Croatia

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Coordinates: 45°10′N 15°30′E / 45.167°N 15.500°E / 45.167; 15.500
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Republic of Croatia
Republika Hrvatska (Croatian)[a]
Anthem: "
Ethnic groups
(2021)
Religion
(2021)
  • 6.4%
    Croatian
GovernmentUnitary parliamentary republic
• President
Zoran Milanović
Andrej Plenković
Legislature
Sabor
Establishment history
• Duchy
7th century
• Kingdom
925
1102
• Joined Habsburg Monarchy
1 January 1527
• Secession from
Austria-Hungary
29 October 1918
4 December 1918
25 June 1991[5]
22 May 1992
12 November 1995
• Joined NATO
1 April 2009
1 July 2013
Area
• Total
56,594 km2 (21,851 sq mi) (124th)
• Water (%)
1.09
Population
• 2022 estimate
Neutral decrease 3,855,641[6] (128th)
• 2021 census
Neutral decrease 3,871,833[7] (128th)
• Density
68.4/km2 (177.2/sq mi) (152nd)
GDP (PPP)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $175.269 billion[8] (81st)
• Per capita
Increase $45,702[8] (42nd)
GDP (nominal)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $88.076 billion[8] (73rd)
• Per capita
Increase $22,966[8] (51st)
Gini (2020)Positive decrease 28.3[9]
low
HDI (2022)Increase 0.878[10]
very high (39th)
CurrencyEuro (€) (EUR)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+2 (CEST)
Date formatdd. mm. yyyy. (CE)
Driving sideright
Calling code+385
ISO 3166 codeHR
Internet TLD

Croatia (

maritime border with Italy to the west. Its capital and largest city, Zagreb, forms one of the country's primary subdivisions, with twenty counties. Other major urban centers include Split, Rijeka and Osijek
. The country spans 56,594 square kilometres (21,851 square miles), and has a population of nearly 3.9 million.

The Croats arrived in modern-day Croatia in the late 6th century, then part of Roman Illyria. By the 7th century, they had organized the territory into two duchies. Croatia was first internationally recognized as independent on 7 June 879 during the reign of Duke Branimir. Tomislav became the first king by 925, elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom. During the succession crisis after the Trpimirović dynasty ended, Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102. In 1527, faced with Ottoman conquest, the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of Austria to the Croatian throne. In October 1918, the State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs, independent from Austria-Hungary, was proclaimed in Zagreb, and in December 1918, it merged into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, most of Croatia was incorporated into a Nazi-installed puppet state, the Independent State of Croatia. A resistance movement led to the creation of the Socialist Republic of Croatia, which after the war became a founding member and constituent of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. On 25 June 1991, Croatia declared independence, and the War of Independence was successfully fought over the next four years.

Croatia is a republic and a parliamentary liberal democracy. It is a member of the European Union, the Eurozone, the Schengen Area, NATO, the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the OSCE, the World Trade Organization, a founding member of the Union for the Mediterranean, and is currently in the process of joining the OECD. An active participant in United Nations peacekeeping, Croatia contributed troops to the International Security Assistance Force and was elected to fill a non-permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council in the 2008–2009 term for the first time.

Croatia is a developed country with an advanced high-income economy and ranks highly in the Human Development Index.[12] Service, industrial sectors, and agriculture dominate the economy. Tourism is a significant source of revenue for the country with nearly 20 million tourist arrivals as of 2019.[13][14][15] Since 2000s, the Croatian government has heavily invested in infrastructure, especially transport routes and facilities along the Pan-European corridors. Croatia has also positioned itself as a regional energy leader in the early 2020s and is contributing to the diversification of Europe's energy supply via its floating liquefied natural gas import terminal off Krk island, LNG Hrvatska.[16] Croatia provides social security, universal health care, and tuition-free primary and secondary education while supporting culture through public institutions and corporate investments in media and publishing.

Etymology

Main article: Names of the Croats and Croatia

Croatia's non-native name derives from Medieval Latin Croātia, itself a derivation of North-West Slavic *Xərwate, by liquid metathesis from Common Slavic period *Xorvat, from proposed Proto-Slavic *Xъrvátъ which possibly comes from the 3rd-century Scytho-Sarmatian form attested in the Tanais Tablets as Χοροάθος (Khoroáthos, alternate forms comprise Khoróatos and Khoroúathos).[17] The origin of the ethnonym is uncertain, but most probably is from Proto-Ossetian / Alanian *xurvæt- or *xurvāt-, in the meaning of "one who guards" ("guardian, protector").[18]

The oldest preserved record of the Croatian ethnonym's native variation *xъrvatъ is of the variable stem, attested in the

Trpimir I of Croatia, dated to 852 in a 1568 copy of a lost original, but it is not certain if the original was indeed older than the Branimir inscription.[22][23]

History

Main article: History of Croatia

Prehistory

Main article: History of Croatia before the Croats
Vučedol dove, a sculpture from 2800–2500 BC.
Right: Croatian Apoxyomenos, Ancient Greek
statue, 2nd or 1st century BC.

The area known as Croatia today was inhabited throughout the

Palaeolithic period were unearthed in northern Croatia, best presented at the Krapina site.[24] Remnants of Neolithic and Chalcolithic cultures were found in all regions.[25] The largest proportion of sites is in the valleys of northern Croatia. The most significant are Baden, Starčevo, and Vučedol cultures.[26][27] Iron Age hosted the early Illyrian Hallstatt culture and the Celtic La Tène culture.[28]

Antiquity

Further information:
Pannonia (Roman province)

The region of modern-day Croatia was settled by Illyrians and Liburnians, while the first Greek colonies were established on the islands of Hvar,[29] Korčula, and Vis.[30] In 9 AD, the territory of today's Croatia became part of the Roman Empire. Emperor Diocletian was native to the region. He had a large palace built in Split, to which he retired after abdicating in AD 305.[31]

Middle Ages

Main articles:
Kingdom of Croatia (1102–1526), and Republic of Ragusa
King Tomislav

During the 5th century, the

Croat invasions in the late 6th and first half of the 7th century and the destruction of almost all Roman towns. Roman survivors retreated to more favourable sites on the coast, islands, and mountains. The city of Dubrovnik was founded by such survivors from Epidaurum.[33]

The

anthroponyms of Croatian people.[34]

According to the work

Principality of Lower Pannonia, at the time ruled by duke Ljudevit who ruled the territories between the Drava and Sava rivers, centred from his fort at Sisak. This population and territory throughout history was tightly related and connected to Croats and Croatia.[44]

King Tomislav by Oton Iveković

personal union with Hungary in 1102 under Coloman.[53]

Personal union with Hungary (1102) and Habsburg Monarchy (1527)

Main articles: Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg) and Austria-Hungary
Further information: Croatian–Ottoman wars
Ban Josip Jelačić at the opening of the first modern Croatian Parliament (Sabor), June 5, 1848. The Croatian tricolour flag can be seen in the background.

