Croats

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the 17th-century light cavalry, see Croats (military unit).
"Croatians" and "Croatian people" redirect here. For the more generic usage, see
Croatians (demonym)
.
"Croat" redirects here. For the medieval Catalan currency, see
Croat (surname)
.

Croats
Hrvati
Adriatic sea
Total population
c. 7–8 million[1]
Regions with significant populations
 Croatia
3,550,000 (2021)[2]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
544,780 (2013)[3]
 United States414,714 (2012)[4]–1,200,000 (est.)[5]
 Germany500,000 (2021)[6][7]
 Chile400,000[8]
 Argentina250,000[9]
 Austria221,719 (2020)[10]
 Australia164,362 (2021)[11]
 Canada133,965 (2016)[12]
 New Zealand100,000[13]
  Switzerland80,000 (2021)[14]
 Brazil70,000[9]
 Italy60,000[15]
 Slovenia50,000 (est.)[16]
 Paraguay41,502 (2023)[17]
 France40,000 (est.)[18]
 Serbia39,107 (2022)[19]
 Sweden35,000 (est.)[20]
Other countries
(fewer than 30,000)
 Hungary22,995 (2016)[21]
 Ireland20,000-100,000 (est.)[22]
 Netherlands10,000[23]
 Bolivia10,000[24]
 South Africa8,000[25]
 United Kingdom6,992[26]
 Romania6,786[27]
 Montenegro6,021 (2020)[28]
 Peru6,000[9]
 Colombia5,800 (est.)[9][29]
 Denmark5,400[30]
 Norway5,272[31]
 Ecuador4,000[32]
 Slovakia2,001[33][34]–2,600[35]
 Czech Republic2,490[36]
 Portugal499[37]
 Russia304[38]
Catholicism[39]
Related ethnic groups
Other South Slavs[40]
a References:[41][42][43][44][45][46][47]
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The Croats (

Romania, Serbia, Slovakia and Slovenia
.

Due to political, social and economic reasons, many Croats migrated to North and South America as well as New Zealand and later Australia, establishing a

Tarara people, indigenous to Te Tai Tokerau in New Zealand, are of mixed Croatian and Māori (predominantly Ngāpuhi) descent. Tarara Day is celebrated every 15 March to commemorate their "highly regarded place in present-day Māoridom".[53][54]

Croats are mostly

Catholics. The Croatian language is official in Croatia, the European Union[55] and Bosnia and Herzegovina.[56] Croatian is a recognized minority language within Croatian autochthonous communities and minorities in Montenegro, Austria (Burgenland), Italy (Molise), Romania (Carașova, Lupac) and Serbia (Vojvodina
).

Etymology

Main article: Names of the Croats and Croatia

The foreign ethnonym variation "Croats" of the native name "Hrvati" derives from Medieval Latin Croāt, itself a derivation of North-West Slavic *Xərwate, by liquid metathesis from Common Slavic period *Xorvat, from proposed Proto-Slavic *Xъrvátъ which possibly comes from the 3rd-century Scytho-Sarmatian form attested in the Tanais Tablets as Χοροάθος (Khoroáthos, alternate forms comprise Khoróatos and Khoroúathos).[57] The origin of the ethnonym is uncertain, but most probably is from Proto-Ossetian / Alanian *xurvæt- or *xurvāt-, in the meaning of "one who guards" ("guardian, protector").[58]

History

Further information: History of Croatia

Arrival of the Slavs

Main articles:
Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe

Southeastern Europe in the 6th and 7th century.[59]

Early medieval archaeology

Archaeological evidence shows population continuity in coastal Dalmatia and Istria. In contrast, much of the Dinaric hinterland and appears to have been depopulated, as virtually all hilltop settlements, from Noricum to Dardania, were abandoned and few appear destroyed in the early 7th century. Although the dating of the earliest Slavic settlements was disputed, recent archaeological data established that the migration and settlement of the Slavs/Croats have been in late 6th and early 7th century.[60][61][62][63][64]

Croat ethnogenesis

The range of Slavic ceramics of the Prague-Penkovka culture marked in black, all known ethnonyms of Croats are within this area. Presumable migration routes of Croats are indicated by arrows, per V.V. Sedov (1979).

