Croatian language
Croatian | |
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hrvatski | |
Pronunciation | [xř̩ʋaːtskiː] |
Native to | Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary (Bácska), Montenegro (Bay of Kotor), Romania (Caraș-Severin County), Serbia (Vojvodina)[1] |
Region | Southeast Europe |
Ethnicity | Croats |
Native speakers | L1: 5.1 million (including all dialects spoken by Croats) (2021)[1] L2: 1.3 million (2012)[1] |
Indo-European
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States and regions which recognize Croatian as (co-)official (dark red) or minority language (light red). | |
Croatian is not endangered according to the classification system of the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
Part of a series on |
Croats |
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South Slavic languages and dialects |
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Croatian (/kroʊˈeɪʃən/ ⓘ; hrvatski [xř̩ʋaːtskiː]) is the standardised variety of the Serbo-Croatian pluricentric language[8][9][10][11][12][13] mainly used by Croats.[14] It is the national official language and literary standard of Croatia, one of the official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, the Serbian province of Vojvodina, the European Union and a recognized minority language elsewhere in Serbia and other neighbouring countries.
In the mid-18th century, the first attempts to provide a Croatian literary standard began on the basis of the Neo-Shtokavian dialect that served as a supraregional lingua franca – pushing back regional Chakavian, Kajkavian, and Shtokavian vernaculars.[15] The decisive role was played by Croatian Vukovians, who cemented the usage of Ijekavian Neo-Shtokavian as the literary standard in the late 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, in addition to designing a phonological orthography.[16] Croatian is written in Gaj's Latin alphabet.[17]
Besides the Shtokavian dialect, on which Standard Croatian is based, there are two other main
In 1997, the Croatian Parliament established the Days of the Croatian Language from March 11 to 17.[20] Since 2013, the Institute of Croatian language has been celebrating the Month of the Croatian Language, from February 21 (International Mother Language Day) to March 17 (the day of signing the Declaration on the Name and Status of the Croatian Literary Language).[20]
History
Modern language and standardization
In the late medieval period up to the 17th century, the majority of semi-autonomous Croatia was ruled by two domestic dynasties of princes (banovi), the
The most standardised form (Kajkavian–Ikavian) became the cultivated language of administration and intellectuals from the Istrian peninsula along the Croatian coast, across central Croatia up into the northern valleys of the Drava and the Mura. The cultural apex of this 17th century idiom is represented by the editions of "Adrianskoga mora sirena" ("The Siren of the Adriatic Sea") by Petar Zrinski and "Putni tovaruš" ("Traveling escort") by Katarina Zrinska.[25][26]
However, this first linguistic renaissance in Croatia was halted by the political execution of Petar Zrinski and Fran Krsto Frankopan by the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I in Vienna in 1671.[27] Subsequently, the Croatian elite in the 18th century gradually abandoned this combined Croatian standard.[28]
Illyrian period
The Illyrian movement was a 19th-century pan-South Slavic political and cultural movement in Croatia that had the goal to standardise the regionally differentiated and orthographically inconsistent literary languages in Croatia, and finally merge them into a common South Slavic literary language. Specifically, three major groups of dialects were spoken on Croatian territory, and there had been several literary languages over four centuries. The leader of the Illyrian movement Ljudevit Gaj standardized the Latin alphabet in 1830–1850 and worked to bring about a standardized orthography. Although based in Kajkavian-speaking Zagreb, Gaj supported using the more populous Neo-Shtokavian – a version of Shtokavian that eventually became the predominant dialectal basis of both Croatian and Serbian literary language from the 19th century on.[29][30] Supported by various South Slavic proponents, Neo-Shtokavian was adopted after an Austrian initiative at the Vienna Literary Agreement of 1850,[28] laying the foundation for the unified Serbo-Croatian literary language. The uniform Neo-Shtokavian then became common in the Croatian elite.[28]
In the 1860s, the Zagreb Philological School dominated the Croatian cultural life, drawing upon linguistic and ideological conceptions advocated by the members of the Illyrian movement.[31] While it was dominant over the rival Rijeka Philological School and Zadar Philological Schools, its influence waned with the rise of the Croatian Vukovians (at the end of the 19th century).[32]
Distinguishing features and differences between standards
