Croatian wine
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Croatian wine (vino, pl. vina) has a history dating back to the Ancient Greek settlers, and their wine production on the southern Dalmatian islands of Vis, Hvar and Korčula some 2,500 years ago.[1] Like other old world wine producers, many traditional grape varieties still survive in Croatia, perfectly suited to their local wine hills. Modern wine-production methods have taken over in the larger wineries and EU-style wine regulations[2] have been adopted, guaranteeing the quality of the wine.
There are currently over 300 geographically defined wine regions and a strict classification system to ensure quality and origin. The majority of Croatian wine is white, with most of the remainder being red and only a small percentage being
Wine is a popular drink in Croatia, and locals traditionally like to drink wine with their meals. Quite often, the wine is diluted with either still or sparkling water—producing a drinks known as gemišt (a combination of white wine and carbonated water) and bevanda (a combination of red wine and still water).
History
Like the rest of
Under the Roman Empire, wine production grew, becoming more organized. Wine was exported to other parts of the empire. Artifacts from this time include stone presses for squeezing grapes and amphoras from sunken Roman galleys. Decorations on numerous religious and household items bear witness to the wine-making culture.
As the Croatians arrived and settled the area, they learned from their predecessors, and wine production continued to expand. During the Middle Ages, there was a royal court official called the "royal wine procurer", whose responsibilities included the production and procurement of wine. Free towns adopted legal standards on winegrowing and protected it accordingly. For example, a statute of the town and island of Korčula in 1214 contains strict rules protecting the vineyards.
In the 15th century, the Ottoman Turks arrived in South Eastern Europe, and imposed strict anti-alcohol laws as part of the new Islamic law. Fortunately, the Ottoman Empire was tolerant of Christianity.
In the 18th century, much of present-day Croatia came under control of the
Under the
Geography and climate
Croatia is a
The interior of Croatia has a
The Dalmatian Coast is typically
The average inland temperature is between 0 and 2 °C in January, and between 19 and 23 °C in August. Average coastal temperatures range from 6–11 °C in January to 21–27 °C in August. Sea temperature averages 12 °C in winter and 25 °C in summer.
Wine styles
There are two distinct wine-producing regions in Croatia. The continental region in the north-east of the country produces rich fruity
The majority (67%) of wine produced is white and produced in the interior, while 32% is red and produced mainly along the coast. Rosé is relatively rare. Some special wines, such as sparkling wine (pjenušavo vino or pjenušac) and dessert wine, are also produced.
Wine Regions
Croatia has three main wine regions: Eastern Continental (Istočna kontinentalna), Western Continental (Zapadna kontinentalna) and Coastal (Primorska), which also includes the islands. Each of the main regions is divided into sub-regions, which are divided yet further into smaller vinogorje (literally wine hills).[5] Altogether, there are more than 300 geographically defined wine-producing areas in Croatia. More than half of the wine production is concentrated in three counties: Istria, Osijek-Baranja and Vukovar-Srijem.[6]
Eastern Continental Croatia
The eastern inland wine region includes Slavonia and the Croatian Danube.
The continental region is divided into the following sub-regions:
Sub-region | Winehills (Vinogorje) |
---|---|
Podunavlje | Srijem
|
Slavonia | Daruvar, Đakovo, Feričanci, Kutjevo, Nova Gradiška, Orahovica-Slatina, Pakrac, Požega-Pleternica, Slavonski Brod, Virovitica |
Western Continental Croatia
The western inland wine region includes the Croatian uplands[5] and is characterized by rolling hills and a cool climate with very cold winters. The sloping vineyards ensure sufficient sun and wind during the growing season, and the wines here display intense aromas and high levels of acidity.[8] Production is concentrated in white wine varieties.
The continental region is divided into the following sub-regions:
Sub-region | Winehills (Vinogorje) |
---|---|
Moslavina | Ivanić Grad
|
Plešivica | Krašić, Ozalj-Vivodina, Plešivica-Okić, Samobor, Sveta Jana |
Pokuplje | Karlovac, Petrinja, Vukomeričke Gorice |
Prigorje–Bilogorje | Bilogora, Dugo Selo-Vrbovec, Kalnik, Koprivnica-Đurđevac, Zagreb, Sv. Ivan Zelina |
Međimurje
|
Zlatar , Zaprešić
|
Coastal Croatia
Officially, the coastal wine region runs from Istria in the north to Dalmatia to the south.[5] However, due to the widely differing growing conditions, the grape varietals, and the resulting wines, the coastal region is often divided into two parts: Istria/Kvarner and Dalmatia.[9]
Istria and Kvarner are where the warmth of the Mediterranean meets the cold from the Alps, making for a cooler climate than the southern part of the coastal region. A very rich red soil, rich in iron oxides, combined with the mild climate make this area ideal for wine production..
