijepčević 1974, p. 43: "Према Карлу Хопфу и Балшићи и Црнојевићи »припадају без спора српскоме племену».34) Милан Шуфлај вели: »Балшићи су румунскога и влашкога подријетла;"
- ^ a b c d Djukanović 2023, p. 90.
- ISBN 9788635504971.
- ^ a b c d Kovijanić 1963, p. 129.
- ^ a b Kovijanić 1963, pp. 128–129.
- ISBN 9789536168538.
Đuraš Ilijić, gospodar gornje Zete..
- ^ Fajfrić 1998, pp. 289–293.
- ^ Ćorović, Vladimir (1997). Istorija srpskog naroda. Glas Srpski. p. 238.
....Videći neraspoloženje skradinskog građanstva protiv svojih ljudi, a čuvši možda i za carevu smrt, njegov vojvoda Đuraš Ilić predade taj grad Mlečanima 10. januara 1356. god., kako mu car beše ranije naredio. Grad Klis preoteli su Mađari.
- ^ a b Fajfrić 1998, pp. 308–312.
- ^ Djukanović 2023, p. 90, 121.
- ^ a b c d Djukanović 2023, p. 87.
- ^ Jovović 2013, pp. 210–211.
- ^ Jovović 2013, p. 211.
- ^ a b Djukanović 2023, p. 88.
- ^ ISBN 9780820481357.
- ISBN 9780801446016.
- ISBN 9781557534651.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 660.
- ISBN 9783110695618.
- .
Sources
- Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
- Fajfrić, Željko (1998). Sveta loza Stefana Nemanje. Tabernakl. ISBN 9788685269066.
- Kovijanić, Risto (1963). Pomeni Crnogorski u kotorskim spomenicima (XIV–XVI vijek) [Montenegrin tribes in Bay of Kotor records (XIV–XVI century)] (PDF). Titograd: Istorijski institut SR Crne Gore.
- Veselinović, Andrija; Ljušić, Radoš (2008). Srpske dinastije (in Serbian). Službeni glasnik. ISBN 978-86-7549-921-3.
- Jovović, Vasilj (2013). "Porodične veze crnojevića sa okolnim feudalnim gospodarima" (PDF). maticacrnogorska.me. Matica crnogorska.
- Djukanović, Bojka (2023). Historical Dictionary of Montenegro. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781538139158.