Croatian is commonly characterized by the ijekavian pronunciation (see
Sociopolitical standpoints
Croatian, although technically a form of
On the 50th
The terms "Serbo-Croatian", "Serbo-Croat", or "Croato-Serbian", are still used as a cover term for all these forms by foreign scholars, even though the speakers themselves largely do not use it.[33] Within ex-Yugoslavia, the term has largely been replaced by the ethnopolitical terms Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian.[46]
The use of the name "Croatian" for a language has historically been attested to, though not always distinctively. The first printed Croatian literary work is a vernacular Chakavian poem written in 1501 by
Official status
Standard Croatian is the official language of the Republic of
Croatian is officially used and taught at all the
There is no regulatory body that determines the proper usage of Croatian. However, in January 2023, the Croatian Parliament passed a law that prescribes the official use of the Croatian language, regulates the establishment of the Council for the Croatian language as a coordinating advisory body whose work will be focused on the protection and development of the Croatian language. State authorities, local and regional self-government entities are obliged to use the Croatian language.[60]
The current standard language is generally laid out in the grammar books and dictionaries used in education, such as the school curriculum prescribed by the Ministry of Education and the university programmes of the Faculty of Philosophy at the
The most prominent recent editions describing the Croatian standard language are:
- Hrvatski pravopis by the Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics, available online
- Hrvatski jezični portal by University Computing Centre (Srce) and Znanje, available online.
- Rječnik hrvatskoga jezika by Anić
- Rječnik hrvatskoga jezika by Jure Šonje et al.
- Hrvatski enciklopedijski rječnik, by a group of authors
- Hrvatska gramatika by Eugenija Barić et al.
Also notable are the recommendations of Matica hrvatska, the national publisher and promoter of Croatian heritage, and the Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography, as well as the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
Numerous representative Croatian linguistic works were published since the independence of Croatia, among them three voluminous monolingual dictionaries of contemporary Croatian.
In 2021, Croatia introduced a new model of linguistic categorisation of the
Sample text
Article 1 of the
- Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom i sviješću te trebaju jedna prema drugima postupati u duhu bratstva.[65]
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English:
- All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.[66]
See also
- Bunjevac dialect
- Croatian Language Corpus
- Croatian Language Days
- Declaration on the Common Language
- Dialects of Serbo-Croatian
- Gaj's Latin alphabet
- Language secessionism in Serbo-Croatian
- Mutual intelligibility
- Pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language
References
- ^ a b c Croatian at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
- ^ a b c "Croatia: Language Situation". Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2nd ed.).
The official language of Croatia is Croatian (Serbo-Croatian). [...] The same language is referred to by different names, Serbian (srpski), Serbo-Croat (in Croatia: hrvatsko-srpski), Bosnian (bosanski), based on political and ethnic grounds. [...] the language that used to be officially called Serbo-Croat has gotten several new ethnically and politically based names. Thus, the names Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian are politically determined and refer to the same language with possible slight variations.
- WIPO. 19 October 2007.
Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian and Croatian shall also be in the official use.
- ^ Slovenskej Republiky, Národná Rada (1999). "Zákon 184/1999 Z. z. o používaní jazykov národnostných menšín" (in Slovak). Zbierka zákonov. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
- ^ "Národnostní menšiny v České republice a jejich jazyky" [National Minorities in Czech Republic and Their Language] (PDF) (in Czech). Government of Czech Republic. p. 2.
Podle čl. 3 odst. 2 Statutu Rady je jejich počet 12 a jsou uživateli těchto menšinových jazyků: [...], srbština a ukrajinština
- ^ "2011. évi CLXXIX. törvény a nemzetiségek jogairól" [Act CLXXIX/2011 on the Rights of Nationalities] (in Hungarian). Government of Hungary.
22. § (1) E törvény értelmében nemzetiségek által használt nyelvnek számít [...] a horvát
- ^ "Legge 15 Dicembre 1999, n. 482 "Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche" pubblicata nella Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 297 del 20 dicembre 1999". Italian Parliament. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
- 53-AAA-g. Srpski+Hrvatski, Serbo-Croatian. Linguasphere Observatory. p. 445.