Much uncertainty revolves around the exact circumstances of their appearance given the scarcity of literary sources during the 7th and 8th century

Trpimir; and begins to be widely attested throughout central and eastern Europe during the 9th and 10th centuries.[66]

Traditionally, scholarship has placed the arrival of the

Antes) with Croats, who were seen by the Byzantines as tributary peoples living on what had always been 'Roman land'.[67]

Scholars have hypothesized the name Croat (Hrvat) may be Iranian, thus suggesting that the Croatians were possibly a Sarmatian tribe from the Pontic region who were part of a larger movement at the same time that the Slavs were moving toward the Adriatic. The major basis for this connection was the perceived similarity between Hrvat and inscriptions from the Tanais dated to the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE, mentioning the name Khoro(u)athos. Similar arguments have been made for an alleged Gothic-Croat link. Whilst there is possible evidence of population continuity between Gothic and Croatian times in parts of Dalmatia, the idea of a Gothic origin of Croats was more rooted in 20th century Ustaše political aspirations than historical reality.[68]

Other polities in Dalmatia and Pannonia

Arrival of the Croats to the Adriatic Sea by Oton Iveković

Other, distinct polities also existed near the Croat duchy. These included the

Pagania, Zachlumia and other principalities is based on tenth century political rule and does not indicate ethnicity,[72][73][74][75][76][77][78] and although both Croats and Serbs could have been a small military elite which managed to organize other already settled and more numerous Slavs,[79][80][81] it is possible that Narentines, Zachlumians and others also arrived as Croats or with Croatian tribal alliance.[82][83][84]

The Croats became the dominant local power in northern Dalmatia, absorbing Liburnia and expanding their name by conquest and prestige. In the south, while having periods of independence, the Naretines merged with Croats later under control of Croatian Kings.[85] With such expansion, Croatia became the dominant power and absorbed other polities between Frankish, Bulgarian and Byzantine empire. Although the Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja has been dismissed as an unreliable record, the mentioned "Red Croatia" suggests that Croatian clans and families might have settled as far south as Duklja/Zeta.[86]

Early medieval age

Main articles:
Principality of Lower Pannonia

The lands which constitute modern Croatia fell under three major geographic-politic zones during the Middle Ages, which were influenced by powerful neighbor Empires – notably the Byzantines, the Avars and later

Principality of Lower Pannonia
.

Pannonian Principality ("Savia")

Having been under Avar control, lower Pannonia became a march of the

Frankish margraves sent armies in 820, 821 and 822, but each time they failed to crush the rebels.[87] Aided by Borna the Guduscan, the Franks eventually defeated Ljudevit, who withdrew his forces to the Serbs and conquered them, according to the Frankish Annals.[citation needed
]

For much of the subsequent period, Savia was probably directly ruled by the Carinthian

Braslav in 892, as a more independent Duke over lower Pannonia.[citation needed
]

In 896, his rule stretched from Vienna and Budapest to the southern Croat duchies, and included almost the whole of ex-Roman Pannonian provinces. He probably died c. 900 fighting against his former allies, the Magyars.[87] The subsequent history of Savia again becomes murky, and historians are not sure who controlled Savia during much of the 10th century. However, it is likely that the ruler Tomislav, the first crowned King, was able to exert much control over Savia and adjacent areas during his reign. It is at this time that sources first refer to a "Pannonian Croatia", appearing in the 10th century Byzantine work De Administrando Imperio.[87]

Dalmatian Croats

The

Adriatic.[citation needed
]

The Croatian Prince

Muncimir to Constantinople.[88]

Facing a number of naval threats by

Zahumlje,[citation needed] but on early May 879, Zdeslav was killed near Knin in an uprising led by Branimir, a relative of Domagoj, instigated by the Pope, fearing Byzantine power.[citation needed
]

Branimir's (879–892) own actions were approved from the

Muncimir (892–910), Zdeslav's brother, took control of Dalmatia and ruled it independently of both Rome and Byzantium as divino munere Croatorum dux (with God's help, duke of Croats). In Dalmatia, duke Tomislav (910–928) succeeded Muncimir. Tomislav successfully repelled Magyar mounted invasions of the Arpads, expelled them over the Sava River, and united (western) Pannonian and Dalmatian Croats into one state.[92][93][94]

Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)

Main article: Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)
Coronation of King Tomislav by Oton Iveković.

battle of the Bosnian Highlands, after Serbs were conquered and some fled to the Croatian Kingdom. There Croats under leadership of their king Tomislav completely defeated the Bulgarian army led by military commander Alogobotur, and stopped Simeon's extension westwards.[98][99][100] The central town in the Duvno field was named Tomislavgrad
("Tomislav's town") in his honour in the 20th century.