For the next four centuries, the Kingdom of Croatia was ruled by the

Croatian Parliament met in Cetin and chose Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg as the new ruler of Croatia, under the condition that he protects Croatia against the Ottoman Empire while respecting its political rights.[54][56]

The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia was an autonomous kingdom within Austria-Hungary created in 1868 following the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement.

Following the decisive Ottoman victories, Croatia was split into civilian and military territories in 1538. The military territories became known as the

Seventh Ottoman–Venetian Wars.[57]

The Ottoman wars drove demographic changes. During the 16th century, Croats from western and northern Bosnia, Lika, Krbava, the area between the rivers of Una and Kupa, and especially from western Slavonia, migrated towards Austria. Present-day Burgenland Croats are direct descendants of these settlers.[58][59] To replace the fleeing population, the Habsburgs encouraged Bosnians to provide military service in the Military Frontier.

The

Queen Maria Theresa
made significant contributions to Croatian affairs, such as introducing compulsory education.

Between 1797 and 1809, the

Croatian National Revival, a political and cultural campaign advocating the unity of South Slavs within the empire. Its primary focus was establishing a standard language as a counterweight to Hungarian while promoting Croatian literature and culture.[63] During the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, Croatia sided with Austria. Ban Josip Jelačić helped defeat the Hungarians in 1849 and ushered in a Germanisation policy.[64]

Mass protests in Zagreb against the unification of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs with the Kingdom of Serbia in 1918.
Stjepan Radić, leader of the Croatian Peasant Party who advocated federal organisation of the Yugoslavia at the assembly in Dubrovnik, 1928. His death at the end of the same year as a result of an assassination in the National Assembly by NRS member, Serbian nationalist politician Puniša Račić, leads the country to a serious political crisis.

By the 1860s, the failure of the policy became apparent, leading to the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. The creation of a personal union between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary followed. The treaty left Croatia's status to Hungary, which was resolved by the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868 when the kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia were united.[65] The Kingdom of Dalmatia remained under de facto Austrian control, while Rijeka retained the status of corpus separatum introduced in 1779.[53]

After

federalisation with Croatia as a federal unit, were stopped by World War I.[68]

First Yugoslavia (1918–1941)

Main articles: Illyrian movement, Creation of Yugoslavia, Yugoslav Committee, Corfu Declaration, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, 6 January Dictatorship, and Banovina of Croatia

On 29 October 1918 the Croatian Parliament (Sabor) declared independence and decided to join the newly formed

1921 constitution defining the country as a unitary state
and abolition of Croatian Parliament and historical administrative divisions effectively ended Croatian autonomy.

The new constitution was opposed by the most widely supported national political party—the Croatian Peasant Party (HSS) led by Stjepan Radić.[70]

The political situation deteriorated further as Radić was assassinated in the

National Assembly in 1928, culminating in King Alexander I's establishment of the 6 January Dictatorship in 1929.[71] The dictatorship formally ended in 1931 when the king imposed a more unitary constitution.[72] The HSS, now led by Vladko Maček, continued to advocate federalisation, resulting in the Cvetković–Maček Agreement of August 1939 and the autonomous Banovina of Croatia. The Yugoslav government retained control of defence, internal security, foreign affairs, trade, and transport while other matters were left to the Croatian Sabor and a crown-appointed Ban.[73]

World War II and Independent State of Croatia

Main articles:
Yugoslav pursuit of Nazi collaborators
Fascist leaders of Nazi Germany and its puppet state Independent State of Croatia, Adolf Hitler and Ante Pavelić, meeting in Berghof outside Berchtesgaden, Germany, 1941

In April 1941,

concentration camps (most notably the Rab, Gonars and Molat camps) were established in Italian-occupied territories, mostly for Slovenes and Croats.[78] At the same time, the Yugoslav Royalist and Serbian nationalist Chetniks pursued a genocidal campaign against Croats and Muslims,[77][80] aided by Italy.[81] Nazi German forces committed crimes and reprisals against civilians in retaliation for Partisan actions, such as in the villages of Kamešnica and Lipa in 1944.[82][83]

People of Zagreb celebrating liberation on 12 May 1945 by Croatian Partisans

A

Yugoslav Partisan movement, a communist, multi-ethnic anti-fascist resistance group led by Josip Broz Tito.[86] In ethnic terms, Croats were the second-largest contributors to the Partisan movement after Serbs.[87] In per capita terms, Croats contributed proportionately to their population within Yugoslavia.[88] By May 1944 (according to Tito), Croats made up 30% of the Partisan's ethnic composition, despite making up 22% of the population.[87] The movement grew fast, and at the Tehran Conference in December 1943, the Partisans gained recognition from the Allies.[89]

Cardinal Aloysius Stepinac with the Croatian communist leader Vladimir Bakarić at the celebration of May Day, shortly before Stepinac was arrested and convicted by the communists, he became a symbol of resistance to the communist regime in Yugoslavia
.

With Allied support in logistics, equipment, training and airpower, and with the assistance of

persecution in Yugoslavia, and many were interned.[91]

The political aspirations of the Partisan movement were reflected in the

AVNOJ—its counterpart at the Yugoslav level.[92][93]

Based on the studies on

ceded from Italy after the war) died, which amounted to 7.3% of the population,[94] among whom were 125–137,000 Serbs, 118–124,000 Croats, 16–17,000 Jews, and 15,000 Roma.[95][96] In addition, from areas joined to Croatia after the war, a total of 32,000 people died, among whom 16,000 were Italians and 15,000 were Croats.[97] Approximately 200,000 Croats from the entirety of Yugoslavia (including Croatia) and abroad were killed in total throughout the war and its immediate aftermath, approximately 5.4% of the population.[98][99]

Second Yugoslavia (1945–1991)

Main articles: Socialist Republic of Croatia, Informbiro period, Tito–Stalin split, and Croatian Spring
Josip Broz Tito led Yugoslavia from 1944 to 1980; Pictured: Tito with the US president Richard Nixon in the White House, 1971

After

Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Standard Language demanding equal treatment for their language.[100]

The declaration contributed to a national movement seeking greater civil rights and redistribution of the Yugoslav economy, culminating in the Croatian Spring of 1971, which was suppressed by Yugoslav leadership.[101] Still, the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution gave increased autonomy to federal units, basically fulfilling a goal of the Croatian Spring and providing a legal basis for independence of the federative constituents.[102]

Following Tito's death in 1980, the political situation in Yugoslavia deteriorated. National tension was fanned by the 1986

Serbs in Croatia left Sabor and declared autonomy of the unrecognised Republic of Serbian Krajina, intent on achieving independence from Croatia.[107][108]

Croatian War of Independence

Main articles: Breakup of Yugoslavia and Croatian War of Independence

As tensions rose, Croatia declared independence on 25 June 1991. However, the full implementation of the declaration only came into effect after a three-month moratorium on the decision on 8 October 1991.[109][110] In the meantime, tensions escalated into overt war when the Serbian-controlled Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and various Serb paramilitary groups attacked Croatia.[111]

National Memorial Cemetery of The Victims of Homeland War in Vukovar, the central place of holding the National Remembrance Day, public holiday on November 18, for all the victims of the war in Croatia and the Vukovar massacre, one of the symbolic and crucial events in the Croatian War of Independence 1991.