Istria has a rich history of viticulture and is one of the oldest wine regions in Europe. The topography of the region is hilly with an extremely long coastline. This means that there is a range of microclimates across the region, allowing for the growth of a range of grape varietals and the production of a diverse catalog of wines. Currently, there is 4000 ha under the vine in Istria. At the end of the 19th century, the area under vine was 44 000 ha but this decreased dramatically after phylloxera struck the region.[13]
Further south, in Dalmatia, with its rocky landscapes, the islands and hillsides have an infinite variety of microclimates resulting in a winegrowing area where terroir is a crucially important factor. A wide range of indigenous grape varietals are grown here, the best known being Plavac Mali, the child of Zinfandel and Dobričić.[14] The coastal region is divided into the following sub-regions (listed from north to south):
Sub-region | Winehills (Vinogorje) |
---|---|
Istria (Istra) | Western Istria (Zapadna Istra), Central Istria (Centralna Istra), Eastern Istria (Istočna Istra) |
Croatian Coast or Kvarner[9] (Hrvatsko Primorje) |
Opatija-Rijeka-Vinodol, islands Krk, Rab, Cres-Lošinj, Pag |
Northern Dalmatia (Sjeverna Dalmacija) |
Pirovac-Skradin, Biograd
|
Dalmatian Interior (Dalmatinska Zagora) |
Benkovac-Stankovci, Skradin, Knin, Promina, Drniš, Imotski, Sinj-Vrlika, Kaštelanska zagora, Vrgorac |
Central and South Dalmatia (Srednja i Južna Dalmacija) |
Grape Varieties
The
The well-known
Following the devastation of the vines by phylloxera at the end of the 19th century, Croatian vineyards were replanted by grafting the traditional varieties on to American root stock. Only a very few pre-phylloxera vines still survive today on a couple of the islands (Korčula,[17] and Susak). In recent years, foreign-based winemakers and investors are taking an interest in Croatia's many indigenous grape varieties. As the battle against phylloxera continues, broadening the gene pool may be one way to help prevent a recurrence.
The tables below give an overview of the common varieties, alternative names, and where they are grown.[18]
White wine grapes
Grape | Origin / other names | Usage |
---|---|---|
Bogdanuša[19] | Origin: Stari Grad Plain on Hvar[1] | Central and South Dalmatia, especially Hvar |
Bratkovina[20] | Origin: Dalmatia[20] | Central & South Dalmatia, mainly Korčula |
Cetinjka Bijela[21] | Central & South Dalmatia, especially Peljesac[21]
| |
Chardonnay | Moslavina, Plešivica, Podunavlje, Pokuplje, Prigorje–Bilogora, Slavonia, Zagorje–Međimurje, Istria, Croatian coast, North Dalmatia, Dalmatian interior (everywhere except Central & South Dalmatia)[22] | |
Debit[23] | Origin: Brought to Dalmatia from Apulia, Italy,[1] but may originate from Anatolia[23] Also known as pagadebit and puljižanac[23] |
North Dalmatia, inland Dalmatia, Central and South Dalmatia[23][24] |
Gegić[25] | Debeljan | Croatian coast, especially islands such as Pag and Rab |
Graševina
|
Origin: May be France.[1] Welschriesling, Laški rizling, Italian Riesling, Olaszriesling |
Widely grown throughout the Continental Region.[1] Slavonia produces the largest number of premium quality Graševina wines. |
Grk[26] | Origin: Lumbarda on Korčula[1] | Central & South Dalmatia, especially Korčula, Mljet, and Pelješac [24] |
Kraljevina[27] | Origin: Zeline, Prigorje[1] | Moslavina, Prigorje–Bilogora, Zagorje-Međimurje |
Kujundžuša[28] | Origin: Imotsko Polje.[1] Also known as Kojunđuša, Tvrdac, Tvrdorijez, žutac, ruderuša bijela[28] |
Dalmatian interior.[1] Leading white grape variety in Imotski.[28] |
Kurtelaška bijela[29] | Indigenous Dalmatian variety[29] | Central & South Dalmatia, esp. Vis and nearby islands. Not widespread and only used in blends.[29] |