Tomislav was succeeded by

Stjepan I (1030–1058), who continued his ambitions of spreading rule over the coastal cities, and during whose rule was established the diocese of Knin between 1040-1050 which bishop had the nominal title of "Croatian bishop" (Latin: episcopus Chroatensis).[101][102]

Great Schism of 1054.[105]

Zvonimir
.

He was succeeded by

Solin in the Basilica of Saint Peter and Moses (known today as Hollow Church) by a representative of Pope Gregory VII.[108][109]

He was in conflict with dukes of

Stjepan II (r.  1089–1091) last of the main Trpimirović line came to the throne but reigned for two years.[110]

After his death civil war and unrest broke out shortly afterward as northern nobles decided Ladislaus I for the Croatian King. In 1093, southern nobles elected a new ruler, King

Coloman I of Hungary. In 1097, in the Battle of Gvozd Mountain, the last native king Peter was killed and the Croats were decisively defeated (because of this, the mountain was this time renamed to Petrova Gora, "Peter's Mountain", but identified with the wrong mountain). In 1102, Coloman returned to the Kingdom of Croatia in force, and negotiated with the Croatian feudal lords resulting in joining of Hungarian and Croatian crowns (with the crown of Dalmatia held separate from that of Croatia).[111]

According to

Gulf of Kvarner and rivers Vrbas and Neretva) and Bosnia (around river Bosna) on other side.[112]

Personal union with Hungary (1102–1918)

Main articles:
Croatian-Ottoman Wars
Pacta Conventa, is a historical document by which Croatia agreed to enter a personal union with Hungary. Although the validity of the document itself is disputed, Croatia did keep considerable autonomy.

In the 11th and 12th centuries "the Croats were never unified under a strong central government. They lived in different areas - Pannonian Croatia, Dalmatian Croatia, Bosnia - which were at times ruled by indigenous kings but more frequently controlled by agents of Byzantium, Venice and Hungary. Even during periods of relatively strong centralized government, local lords frequently enjoyed an almost autonomous status".[112]

In the union with Hungary, institutions of separate Croatian statehood were maintained through the

Iločki family who ruled over Slavonian stronghold-cities, and in the 15th century rose to power. During this period, the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller
also acquired considerable property and assets in Croatia.

In the second half of the 13th century, during the

Zrinski) in 1347. Eventually, the Babonić and Nelipić families also succumbed to the king's offensive against nobility, but with the increasing process of power centralization, Louis managed to force Venice by the Treaty of Zadar in 1358 to give up their possessions in Dalmatia. When King Louis died without successor, the question of succession remained open. The kingdom once again entered the time of internal unrest. Besides King Louis's daughter Mary, Charles III of Naples was the closest king male relative with claims to the throne. In February 1386, two months after his coronation, he was assassinated by order of the queen Elizabeth of Bosnia. His supporters, bans John of Palisna, John Horvat and Stjepan Lacković planned a rebellion, and managed to capture and imprison Elizabeth and Mary. By orders of John of Palisna, Elizabeth was strangled. In retaliation, Magyars crowned Mary's husband Sigismund of Luxembourg.[citation needed
]

Croatia in personal union with Hungary and Ottoman expansion in the region in 1500

King Sigismund's army was catastrophically defeated at the

Stjepan Lacković and nobles invited Charles III's son Ladislaus of Naples to be the new king.[citation needed] This resulted in the Bloody Sabor of Križevci in 1397, loss of interest in the crown by Ladislaus and selling of Dalmatia to Venice in 1403, and spreading of Croatian names to the north, with those of Slavonia to the east. The dynastic struggle didn't end, and with the Ottoman invasion on Bosnia the first short raids began in Croatian territory, defended only by local nobles.[citation needed
]

Zrínyi's charge on the Turks from the Fortress of Szigetvár, by Simon Hollósy

As the

Battle of Szigetvar
in 1566. During the Ottoman conquest tens of thousands of Croats were taken in Turkey, where they became slaves.