By the end of 1991, a high-intensity conflict fought along a wide front reduced Croatia's control to about two-thirds of its territory.[112][113] Serb paramilitary groups then began a campaign of killing, terror, and expulsion of the Croats in the rebel territories, killing thousands[114] of Croat civilians and expelling or displacing as many as 400,000 Croats and other non-Serbs from their homes.[115] Serbs living in Croatian towns, especially those near the front lines, were subjected to various forms of discrimination.[116] Croatian Serbs in Eastern and Western Slavonia and parts of the Krajina were forced to flee or were expelled by Croatian forces, though on a restricted scale and in lesser numbers.[117] The Croatian Government publicly deplored these practices and sought to stop them, indicating that they were not a part of the Government's policy. [118]

On 15 January 1992, Croatia gained diplomatic recognition by the European Economic Community, followed by the United Nations.[119][120] The war effectively ended in August 1995 with a decisive victory by Croatia;[121] the event is commemorated each year on 5 August as Victory and Homeland Thanksgiving Day and the Day of Croatian Defenders.[122] Following the Croatian victory, about 200,000 Serbs from the self-proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina fled the region[123] and hundreds of mainly elderly Serb civilians were killed in the aftermath of the military operation.[124] Their lands were subsequently settled by Croat refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina.[125] The remaining occupied areas were restored to Croatia following the Erdut Agreement of November 1995, concluding with the UNTAES mission in January 1998.[126] Most sources number the war deaths at around 20,000.[127][128][129]

Independent Croatia (1991–present)

Main articles:
History of Croatia since 1995

After the end of the war, Croatia faced the challenges of post-war reconstruction, the return of refugees, establishing democracy, protecting human rights, and general social and economic development.

The 2000s period is characterized by democratization, economic growth, structural and social reforms, and problems such as unemployment, corruption, and the inefficiency of public administration.[130] In November 2000 and March 2001, the Parliament amended the Constitution, first adopted on 22 December 1990, changing its bicameral structure back into its historic unicameral form and reducing presidential powers.[131][132]

Croatia joined the

Stabilisation and Association Agreement with the European Union,[135] submitted a formal application for the EU membership in 2003,[136] was given the status of a candidate country in 2004,[137] and began accession negotiations in 2005.[138] Although the Croatian economy had enjoyed a significant boom in the early 2000s, the financial crisis in 2008 forced the government to cut spending, thus provoking a public outcry.[139]

Croatia became the 28th EU member country on 1 July 2013.

Croatia served on the United Nations Security Council in the 2008–2009 term for the first time, assuming the non-permanent seat in December 2008.[140] On 1 April 2009, Croatia joined NATO.[141]

A wave of anti-government protests in 2011 reflected a general dissatisfaction with the current political and economic situation. The protests brought together diverse political persuasions in response to recent government corruption scandals and called for early elections. On 28 October 2011

MPs voted to dissolve Parliament and the protests gradually subsided. President Ivo Josipović agreed to a dissolution of Sabor on Monday, 31 October and scheduled new elections for Sunday 4 December 2011.[142][143][144]

On 30 June 2011, Croatia successfully completed EU accession negotiations.

Croatia joined the European Union
on 1 July 2013.

Croatia was affected by the 2015 European migrant crisis when Hungary's closure of borders with Serbia pushed over 700,000 refugees and migrants to pass through Croatia on their way to other EU countries.[148]

On 25 January 2022, the OECD Council decided to open accession negotiations with Croatia. Throughout the accession process, Croatia is to implement numerous reforms that will advance all spheres of activity – from public services and the justice system to education, transport, finance, health, and trade. In line with the OECD Accession Roadmap from June 2022, Croatia will undergo technical reviews by 25 OECD committees and is so far progressing at a faster pace than expected. Full membership is expected in 2025 and is the last big foreign policy goal Croatia still has to achieve.[149][150][151][152]

On 19 October 2016, Andrej Plenković began serving as the current Croatian Prime Minister.[153] The most recent presidential elections, held on 5 January 2020, elected Zoran Milanović as president.[154]

On 1 January 2023 Croatia adopted the euro as its official currency, replacing the kuna, and became the 20th Eurozone member. On the same day, Croatia became the 27th member of the border-free Schengen Area, thus marking its full EU integration.[155]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Croatia
Satellite image of Croatia

Croatia is situated in

practical exclave connected to the rest of the mainland by territorial waters, but separated on land by a short coastline strip belonging to Bosnia and Herzegovina around Neum. The Pelješac Bridge connects the exclave with mainland Croatia.[citation needed
]

The territory covers 56,594 square kilometres (21,851 square miles), consisting of 56,414 square kilometres (21,782 square miles) of land and 128 square kilometres (49 square miles) of water. It is the world's 127th largest country.

a thousand islands and islets varying in size, 48 of which permanently inhabited. The largest islands are Cres and Krk,[157]
each of them having an area of around 405 square kilometres (156 square miles).

444 protected areas
.

The hilly northern parts of

Plitvice lakes, a system of 16 lakes with waterfalls connecting them over dolomite and limestone cascades. The lakes are renowned for their distinctive colours, ranging from turquoise to mint green, grey or blue.[159]

Climate

Most of Croatia has a moderately warm and rainy continental climate as defined by the Köppen climate classification. Mean monthly temperature ranges between −3 °C (27 °F) in January and 18 °C (64 °F) in July. The coldest parts of the country are Lika and Gorski Kotar featuring a snowy, forested climate at elevations above 1,200 metres (3,900 feet). The warmest areas are at the Adriatic coast and especially in its immediate hinterland characterised by Mediterranean climate, as the sea moderates temperature highs. Consequently, temperature peaks are more pronounced in continental areas.

Bora is a dry, cold wind which blows from the mainland out to sea, whose gusts can reach hurricane strength, particularly in the channel below Velebit. On the picture Bora in the town of Senj.