Malvazija Istarska[30] | Theoretically, Malvasia but more testing is needed[1] | Istria, north Croatian Coast[30] |
Malvasia Dubrovačka[31] | Origin: Likely Greece[31] Italian Malvasia delle Lipari, Malvasia di Sardegna, Greco di Gerace, and Spanish Malvasia de Sitges[31] |
Central & South Dalmatia,[1][24] especially Konavle[31] |
Maraština | Origin: Dalmatia[32] or possibly Italy.[1] Also Krizol, Rukatac, Đurđevina, Kačebelić, Kače-debić, Kukuruz, Mareština, Marinkuša[32] |
Croatian Coast, North Dalmatia, Central & South Dalmatia, esp. Korčula and Pelješac, Dalmatian Interior[32] |
Manzoni bijeli[33] | Incrocio manzoni. Hybrid Pinot blanc/German Riesling[33] | Moslavina, Plešivica, Podunavlje, Prigorje–Bilogora, Slavonia |
Moslavac
|
Origin: possibly Hungary.[1] Also known as šipon, mosler, furmint |
Grown throughout the Continental region |
Muškat bijeli | Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains | Plešivica, Pokuplje, Prigorje–Bilogora, Zagorje–Međimurje, Istria (dessert wines) |
Muškat žuti
|
Yellow Muscat, Muškat momjanski | Plešivica, Pokuplje, Prigorje–Bilogora, Zagorje–Međimurje, Istria, Croatian Coast (dessert wines) |
Muškat ottonel | Muscat Ottonel | Plešivica, Podunavlje, Pokuplje, Slavonia, Zagorje-Međimurje, Istria (dessert wines) |
Neuburger | Austrian variety | Plešivica, Pokuplje |
Parč | Indigenous to Hvar | Central & South Dalmatia, esp. Hvar [24] |
Pinot Bijeli | Pinot blanc | Continental region, Istria, Croatian Coast, Dalmatian Interior |
Pinot Sivi | Pinot gris | Continental region, Istria, Croatian Coast, Dalmatian Interior |
Plavec Žuti | Old variety from northwest Croatia | Moslavina, Podunavlje, Pokuplje, Prigorje–Bilogora |
Pošip | Origin: Smokvica on Korčula.[1][24] | North Dalmatia, Central & South Dalmatia, Dalmatian islands |
(Rajnski) Rizling | German Riesling | Grown throughout Continental region, producing many premium wines |
Rizvanac bijeli | Müller-Thurgau | Grown throughout Continental region |
Rkatsiteli | Georgian variety | North Dalmatia |
Ružica Crvena | Hungarian Dinka | Prigorje, Slavonia |
Sauvignon (bijeli) | Sauvignon blanc | Continental region, Istria, Croatian Coast |
Silvanac zeleni | Silvaner | Throughout Continental region |
Šipelj | Indigenous to northwest Croatia | Pokuplje |
Škrlet | Origin: Moslavina[1] | Moslavina, Prigorje–Bilogora |
Traminac | Gewürztraminer, Traminac Mirisni | Continental region |
Trbljan bijeli | Kuč, Trebbiano romagnolo | Croatian Coast, North Dalmatia, Central & South Dalmatia |
Trebbiano toscano | Istria, North Dalmatia, Central & South Dalmatia | |
Verduzzo | Istria | |
Vugava | Origin: Vis.[1] bugava, ugava, viškulja | Central & South Dalmatia, esp. Vis |
Zelenac | Zelinika | Plešivica, Slavonia, Zagorje–Međimurje |
Žilavka | Originates from Herzegovina | Southern Dalmatia |
Žlahtina | Origin: Croatian Coast[1] | Istria, Croatian Coast, esp. Krk |
Red Wine Grapes
Grape | Origin / Other names | Usage |
---|---|---|
Alicante Bouschet | French hybrid of Grenache and Petit Bouschet | Moslavina, Podunavlje, Prigorje–Bilogora, Istria |
Babić | Origin: around Primošten, Dalmatia[1][24] | Croatian Coast, North Dalmatia, Central & South Dalmatia |
Barbera | Istria | |
Borgonja Crna | Cultivar of Modra Frankinja
|
Istria |
Cabernet Franc | Moslavina, Podunavlje, Prigorje–Bilogora, Slavonia, Istria, North Dalmatia, Central & South Dalmatia | |
Cabernet Sauvignon | Moslavina, Podunavlje, Prigorje–Bilogora, Slavonia, Istria, Croatian Coast, North Dalmatia, Dalmatian Interior, Central & South Dalmatia | |
Carignan | North Dalmatia | |
Crljenak Kaštelanski | Zinfandel, Primitivo, one parent of Plavac Mali[24][34] | Hvar, Pelješac but rarely grown |