- ^ Benjamin W. Fortson IV (2010). Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Blackwell. p. 431.
Because of their mutual intelligibility, Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian are usually thought of as constituting one language called Serbo-Croatian.
- ^ Blažek, Václav. On the Internal Classification of Indo-European Languages: Survey (PDF). pp. 15–16. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
- S2CID 150383965.
Serbo-Croatian, which features four ethnic variants: Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin
- S2CID 244134335.
The debate about the status of the Serbo-Croatian language and its varieties has recently shifted (again) towards a position which looks at the internal variation within Serbo-Croatian through the prism of linguistic pluricentricity
- from the original on 2024-01-10. Retrieved 2024-01-23.
- ^ E.C. Hawkesworth (2006). "Serbian-Croatian-Bosnian Linguistic Complex". Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2nd ed.).
- ^ Bičanić et al. (2013:55)
- ^ Bičanić et al. (2013:84)
- ^ "Croatia: Themes, Authors, Books". Yale University Library Slavic and East European Collection. 2009-11-16. Retrieved 2010-10-27.
- ^ a b Cvetkovic, Ljudmila (2010). "Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Or Montenegrin? Or Just 'Our Language'? – Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty". Rferl.org. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
- ^ "Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian language (BCMS)". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2024-01-26.
- ^ a b "Mjesec hrvatskog jezika" [Croatian language Month]. ihjj.hr (in Croatian). Institute of Croatian language. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
- ISBN 978-0-8022-2108-7.
- ISBN 978-0-472-11414-6.
- ISBN 9783110097788. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
- ^ Kalsbeek, Janneke (1998). "The Čakavian dialect of Orbanići near Žminj in Istria". Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics. 25.
- ^ Ivana, Sabljak. "Dva brata i jedna Sirena" [Two Sisters and One Siren]. Matica hrvatska (in Croatian). Retrieved 9 March 2012.
- ^ "Matica Hrvatska – Putni tovaruš – izvornik (I.)". Archived from the original on 2013-05-13. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
- ISBN 978-0-300-06933-4.
- ^ ISBN 978-953-0-40010-8.[page needed]
- ISBN 978-0-7734-5791-1.
- ^ Tošović, Branko (Universität Graz). "Bosnisch/Bosniakisch, Kroatisch und Serbisch (B/K/S)". Archived from the original on 2022-12-01. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
Bis in die 1990er-Jahre wurde diese Sprache einheitlich offiziell als Serbokroatisch/Kroatoserbisch, inoffiziell als Serbisch und Kroatisch bezeichnet. Den Namen Serbokroatisch verwendete erstmals Jacob Grimm im Vorwort zu seiner Übersetzung der Kleinen Serbischen Grammatik (1824) von Vuk Stefanović Karadžić. Im Jahre 1836 benutzt Jernej Kopitar den Ausdruck "serbochorvatica sive chorvatocoserbica". P. Budmani veröffentlichte 1867 die Grammatica della lingua serbo-croata (illirica), und im Jahre 1877 erschien die Grammaire de la language serbo-croate des Kroaten Dragutin Pančić. Die Sprache, beziehungsweise die Sprachen, die aus dem ehemaligen Serbokroatischen entstanden sind, stellen ein kompliziertes soziolinguistisches Phänomen dar. Diese Komplexität ist gegeben, weil eine genetisch identische Sprache von (1) mehreren Nationen (Serben, Montenegrinen, Kroaten, Muslime/Bosniaken), (2) mehreren Religionen (Orthodoxen, Katholiken, Muslimen) gesprochen wird und weil diese Sprache (3) eine breite dialektologische Gliederung (das Štokavische, das Čakavische, das Kajkavische), (4) verschiedene Aussprachen (das Ekavische, das Ijekavische, das Ikavische) und (5) zwei Schriften (Lateinschrift, Kyrillica) aufweist.
- ^ Bičanić et al. 2013, p. 77.
- ^ Bičanić et al. 2013, p. 78.