The lowest temperature of −35.5 °C (−31.9 °F) was recorded on 3 February 1919 in Čakovec,[160] and the highest temperature of 42.8 °C (109.0 °F) was recorded on 4 August 1981 in Ploče.[161]

Mean annual precipitation ranges between 600 millimetres (24 inches) and 3,500 millimetres (140 inches) depending on geographic region and climate type. The least precipitation is recorded in the outer islands (

Snježnik.[160]

Prevailing winds in the interior are light to moderate northeast or southwest, and in the coastal area, prevailing winds are determined by local features. Higher wind velocities are more often recorded in cooler months along the coast, generally as the cool northeasterly

jugo. The sunniest parts are the outer islands, Hvar and Korčula, where more than 2700 hours of sunshine are recorded per year, followed by the middle and southern Adriatic Sea area in general, and northern Adriatic coast, all with more than 2000 hours of sunshine per year.[162]

Biodiversity

Main article:
Protected areas of Croatia
Further information: Register of Protected Natural Values of Croatia and Natural and Cultural Heritage of Croatia
Dinara Nature Park, second largest Croatian nature park (the largest is the Velebit Nature Park)

Croatia can be subdivided into

Krka canyons and tufa barriers, as well as underground habitats. The country contains three ecoregions: Dinaric Mountains mixed forests, Pannonian mixed forests, and Illyrian deciduous forests.[165]

The karst geology harbours approximately 7,000 caves and pits, some of which are the habitat of the only known aquatic cave vertebrate—the olm. Forests are significantly present, as they cover 2,490,000 hectares (6,200,000 acres) representing 44% of Croatian land area. Other habitat types include wetlands, grasslands, bogs, fens, scrub habitats, coastal and marine habitats.[166]

In terms of

Mediterranean Region. The World Wide Fund for Nature divides Croatia between three ecoregions—Pannonian mixed forests, Dinaric Mountains mixed forests and Illyrian deciduous forests.[167]

Skywalk in Biokovo Nature Park

Croatia hosts 37,000 known plant and animal species, but their actual number is estimated to be between 50,000 and 100,000.[166] More than a thousand species are endemic, especially in Velebit and Biokovo mountains, Adriatic islands and karst rivers. Legislation protects 1,131 species.[166] The most serious threat is habitat loss and degradation. A further problem is presented by invasive alien species, especially Caulerpa taxifolia algae. Croatia had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.92/10, ranking it 113th of 172 countries.[168]

Invasive algae are regularly monitored and removed to protect

UNESCO World Heritage Site. Velebit Nature Park is a part of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme. The strict and special reserves, as well as the national and nature parks, are managed and protected by the central government, while other protected areas are managed by counties. In 2005, the National Ecological Network was set up, as the first step in the preparation of the EU accession and joining of the Natura 2000 network.[166]

Governance

Further information: Politics of Croatia and Human rights in Croatia
Zoran Milanović
President
Zoran Milanović
Andrej Plenković
Prime Minister
Andrej Plenković

The Republic of Croatia is a unitary, constitutional state using a parliamentary system. Government powers in Croatia are legislative, executive, and judiciary powers.[169] The

commander in chief of the armed forces, the president has the procedural duty of appointing the prime minister with the parliament and has some influence on foreign policy.[169]

The

Banski dvori in Zagreb.[169]

Law and judicial system

Further information: Law of Croatia
Banski dvori, seat of the Government of Croatia

A

political parties in Croatia are the Croatian Democratic Union and the Social Democratic Party of Croatia.[172]

Croatia has a

Community acquis.[173]

The main national courts are the

County, Misdemeanor, and Municipal courts handle cases in their respective domains.[174] Cases falling within judicial jurisdiction are in the first instance decided by a single professional judge, while appeals are deliberated in mixed tribunals of professional judges. Lay magistrates also participate in trials.[175] The State's Attorney Office is the judicial body constituted of public prosecutors empowered to instigate prosecution of perpetrators of offences.[176]

Law enforcement agencies are organised under the authority of the Ministry of the Interior which consist primarily of the national police force. Croatia's security service is the Security and Intelligence Agency (SOA).[177][178]

Foreign relations

Main articles: Foreign relations of Croatia and Croatia and the euro

Croatia has established diplomatic relations with 194 countries.[179] supporting 57 embassies, 30 consulates and eight permanent diplomatic missions. 56 foreign embassies and 67 consulates operate in the country in addition to offices of international organisations such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), International Organization for Migration (IOM), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), World Bank, World Health Organization (WHO), International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), and UNICEF.[180]

President Zoran Milanović on NATO summit on 11 July 2023, Vilnius, Lithuania. The accession of Croatia to NATO took place in 2009.

As of 2019, the Croatian

Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration employed 1,381[needs update] personnel and expended 765.295 million kunas (€101.17 million).[181] Stated aims of Croatian foreign policy include enhancing relations with neighbouring countries, developing international co-operation and promotion of the Croatian economy and Croatia itself.[182]

Croatia is a member of the European Union. As of 2021, Croatia had unsolved border issues with Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia.[183] Croatia is a member of NATO.[184][185] On 1 January 2023, Croatia simultaneously joined both the Schengen Area and the Eurozone,[186] having previously joined the ERM II on 10 July 2020.

Croatian diaspora

Main article: Croatian diaspora

The Croatian diaspora consists of communities of ethnic Croats and Croatian citizens living outside Croatia. Croatia maintains intensive contacts with Croatian communities abroad (e.g., administrative and financial support of cultural, sports activities, and economic initiatives). Croatia actively maintain foreign relations to strengthen and guarantee the rights of the Croatian minority in various host countries.[187][188][189]

Military

Main article: Armed Forces of Croatia
Knin fortress at a commemoration of the Operation Storm
, the Croatian military action which liberated occupied Croatian territories in 1995

The Croatian Armed Forces (CAF) consist of the

General Staff, which reports to the defence minister, who in turn reports to the president. According to the constitution, the president is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. In case of immediate threat during wartime, he issues orders directly to the General Staff.[190]

Following the 1991–95 war, defence spending and CAF size began a constant decline. As of 2019[update], military spending was an estimated 1.68% of the country's GDP, 67th globally.

accession to NATO in April 2009. According to a presidential decree issued in 2006, the CAF employed around 18,100 active duty military personnel, 3,000 civilians and 2,000 voluntary conscripts between 18 and 30 years old in peacetime.[190]

Compulsory conscription was abolished in January 2008.[157] Until 2008 military service was obligatory for men at age 18 and conscripts served six-month tours of duty, reduced in 2001 from the earlier scheme of nine months. Conscientious objectors could instead opt for eight months of civilian service.[193]

As of May 2019, the Croatian military had 72 members stationed in foreign countries as part of United Nations-led international peacekeeping forces.[194] As of 2019, 323 troops served the NATO-led ISAF force in Afghanistan. Another 156 served with KFOR in Kosovo.[195][196]

Croatia has a

Đuro Đaković factory. Uniforms and helmets worn by CAF soldiers are locally produced and marketed to other countries.[198]

Administrative divisions

Main article: Counties of Croatia
Further information:
NUTS of Croatia

Croatia was first divided into counties in the Middle Ages.[199] The divisions changed over time to reflect losses of territory to Ottoman conquest and subsequent liberation of the same territory, changes of the political status of Dalmatia, Dubrovnik, and Istria. The traditional division of the country into counties was abolished in the 1920s when the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and the subsequent Kingdom of Yugoslavia introduced oblasts and banovinas respectively.[200]

Varaždin county; Pictured: Old Town fortress, one of 15 Croatia's sites inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage tentative list

Communist-ruled Croatia, as a constituent part of post-World War II Yugoslavia, abolished earlier divisions and introduced municipalities, subdividing Croatia into approximately one hundred municipalities. Counties were reintroduced in 1992 legislation, significantly altered in terms of territory relative to the pre-1920s subdivisions. In 1918, the