Dobričić | Indigenous to Šolta, other parent of Plavac Mali[24] | Central & South Dalmatia, esp. Šolta |
Drnekuša | Darnekuša, Drnekuša Crna[35] | Central & South Dalmatia, esp. Hvar [24] |
Frankovka | Blaufränkisch, Kékfrankos, Lemberger, Frankonia | Continental Region, Croatian Coast |
Gamay bojadiser | Gamay | Moslavina, Prigorje–Bilogora, Zagorje–Međimurje |
Grenaš crni | Grenache | North Dalmatia, Dalmatian Interior |
Hrvatica | Croatina, Croattina, croatizza. Originates from North Italy | Istria |
Jarbola
|
Related to Hrvatica | Croatian Coast |
Lasina | Origin: north Dalmatia[1] | North Dalmatia[36] |
Lovrijenac | St Laurent | Moslavina, Plešivica, Pokuplje, Prigorje–Bilogora, Zagorje–Međimurje |
Merlot | Podunavlje, Pokuplje, Prigorje–Bilogora, Slavonia, Istria, Croatian Coast, North Dalmatia, Dalmatian Interior, Central & South Dalmatia | |
Muškat ruža crni | Moscato delle rose nero, Muscat des roses noir, Rosenmuskateller blauer | Istria, Central & South Dalmatia |
Nebbiolo | Italy | Croatian Coast |
Ninčuša | Indigenous to Dalmatia | Dalmatian Interior, Central & South Dalmatia |
Okatac | ružica crvena, glavinuša | Dalmatian Interior, Central & South Dalmatia |
Pinot crni | Burgundac crni, Pinot noir | Continental Region, Istria, Croatian Coast |
Plavac Mali[16] | Origin: central and south Dalmatia.[1][37] Pagadebit | Dalmatian Interior, Central & South Dalmatia |
Plavina | Origin: Dalmatia.[1] Plavka, Plajka, Brajda, Brajdica | Istria, Croatian Coast, North Dalmatia, Central & South Dalmatia |
Portugizac | Blauer Portugieser, Austria | Continental Region |
Refošk | Refosco Origin: Italy.[1] | Istria |
Susac Crni | Sansigot, sujćan, tvardo grozje, sanseg, Sušćan crni | North Dalmatia esp Susac, Lošinj, Cres, and the Kvarner Island region |
Svrdlovina crna | Galica | North Dalmatia |
Syrah | Shiraz | Slavonia, Istria, Croatian Coast, North Dalmatia, Dalmatian Interior |
Teran | Terrano[1] | Istria |
Tocai Friulano
|
Istria | |
Trnjak | Rudežuša | Dalmatian Interior, Central & South Dalmatia |
Vranac | Vranec
|
North Dalmatia |
Zadarka crna | North Dalmatia | |
Zweigelt | Continental Region |
Classification
In 1961, Dingač and then, in 1967, Postup were registered for
The Croatian Institute of Viticulture and Enology[39] was set up in 1996 to oversee the country's wine industry, and be responsible for regulating winegrowing and wine production. Standards,[2] similar to the EU wine regulations, were set up to ensure the consistent quality of the final product. Croatian wines are classified by quality,[2] which is clearly marked on the label.
- Vrhunsko Vino: Premium Quality Wine
- Kvalitetno Vino: Quality Wine
- Stolno Vino: Table Wine
In addition, wines may qualify for a geographical origin stamp,[2] if it is produced from grapes grown in the same winegrowing region. The definition becomes stricter for higher-quality classifications, so that a premium quality wine with geographical origin stamp must meet criteria for the type of grape, the position in the vinogorije (winegrowing hill) with the distinct quality and characteristics for the variety. If the wine has a grape varietal stamp,[2] it must be at least 85% of the grape type whose name it carries. Distinctive quality wines have a special quality, attained in certain years, in special conditions of maturation, manner of harvesting and processing, and must be produced only from the recommended sorts of grape for the particular winegrowing hills.
Wines qualifying for a vintage designation, known as Arhiv,[2] must be kept in cellar conditions longer than its optimal maturation period, and not less than 5 years from the day of processing grape into wine, of which at least 3 years in a bottle.