- ^ a b c Corbett & Browne 2009, p. 334.
- ^ ISSN 1068-2090. Archived from the original(PDF) on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
- . Retrieved 8 June 2022.
Obwohl das Kroatische sich in den letzten Jahren in einigen Gebieten, vor allem jedoch auf lexikalischer Ebene, verändert hat, sind diese Änderungen noch nicht bedeutend genug, dass der Terminus Ausbausprache gerechtfertigt wäre. Ausserdem können sich Serben, Kroaten, Bosnier und Montenegriner immer noch auf ihren jeweiligen Nationalsprachen unterhalten und problemlos verständigen. Nur schon diese Tatsache zeigt, dass es sich immer noch um eine polyzentrische Sprache mit verschiedenen Varietäten handelt.
- ^ Benjamin W. Fortson IV, Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, 2nd ed. (2010, Blackwell), pg. 431.
- ISSN 0032-3241. Retrieved 2012-02-27.
- ^ "Hrvatski standardni jezik". Institute of Croatian Language. Retrieved 2024-01-26.
- ^ "Hrvatski — zaseban jezik". Institute of Croatian Language. Retrieved 2024-01-26.
- ^ Stokes 2008, p. 348.
- ^ Šute 1999, p. 317.
- from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
- ^ Trudgill, Peter (30 November 2017). "Time to Make Four Into One". The New European. p. 46. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
- ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 2021-10-26. (alternate URL Archived 2021-10-26 at the Wayback Machine)
- ^ Milekić, Sven (30 March 2017). "Post-Yugoslav 'Common Language' Declaration Challenges Nationalism". London: Balkan Insight. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
- ^ Crystal, David (2000). Language Death. Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–12.
- ^ "Marko Marulić". Britannica. 2024-01-02. Retrieved 2024-02-10.
- ^ Crnković, Gordana P. "Croatian literature". Britannica. Retrieved 2024-02-10.
- ^ "Hrvatsko-ugarska nagodba 1868" (PDF). www.crohis.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
- ^ "Vandoren: EU membership – challenge and chance for Croatia – Daily – tportal.hr". tportal.hr. 2010-09-30. Archived from the original on 2010-11-15. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
- ^ "Applications now open for Croatian linguists". EU careers. 2012-06-21. Archived from the original on 2012-06-28. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
- ^ "Službeni list Europske unije" [Official Gazette of the European Union] (in Croatian). European Union. 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-05-13. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
- ^ "Croatia". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2010-12-21.
- ISSN 1846-2197. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
- ^ "Endangered languages in Europe: report". Helsinki.fi. Archived from the original on 2010-11-17. Retrieved 2010-10-27.
- ^ "Official Use of Languages and Scripts in the AP Vojvodina". puma.vojvodina.gov.rs. Retrieved 2010-12-21.
- ^ "Structura Etno-demografică a României". Edrc.ro. Retrieved 2010-10-27.
- ^ "Structura Etno-demografică a României". Edrc.ro. Retrieved 2010-10-27.
- ^ "Structura Etno-demografică a României". Edrc.ro. Retrieved 2010-12-21.
- ^ "Izglasan Zakon o hrvatskom jeziku". Jutarnji list (in Croatian). 2024-01-26. Retrieved 2024-01-26.
- ^ "Bunjevački govori". Retrieved 7 August 2022.
Bunjevački govori pripadaju novoštokavskom ikavskom dijalektu štokavskoga narječja hrvatskoga jezika.
- ^ "Bunjevački govori".
Razlikuju se tri ogranka Bunjevačkih govora – podunavski, primorsko-lički i dalmatinski, a svi su kulturno bliski prema povijesnim, etnološkim i lingvističkim istraživanjima.
- ^ Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje. "Prijedlog za proglašenje bunjevačkoga govora nematerijalnom kulturnom baštinom". Retrieved 3 March 2022.
Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje uputio je Ministarstvu kulture RH prijedlog da se bunjevački govor proglasi hrvatskom nematerijalnom kulturnom baštinom, kao važan čin pomoći bunjevačkomu govoru i svim Bunjevcima u Hrvatskoj i inozemstvu.