Transleithanian part was divided into eight counties with their seats in Bjelovar, Gospić, Ogulin, Osijek, Požega, Varaždin, Vukovar, and Zagreb.[201][202]

As of 1992, Croatia is divided into

division is performed in several tiers. NUTS 1 level considers the entire country in a single unit; three NUTS 2 regions come below that. Those are Northwest Croatia, Central and Eastern (Pannonian) Croatia, and Adriatic Croatia. The latter encompasses the counties along the Adriatic coast. Northwest Croatia includes Koprivnica-Križevci, Krapina-Zagorje, Međimurje, Varaždin, the city of Zagreb, and Zagreb counties and the Central and Eastern (Pannonian) Croatia includes the remaining areas—Bjelovar-Bilogora, Brod-Posavina, Karlovac, Osijek-Baranja, Požega-Slavonia, Sisak-Moslavina, Virovitica-Podravina, and Vukovar-Syrmia counties. Individual counties and the city of Zagreb also represent NUTS 3 level subdivision units in Croatia. The NUTS local administrative unit divisions are two-tiered. LAU 1 divisions match the counties and the city of Zagreb in effect making those the same as NUTS 3 units, while LAU 2 subdivisions correspond to cities and municipalities.[204]

class=notpageimage|
Counties of Croatia

Economy

Main article: Economy of Croatia
Schengen zone
.

Croatia's economy qualifies as

industrial sector with 26.2% and agriculture accounting for 3.7%.[212]

According to 2017 data, 1.9% of the workforce were employed in agriculture, 27.3% by industry and 70.8% in services.[212] Shipbuilding, food processing, pharmaceuticals, information technology, biochemical, and timber industry dominate the industrial sector. In 2018, Croatian exports were valued at 108 billion kunas (€14.61 billion) with 176 billion kunas (€23.82 billion) worth of imports. Croatia's largest trading partner was the rest of the European Union, led by Germany, Italy, and Slovenia.[213] According to Eurostat, Croatia has the highest quantity of water resources per capita in the EU (30,000 m3).[214]

As a result of the war, economic infrastructure sustained massive damage, particularly the tourism industry. From 1989 to 1993, the GDP fell 40.5%. The Croatian state still controls significant economic sectors, with government expenditures accounting for 40% of GDP.[215] A particular concern is a backlogged judiciary system, with inefficient public administration and corruption, upending land ownership. In the 2022 Corruption Perceptions Index, published by Transparency International, the country ranked 57th.[216] At the end of June 2020, the national debt stood at 85.3% of GDP.[217]

Tourism

Main articles: Tourism in Croatia and Croatian National Tourist Board
Dubrovnik is one of Croatia's most popular tourist destinations.
Zlatni Rat beach on the Island of Brač is one of the foremost spots of tourism in Croatia.

Tourism dominates the Croatian service sector and accounts for up to 20% of GDP. Tourism income for 2019 was estimated to be €10.5 billion.[218] Its positive effects are felt throughout the economy, increasing retail business, and increasing seasonal employment. The industry is counted as an export business because foreign visitor spending significantly reduces the country's trade imbalance.[219] The tourist industry has rapidly grown, recording a sharp rise in tourist numbers since independence, attracting more than 17 million visitors each year (as of 2017).[220] Germany, Slovenia, Austria, Italy, United Kingdom, Czechia, Poland, Hungary, France, Netherlands, Slovakia and Croatia itself provide the most visitors.[221] Tourist stays averaged 4.7 days in 2019.[222]

Much of the tourist industry is concentrated along the coast.

agrotourism, mountain resorts, and spas. Zagreb is a significant destination, rivalling major coastal cities and resorts.[224]

Croatia has unpolluted marine areas with nature reserves and 116

European Environmental Agency.[226]

Croatia ranked as the 23rd-most popular tourist destination in the world according to the

which?][quantify] or over one million per year, participate in naturism, for which Croatia is famous. It was the first European country to develop commercial naturist resorts.[228] In 2023, luggage storage company Bounce gave Croatia the highest solo travel index in the world (7.58),[229] while a joint Pinterest and Zola wedding trends report from 2023 put Croatia among the most popular honeymoon destinations.[230]

Infrastructure

Transport

See also: Transport in Croatia and Energy in Croatia
Končar Group, operated by Croatian Railways

The

motorway network was largely built in the late 1990s and the 2000s (decade). As of December 2020, Croatia had completed 1,313.8 kilometres (816.4 miles) of motorways, connecting Zagreb to other regions and following various European routes and four Pan-European corridors.[231][232][233] The busiest motorways are the A1, connecting Zagreb to Split and the A3, passing east to west through northwest Croatia and Slavonia.[234]

A widespread network of

state roads in Croatia acts as motorway feeder roads while connecting major settlements. The high quality and safety levels of the Croatian motorway network were tested and confirmed by EuroTAP and EuroTest programmes.[235][236]

Croatia has an

extensive rail network spanning 2,604 kilometres (1,618 miles), including 984 kilometres (611 miles) of electrified railways and 254 kilometres (158 miles) of double track railways (as of 2017).[237] The most significant railways in Croatia are within the Pan-European transport corridors Vb and X connecting Rijeka to Budapest and Ljubljana to Belgrade, both via Zagreb.[231] Croatian Railways operates all rail services.[238]

The construction of 2.4-kilometre-long Pelješac Bridge, the biggest infrastructure project in Croatia connects the two halves of Dubrovnik-Neretva County and shortens the route from the West to the Pelješac peninsula and the islands of Korčula and Lastovo by more than 32 km. The construction of the Pelješac Bridge started in July 2018 after Croatian road operator Hrvatske ceste (HC) signed a 2.08 billion kuna deal for the works with a Chinese consortium led by China Road and Bridge Corporation (CRBC). The project is co-financed by the European Union with 357 million euro. The construction was completed in July 2022.[239]

Highway network in Croatia

There are

better source needed] As of January 2011, Croatia complies with International Civil Aviation Organization aviation safety standards and the Federal Aviation Administration upgraded it to Category 1 rating.[242]

Ports

The busiest cargo seaport is the Port of Rijeka. The busiest passenger ports are Split and Zadar.[243][244] Many minor ports serve ferries connecting numerous islands and coastal cities with ferry lines to several cities in Italy.[245] The largest river port is Vukovar, located on the Danube, representing the nation's outlet to the Pan-European transport corridor VII.[231][246]

Energy

See also: Energy in Croatia

610 kilometres (380 miles) of crude oil pipelines serve Croatia, connecting the Rijeka oil terminal with refineries in Rijeka and Sisak, and several transhipment terminals. The system has a capacity of 20 million tonnes per year.[247] The natural gas transportation system comprises 2,113 kilometres (1,313 miles) of trunk and regional pipelines, and more than 300 associated structures, connecting production rigs, the Okoli natural gas storage facility, 27 end-users and 37 distribution systems.[248] Croatia also plays an important role in regional energy security. The floating liquefied natural gas import terminal off Krk island LNG Hrvatska commenced operations on January 1, 2021, positioning Croatia as a regional energy leader and contributing to diversification of Europe's energy supply.[16]