- Suho: Dry
- Polusuho: Semi-dry
- Slatko: Sweet
- Bijelo: White
- Crno: Red (literally Black)
- Rosa: Rosé
- Prošek: Dalmatian dessert wine made from dried grapes, similar to Italian Vin Santo
Despite these various classifications systems, Croatian wines don't have a
Wine production
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2015) |
Year | Quantity (thousands of hl )
|
---|---|
2003 | 1,265 |
2004 | 1,204 |
2005 | 1,248 |
2006 | 1,237 |
2007 | 1,365 |
2008 | 1,278 |
2009 | 1,424 |
2010 | 1,433 |
2011 | 1,409 |
2012 | 1,293 |
2013 | 1,249 |
2014 | 842 |
2015 | 992 |
2016 | 760 |
As of 2018, the five largest wine producers are:[6]
- Iločki podrumi (Ilok)
- Agrolaguna (Poreč)
- Kutjevo d.d. (Kutjevo)
- Belje d.d. (Darda)
- Erdutski vinogradi (Erdut)
Acknowledgements
At the Decanter World Wine Awards 2023, 360 Croatian wines in total received gold, silver, and bronze medals.[43]
49 Croatian wines scored more than 90 points (out of 100) by Wine Enthusiast magazine during 2022 and 2023.[44]
See also
- Croatian cuisine
- Winemaking
- Agriculture in Croatia
- Culture of Croatia
References
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- ^ "Croatian Uplands". Vina Croatia. Hrvatska Gospodarska Komara (Croatian Chamber of Economy). 2012. Archived from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
- ^ a b "Regions Vina-Croatia". Vina Croatia. Hrvatska Gospodarska Komara (Croatian Chamber of Economy). 2012. Archived from the original on 11 August 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
- ^ "Istria and Kvarner". Vina Croatia. Hrvatska Gospodarska Komara (Croatian Chamber of Economy). 2012. Archived from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
- ^ "Graševina". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 15 August 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
- ^ "Malvazija". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
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- ^ ISBN 978-95355938-0-5
- ^ Smokvica Winery Archived 2008-05-31 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Pravilnik o Nacionalnoj listi priznatih kultivara vinove loze" [Regulation on National List of Wine Varieties]. Narodne novine (in Croatian) (159). Croatian Ministry for Agriculture, Forests and Water Management. 2004. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
- ^ "Bogdanuša". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
- ^ a b "Bratkovina". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
- ^ a b "Cetinjka bijela". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
- ^ "Chardonnay". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
- ^ a b c d "Debit". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-615-23217-1
- ^ "Gegić". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
- ^ "Grk". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
- ^ "Kraljevina". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 15 August 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
- ^ a b c "Kujundžuša". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
- ^ a b c "Kurtelaška bijela". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
- ^ a b "Malvazija istarska bijela". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
- ^ a b c d "Malvasija dubrovačka". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
- ^ a b c "Maraština". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
- ^ a b "Incrocio manzoni". Vinopedia.hr (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 5 June 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
- ^ "Zinfandel A Croatian-American Wine Story". Archived from the original on 29 January 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
- ^ "The Plavac and the Darnekuša of Plančić". Hudin.com. 28 May 2012. Retrieved 2015-12-11.
- ^ "The Lasina of Bibich & Sladić". Hudin.com. 11 November 2015. Retrieved 2015-12-11.
- ^ "Explaining Plavac Mali". Hudin.com. 14 January 2011. Retrieved 2015-12-11.
- ^ "Postup" (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia: Badel 1862. Retrieved 2010-09-22.
- ^ "Croatian Institute of Viticulture, Enology and Pomology". Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
- ^ "Give Croatian wines a DO!". Hudin.com. Retrieved 2013-01-19.[permanent dead link]
- ISSN 1334-0638. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
- ISSN 1333-3305. Archived from the original(PDF) on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
- ^ Croatian wines win record 25 gold medals at Decanter World Wine Awards in London croatiaweek.com. Croatia Week. Published 8 June 2023.
- ^ "Almost 50 Croatian labels scored 90+ in Wine Enthusiast in the last 12 months". croatiaweek.com. Croaria Week. 5 September 2023.
Sources
- Sokolić, Ivan (April 2012). "Kratka priča o hrvatskom vinogradarstvu i vinarstvu" [A Short History of Croatian Viticulture and Winemaking] (PDF). Acta Turistica Nova (in Croatian and English). 6 (1): 21–26. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
Further reading
- "Wine Report" (PDF). USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
- Božić, Miroslav (February 2008). "Hrvatsko tržište vina" [Croatian Wine Market] (PDF) (in Croatian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2018.