- ^ Fajin Deran, Ministry of Culture and Media of the Republic of Croatia (8 October 2021). "Bunjevački govori upisani u Registar kulturnih dobara Republike Hrvatske kao nematerijalno kulturno dobro". Retrieved 26 July 2022.
- Government of the Republic of Croatia (2009-11-12). "Odluka o objavi Opće deklaracije o ljudskim pravima". Narodne novine(12/2009). Retrieved 2023-12-10.
- ^ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights". un.org.
Sources
- Bičanić, Ante; Frančić, Anđela; Hudeček, Lana; Mihaljević, Milica (2013), Pregled povijesti, gramatike i pravopisa hrvatskog jezika (in Serbo-Croatian), Croatica
- Corbett, Greville; ISBN 9781134261567.
- Stokes, Gale (2008). Yugoslavia: Oblique Insights and Observations. University of Pittsburgh Pre. ISBN 9780822973492.
- Šute, Ivica (April 1999). "Deklaracija o nazivu i položaju hrvatskog književnog jezika – Građa za povijest Deklaracije, Zagreb, 1997, str. 225" [Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Standard Language – Declaration History Articles, Zagreb, 1997, p. 225]. Radovi Zavoda Za Hrvatsku Povijest (in Serbo-Croatian). 31 (1): 317–318. ISSN 0353-295X. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
- "SOS ili tek alibi za nasilje nad jezikom" [SOS, or nothing but an alibi for violence against language] (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Forum. 16 March 2012. pp. 38–39. from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
Further reading
- Bičanić, Ante; Frančić, Anđela; Hudeček, Lana; Mihaljević, Milica (2013), Pregled povijesti, gramatike i pravopisa hrvatskog jezika (in Serbo-Croatian), Croatica
- Banac, Ivo: Main Trends in the Croatian Language Question, YUP 1984
- Blum, Daniel (2002). Sprache und Politik : Sprachpolitik und Sprachnationalismus in der Republik Indien und dem sozialistischen Jugoslawien (1945–1991) [Language and Policy: Language Policy and Linguistic Nationalism in the Republic of India and the Socialist Yugoslavia (1945–1991)]. Beiträge zur Südasienforschung; vol. 192 (in German). Würzburg: Ergon. p. 200. .
- Franolić, Branko: A Historical Survey of Literary Croatian, Nouvelles Editions Latines, 1984
- —— (1985). A Bibliography of Croatian Dictionaries. Paris: Nouvelles Editions Latines. p. 139.
- —— (1988). Language Policy in Yugoslavia with special reference to Croatian. Paris: Nouvelles Editions Latines.
- ——; Žagar, Mateo (2008). A Historical Outline of Literary Croatian & The Glagolitic Heritage of Croatian Culture. London & Zagreb: Erasmus & CSYPN. ISBN 978-953-6132-80-5.
- Greenberg, Robert David (2004). Language and identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and its disintegration. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-920875-3)
- ).
- Kačić, Miro: Croatian and Serbian: Delusions and Distortions, Novi Most, Zagreb 1997
- (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
- Moguš, Milan: A History of the Croatian Language, NZ Globus, 1995
- Težak, Stjepko: "Hrvatski naš (ne)zaboravljeni" [Croatian, our (un)forgotten language], 301 p., knjižnica Hrvatski naš svagdašnji (knj. 1), Tipex, Zagreb, 1999, ISBN 953-6022-35-4(Croatian)
- Zanelli, Aldo (2018). Eine Analyse der Metaphern in der kroatischen Linguistikfachzeitschrift Jezik von 1991 bis 1997 [Analysis of Metaphors in Croatian Linguistic Journal Language from 1991 to 1997]. Studien zur Slavistik; 41 (in German). Hamburg: Dr. Kovač. p. 142. .
External links
- Croatian Language Corpora by HR-CLARIN (Common LAnguage Resources and Technology INfrastructure)
- Croatian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words (Wiktionary)
- Croatian Old Dictionary Portal
Language history
- The Croatian Language Today, a lecture given by dr. Branko Franolić