In 2010, Croatian energy production covered 85% of nationwide natural gas and 19% of oil demand.[249] In 2016, Croatia's primary energy production involved natural gas (24.8%), hydropower (28.3%), crude oil (13.6%), fuelwood (27.6%), and heat pumps and other renewable energy sources (5.7%).[250] In 2017, net total electrical power production reached 11,543 GWh, while it imported 12,157 GWh or about 40% of its electric power energy needs.[251]

Krško Nuclear Power Plant (Slovenia) supplies a large part of Croatian imports. 50% is owned by Hrvatska elektroprivreda, providing 15% of Croatia's electricity.[252]

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of Croatia and Croats
See also: List of cities and towns in Croatia
Ethnic composition (2021)
Croats
 
 91.6%
Serbs
 
 3.2%
Other
 
 5.2%
2021 Croatian Census[7]

With an estimated population of 3.87 million in 2021,

population density was 72.9 inhabitants per square kilometre, making Croatia one of the more sparsely populated European countries.[254] The overall life expectancy in Croatia at birth was 76.3 years in 2018.[212]

The

death rate has continuously exceeded its birth rate since 1998.[256] Croatia subsequently has one of the world's oldest populations, with an average age of 43.3 years.[257] The population rose steadily from 2.1 million in 1857 until 1991, when it peaked at 4.7 million, with the exceptions of censuses taken in 1921 and 1948, i.e. following the world wars.[258] The natural growth rate is negative[157] with the demographic transition completed in the 1970s.[259] In recent years, the Croatian government has been pressured to increase permit quotas for foreign workers, reaching an all-time high of 68.100 in 2019.[260] In accordance with its immigration policy, Croatia is trying to entice emigrants to return.[261] From 2008 to 2018, Croatia's population dropped by 10%.[262]

The population decrease was greater a result of war for independence. The war displaced large numbers of the population and emigration increased. In 1991, in predominantly occupied areas, more than 400,000 Croats were either removed from their homes by

Serb forces or fled the violence.[263] During the war's final days, about 150–200,000 Serbs fled before the arrival of Croatian forces during Operation Storm.[123][264] After the war, the number of displaced persons fell to about 250,000. The Croatian government cared for displaced persons via the social security system and the Office of Displaced Persons and Refugees.[265] Most of the territories abandoned during the war were settled by Croat refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina, mostly from north-western Bosnia, while some displaced people returned to their homes.[266][267]

Religious believers according to the 2011 census
Map of the Shtokavian, Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects in Croatia by municipality
2011 Croatian population density by county in persons per km2

According to the 2013 United Nations report, 17.6% of Croatia's population were immigrants.

Hungarians (0.27%), Czechs (0.20%), Slovenes (0.20%), Slovaks (0.10%), Macedonians (0.09%), Germans (0.09%), Montenegrins (0.08%), and others (1.56%).[7] Approximately 4 million Croats live abroad.[269]

 
Largest cities or towns in Croatia
Rank
Name
 Counties Pop.
Zagreb
Zagreb
Split
Split 		1 Zagreb Zagreb 790,017 Rijeka
Rijeka
Osijek
Osijek
2 Split Split-Dalmatia 178,102
3 Rijeka Primorje-Gorski Kotar 128,624
4 Osijek Osijek-Baranja 108,048
5 Zadar Zadar 75,062
6 Pula Istria 57,460
7 Slavonski Brod Brod-Posavina 59,141
8 Karlovac Karlovac 55,705
9 Varaždin Varaždin 46,946
10 Šibenik Šibenik-Knin 46,332

Religion

Main article: Religion in Croatia

Croatia has no official religion. Freedom of religion is a Constitutional right that protects all religious communities as equal before the law and separated from the state.

World Heritage List

According to the 2011 census, 91.36% of Croatians identify as Christian; of these, Catholics make up the largest group, accounting for 86.28% of the population, after which follows Eastern Orthodoxy (4.44%), Protestantism (0.34%), and other Christians (0.30%).The largest religion after Christianity is Islam (1.47%). 4.57% of the population describe themselves as non-religious.[271] In the Eurostat Eurobarometer Poll of 2010, 69% of the population responded that "they believe there is a God".[272] In a 2009 Gallup poll, 70% answered yes to the question "Is religion an important part of your daily life?"[273] However, only 24% of the population attends religious services regularly.[274]

Languages

Main articles:
Languages of Croatia, Minority languages of Croatia, and Bunjevac dialect

Croatian is the official language of the Republic of Croatia. Minority languages are in official use in local government units where more than a third of the population consists of national minorities or where local enabling legislation applies. Those languages are Czech, Hungarian, Italian, Serbian, and Slovak.[275][276] The following minority languages are also recognised: Albanian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, German, Hebrew, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Polish, Romanian, Istro-Romanian, Romani, Russian, Rusyn, Slovene, Turkish, and Ukrainian.[276]

According to the 2011 Census, 95.6% of citizens declared Croatian as their native language, 1.2% declared Serbian as their native language, while no other language reaches more than 0.5%.[2] Croatian is a member of the South Slavic languages of Slavic languages group and is written using the Latin alphabet. There are three major dialects spoken on the territory of Croatia, with standard Croatian based on the Shtokavian dialect. The Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects are distinguished from Shtokavian by their lexicon, phonology and syntax.[277]

A 2011 survey revealed that 78% of Croats claim knowledge of at least one foreign language.[278] According to a 2005 EC survey, 49% of Croats speak English as the second language, 34% speak German, 14% speak Italian, and 10% speak French. Russian is spoken by 4%, and 2% of Croats speak Spanish. However several large municipalities support minority languages. A majority of Slovenes (59%) have some knowledge of Croatian.[279] The country is a part of various language-based international associations, most notably the European Union Language Association.[280]

Education

Main article: Education in Croatia
National and University Library
University of Zagreb is the largest Croatian university and the oldest university in the area covering Central Europe south of Vienna and all of Southeastern Europe (1669).

Literacy in Croatia stands at 99.2 per cent.[281] Primary education in Croatia starts at the age of six or seven and consists of eight grades. In 2007 a law was passed to increase free, noncompulsory education until 18 years of age. Compulsory education consists of eight grades of elementary school.

Secondary education is provided by gymnasiums and vocational schools. As of 2019, there are 2,103 elementary schools and 738 schools providing various forms of secondary education.[282] Primary and secondary education are also available in languages of recognised minorities in Croatia, where classes are held in Czech, Hungarian, Italian, Serbian, German and Slovak languages.[283]

There are 133 elementary and secondary level

leaving exams (Croatian: državna matura) were introduced for secondary education students in the school year 2009–2010. It comprises three compulsory subjects (Croatian language, mathematics, and a foreign language) and optional subjects and is a prerequisite for university education.[287]
Croatia has eight public universities and two private universities.[288] The University of Zadar, the first university in Croatia, was founded in 1396 and remained active until 1807, when other institutions of higher education took over until the foundation of the renewed University of Zadar in 2002.[289] The University of Zagreb, founded in 1669, is the oldest continuously operating university in Southeast Europe.[290] There are also 15 polytechnics, of which two are private, and 30 higher education institutions, of which 27 are private.[288] In total, there are 131 institutions of higher education in Croatia, attended by more than 160 thousand students.[291]

There are 254 companies, government or education system institutions and non-profit organisations in Croatia pursuing scientific research and development of technology. Combined, they spent around 3 billion kuna (€400 million) gross and employed 11,801 full-time research staff in 2016.[292] Among the scientific institutes operating in Croatia, the largest is the Ruđer Bošković Institute in Zagreb.[293] The Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb is a learned society promoting language, culture, arts and science from its inception in 1866.[294] Croatia was ranked 44th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023.[295]

The European Investment Bank provided digital infrastructure and equipment to around 150 primary and secondary schools in Croatia. Twenty of these schools got specialised assistance in the form of gear, software, and services to help them integrate the teaching and administrative operations.[296][297]

Healthcare

Main article: Healthcare in Croatia
University Hospital Centre Zagreb is the largest hospital in Croatia and the teaching hospital of the University of Zagreb.

Croatia has a universal health care system, whose roots can be traced back to the Hungarian-Croatian Parliament Act of 1891, providing a form of mandatory insurance of all factory workers and craftsmen.[298] The population is covered by a basic health insurance plan provided by statute and optional insurance. In 2017, annual healthcare related expenditures reached 22.2 billion kuna (around €3.0 billion).[299] Healthcare expenditures comprise only 0.6% of private health insurance and public spending.[300] In 2017, Croatia spent around 6.6% of its GDP on healthcare.[301] In 2020, Croatia ranked 41st in the world in life expectancy with 76.0 years for men and 82.0 years for women, and it had a low

infant mortality rate of 3.4 per 1,000 live births.[302]

There are hundreds of healthcare institutions in Croatia, including 75 hospitals, and 13 clinics with 23,049 beds. The hospitals and clinics care for more than 700 thousand patients per year and employ 6,642

medical doctors, including 4,773 specialists.[303] There is total of 69,841 health workers.[304] There are 119 emergency units in health centres, responding to more than a million calls.[305] The principal cause of death in 2016 was cardiovascular disease at 39.7% for men and 50.1% for women, followed by tumours, at 32.5% for men and 23.4% for women.[306] In 2016 it was estimated that 37.0% of Croatians are smokers.[307] According to 2016 data, 24.40% of the Croatian adult population is obese.[308]

Language

King Dmitar Zvonimir to the Benedictine
monastery of St Lucy.
Main articles: Croatian language and Bunjevac dialect

Standard Croatian is the official language of the Republic of Croatia,[309] and became the 24th official language of the European Union upon its accession in 2013.[310][311]

Croatian replaced

loanwords has been described as Croatian linguistic purism.[315]

Croatia introduced in 2021 a new model of linguistic categorisation of

Shtokavian dialect of the Croatian language) in three sub-branches: Dalmatian (also called Bosnian-Dalmatian), Danubian (also called Bunjevac), and Littoral-Lika.[316][317] Its speakers largely use the Latin alphabet and are living in parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, different parts of Croatia, southern parts (inc. Budapest) of Hungary as well in the autonomous province Vojvodina of Serbia
. The
Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Croatia on 8 October 2021.[318][319][undue weight? – discuss
]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Croatia
Further information:
World Heritage Sites in Croatia and Register of Cultural Goods of Croatia
Historic centre of Trogir has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Site since 1997.[320]

Because of its geographical position, Croatia represents a blend of four different cultural spheres. It has been a crossroads of influences from western culture and the east since the schism between the

Mediterranean culture.[321] The Illyrian movement was the most significant period of national cultural history, as the 19th century proved crucial to the emancipation of Croatians and saw unprecedented developments in all fields of art and culture, giving rise to many historical figures.[63]

The

UNESCO's World's intangible culture masterpieces, ranking fourth in the world.[323] A global cultural contribution from Croatia is the necktie, derived from the cravat originally worn by the 17th-century Croatian mercenaries in France.[324][325]

In 2019, Croatia had 95 professional theatres, 30 professional children's theatres, and 51 amateur theatres visited by more than 2.27 million viewers per year. Professional theatres employ 1,195 artists. There are 42 professional orchestras, ensembles, and choirs, attracting an annual attendance of 297 thousand. There are 75 cinemas with 166 screens and attendance of 5.026 million.[326]

Croatia has 222 museums, visited by more than 2.71 million people in 2016. Furthermore, there are 1,768 libraries, containing 26.8 million volumes, and 19 state archives.[327] The book publishing market is dominated by several major publishers and the industry's centrepiece event—Interliber exhibition held annually at Zagreb Fair.[328]

Arts, literature, and music

Main articles:
Croatian music
World Heritage List
since 1997.

Architecture in Croatia reflects influences of bordering nations. Austrian and Hungarian influence is visible in public spaces and buildings in the north and the central regions, architecture found along coasts of Dalmatia and Istria exhibits Venetian influence.[329] Squares named after culture heroes, parks, and pedestrian-only zones, are features of Croatian towns and cities, especially where large scale Baroque urban planning took place, for instance in Osijek (Tvrđa), Varaždin, and Karlovac.[330][331] The subsequent influence of the Art Nouveau was reflected in contemporary architecture.[332] The architecture is the Mediterranean with a Venetian and Renaissance influence in major coastal urban areas exemplified in works of Giorgio da Sebenico and Nicolas of Florence such as the Cathedral of St. James in Šibenik. The oldest preserved examples of Croatian architecture are the 9th-century churches, with the largest and the most representative among them being Church of St. Donatus in Zadar.[333][334]

Marko Marulić (18 August 1450 – 5 January 1524), Croatian poet, lawyer, judge, and Renaissance humanist who coined the term "psychology". He is the national poet of Croatia.

Besides the architecture encompassing the oldest artworks, there is a history of artists in Croatia reaching the Middle Ages. In that period the stone portal of the

Medieval Croatia. The Renaissance had the greatest impact on the Adriatic Sea coast since the remainder was embroiled in the Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War. With the waning of the Ottoman Empire, art flourished during the Baroque and Rococo. The 19th and 20th centuries brought affirmation of numerous Croatian artisans, helped by several patrons of the arts such as bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer.[335] Croatian artists of the period achieving renown were Vlaho Bukovac, Ivan Meštrović, and Ivan Generalić.[333][336]

The Baška tablet, a stone inscribed with the

expressionist and realist writer Miroslav Krleža, poet Tin Ujević and novelist, and short story writer Ivo Andrić are often cited as the greatest figures in Croatian literature.[338][339]

Croatian music varies from classical operas to modern-day rock. Vatroslav Lisinski created the country's first opera, Love and Malice, in 1846. Ivan Zajc composed more than a thousand pieces of music, including masses and oratorios. Pianist Ivo Pogorelić has performed across the world.[336]

Media

Main articles:
Media of Croatia, Cinema of Croatia, Television in Croatia, and List of radio stations in Croatia

In Croatia, the Constitution guarantees the freedom of the press and the freedom of speech.

wire service in Croatian and English on politics, economics, society, and culture.[343]

Radio Zagreb, now a part of Croatian Radiotelevision, was the first public radio station in Southeast Europe.[344]

As of January 2021, there are thirteen nationwide free-to-air

IPTV networks are gaining ground. Cable television already serves 450 thousand people, around 10% of the total population of the country.[350][351]

In 2010, 267 newspapers and 2,676 magazines were published in Croatia.[348] The print media market is dominated by the Croatian-owned Hanza Media and Austrian-owned Styria Media Group who publish their flagship dailies Jutarnji list, Večernji list and 24sata. Other influential newspapers are Novi list and Slobodna Dalmacija.[352][353] In 2020, 24sata was the most widely circulated daily newspaper, followed by Večernji list and Jutarnji list.[354][355]

Croatia's film industry is small and heavily subsidised by the government, mainly through grants approved by the Ministry of Culture with films often being co-produced by HRT.[356][357] Croatian cinema produces between five and ten feature films per year.[358] Pula Film Festival, the national film awards event held annually in Pula, is the most prestigious film event featuring national and international productions.[359] Animafest Zagreb, founded in 1972, is the prestigious annual film festival dedicated to the animated film. The first greatest accomplishment by Croatian filmmakers was achieved by Dušan Vukotić when he won the 1961 Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film for Ersatz (Croatian: Surogat).[360] Croatian film producer Branko Lustig won the Academy Awards for Best Picture for Schindler's List and Gladiator.[361]

Cuisine

Main articles: Croatian cuisine and Croatian wine
Specialties of Croatian cuisine and Croatian wines.

Croatian traditional cuisine varies from one region to another. Dalmatia and Istria have culinary influences of Italian and other Mediterranean cuisines which prominently feature various seafood, cooked vegetables and pasta, and condiments such as olive oil and garlic. Austrian, Hungarian, Turkish, and Balkan culinary styles influenced continental cuisine. In that area, meats, freshwater fish, and vegetable dishes are predominant.[362]

There are two distinct wine-producing regions in Croatia. The continental in the northeast of the country, especially Slavonia, produces premium wines, particularly whites. Along the north coast, Istrian and Krk wines are similar to those in neighbouring Italy, while further south in Dalmatia, Mediterranean-style red wines are the norm.[362] Annual production of wine exceeds 72 million litres as of 2017.[363] Croatia was almost exclusively a wine-consuming country up until the late 18th century when a more massive beer production and consumption started.[364] The annual consumption of beer in 2020 was 78.7 litres per capita which placed Croatia in 15th place among the world's countries.[365]

There are 11 restaurants in Croatia with a

Michelin star and 89 restaurants bearing some of the Michelin's marks.[366]

Sports

Main articles: Sport in Croatia and Croatia at the Olympics
Croatia national football team came in second at the 2018 World Cup in Russia.

There are more than 400,000 active sportspeople in Croatia.

season 2010–11, it attracted 458,746 spectators.[370]

Croatia is one of the most successful water polo nations. National water polo team has won three world championships, Melbourne 2007, Budapest 2017 and Doha 2024.

Croatian athletes competing at international events since Croatian independence in 1991 won 44

1997. Croatia hosted several major sports competitions, including the 2009 World Men's Handball Championship, the 2007 World Table Tennis Championships, the 2000 World Rowing Championships, the 1987 Summer Universiade, the 1979 Mediterranean Games, and several European Championships, including the 2000 and 2018 European Men's Handball Championship
.

The governing sports authority is the Croatian Olympic Committee (Croatian: Hrvatski olimpijski odbor), founded on 10 September 1991 and recognised by the International Olympic Committee since 17 January 1992, in time to permit the Croatian athletes to appear at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France representing the newly independent nation for the first time at the Olympic Games.[372]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ In the recognised minority languages of Croatia and the most spoken second languages:
    • Czech: Chorvatská republika
    • German: Republik Kroatien
    • French: République de Croatie
    • Hungarian: Horvát Köztársaság
    • Italian: Repubblica di Croazia
    • Rusyn: Републіка Хорватія
    • Serbian: Република Хрватска
    • Slovak: Chorvátska republika
    • Slovene: Republika Hrvaška
    • Ukrainian: Респу́бліка Хорва́тія
  2. ^ Apart from Croatian, counties have official regional languages that are used for official government business and commercially. In Istria County a minority is Italian-speaking[1][2] while select counties bordering Serbia speak standard Serbian.[3] Other notable—albeit significantly less-present—minority languages in Croatia include: Czech, Hungarian, and Slovak.
  3. ^ The writing system of Croatia is legally protected by the Croatian Parliament. Efforts to recognise minority scripts, pursuant to international law, on a local level, have been met with nationalist opposition.
  4. ^ IPA transcription of "Republika Hrvatska": (Croatian pronunciation: [ˈrepǔblika ˈxř̩ʋaːtskaː]).

Citations

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  2. ^ a b "Population by Mother Tongue, by Towns/Municipalities, 2011 Census". Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. December 2012.
  3. ^ "Is Serbo-Croatian a language?". The Economist. 10 April 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  4. ^ "Share of Croats in Croatia increases as census results published". 22 September 2022.
  5. Narodne Novine
    (in Croatian). 15 November 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  6. ^ "POPULATION ESTIMATE OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA, 2022". podaci.dzs.hr. 8 September 2023. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
  7. ^ a b c "Population by Towns/Municipalities, 2021 Census". Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in 2021. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. 2022.
  8. ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Croatia)". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. 16 April 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  9. ^ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  10. ^ "Human Development Report 2023/2024" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 14 March 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
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  12. ^ "IMF World Economic Outlook". Retrieved 14 April 2023.
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  15. ^ "Condé Nast Traveler, Top Countries in the World". Retrieved 14 April 2023.
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  20. ^ "Kulturna kronika: Dvanaest hrvatskih stoljeća". Vijenac (in Croatian) (291). Zagreb: Matica hrvatska. 28 April 2005. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  21. ^ a b Mužić 2007, pp. 195–198.
  22. ^ Mužić 2007, p. 27.
  23. ^ Mužić 2007, p. 171.
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  28. ISSN 1330-0644
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  29. ISBN 978-0-631-19807-9
    . Retrieved 15 October 2011. ... in the early history of the colony settled in 385 BC on the island Pharos (Hvar) from the Aegean island Paros, famed for its marble. In traditional fashion they accepted the guidance of an oracle, ...
  30. ISBN 978-0-631-19807-9
    . Retrieved 3 April 2012. The third Greek colony known in this central sector of the Dalmatian coast was Issa, on the north side of the island Vis.
  31. ISBN 978-0-679-60148-7
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  32. ^ J. B. Bury (1923). History of the later Roman empire from the death of Theodosius I. to the death of Justinian. Macmillan Publishers. p. 408. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
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General and cited references


External links

45°10′N 15°30′E / 45.167°N 15.500°E / 45.167; 15.500

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