The

at Cetin prevailed on the side of Ferdinand I, as they elected him as the new king of Croatia on 1 January 1527,[115] uniting both lands under Habsburg rule. In return they were promised the historic rights, freedoms, laws and defence of Croatian Kingdom.[citation needed
]

rebelled against their feudal lords due to various injustices. After the fall of Bihać fort in 1592, only small areas of Croatia remained unrecovered. The remaining 16,800 square kilometres (6,487 sq mi) were referred to as the reliquiae reliquiarum of the once great Croatian kingdom.[117]

Croats stopped the Ottoman advance in Croatia at the battle of Sisak in 1593, 100 years after the defeat at Krbava field, and the short Long Turkish War ended with the Peace of Zsitvatorok in 1606, after which Croatian classes tried unsuccessfully to have their territory on the Military Frontier restored to rule by the Croatian Ban, managing only to restore a small area of lost territory but failed to regain large parts of Croatian Kingdom (present-day western Bosnia and Herzegovina), as the present-day border between the two countries is a remnant of this outcome.[citation needed]

Croatian national revival (1593–1918)

Main articles: Habsburg Croatia and Austria-Hungary

In the first half of the 17th century, Croats fought in the Thirty Years' War on the side of Holy Roman Empire, mostly as light cavalry under command of imperial generalissimo Albrecht von Wallenstein. Croatian Ban, Juraj V Zrinski, also fought in the war, but died in a military camp near Bratislava, Slovakia, as he was poisoned by von Wallenstein after a verbal duel. His son, future ban and captain-general of Croatia, Nikola Zrinski, participated during the closing stages of the war.

Peter Zrinyi and Ferenc Frangepán in the Wiener-Neustadt Prison by Viktor Madarász.

In 1664, the Austrian imperial army was victorious against the Turks, but Emperor

Louis XIV of France, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sweden, the Republic of Venice and even the Ottoman Empire, to free Croatia from the Habsburg sovereignty.[citation needed
]

Imperial spies uncovered the conspiracy and on 30 April 1671 executed four esteemed Croatian and Hungarian noblemen involved in it, including Zrinski and Frankopan in Wiener Neustadt. The large estates of two most powerful Croatian noble houses were confiscated and their families relocated, soon after extinguished. Between 1670 and the revolution of 1848, there would be only 2 bans of Croatian nationality. The period from 1670 to the Croatian cultural revival in the 19th century was Croatia's political Dark Age. Meanwhile, with the victories over Turks, Habsburgs all the more insistent they spent centralization and germanization, new regained lands in liberated Slavonia started giving to foreign families as feudal goods, at the expense of domestic element. Because of this the Croatian Sabor was losing its significance, and the nobility less attended it, yet went only to the one in Hungary.[citation needed]

The Croatian Sabor (Parliament) in 1848, by Dragutin Weingärtner

In the 18th century, Croatia was one of the crown lands that supported Emperor

Adriatic mostly came under the authority of France which passed its rights to Austria the same year. Eight years later they were restored to France as the Illyrian Provinces, but won back to the Austrian crown 1815. Though now part of the same empire, Dalmatia and Istria were part of Cisleithania while Croatia and Slavonia were in Hungarian part of the Monarchy.[citation needed
]

The national revival began with the Illyrian movement in 1830.

In the 19th century Croatian

Germanization and Magyarization. The Croatian national revival began in the 1830s with the Illyrian movement. The movement attracted a number of influential figures and produced some important advances in the Croatian language and culture. The champion of the Illyrian movement was Ljudevit Gaj who also reformed and standardized Croatian. The official language in Croatia had been Latin until 1847, when it became Croatian. The movement relied on a South Slavic and Panslavistic conception, and its national, political and social ideas were advanced at the time.[citation needed
]

By the 1840s, the movement had moved from cultural goals to resisting Hungarian political demands. By the royal order of 11 January 1843, originating from the chancellor Metternich, the use of the Illyrian name and insignia in public was forbidden.

Modern political history of the Balkans from 1796 onwards.

This deterred the movement's progress but it couldn't stop the changes in the society that had already started. On 25 March 1848, was conducted a political petition "Zahtijevanja naroda", which program included thirty national, social and liberal principles, like Croatian national independence, annexation of Dalmatia and Military Frontier, independence from Hungary as far as finance, language, education, freedom of speech and writing, religion, nullification of serfdom etc. In the revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire, the Croatian Ban Jelačić cooperated with the Austrians in quenching the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 by leading a military campaign into Hungary, successful until the Battle of Pákozd.[citation needed]

Croatia was later subject to Hungarian hegemony under ban Levin Rauch when the Empire was transformed into a dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary in 1867. Nevertheless, Ban Jelačić had succeeded in the abolition of serfdom in Croatia, which eventually brought about massive changes in society: the power of the major landowners was reduced and arable land became increasingly subdivided, to the extent of risking famine. Many Croatians began emigrating to the New World countries in this period, a trend that would continue over the next century, creating a large Croatian diaspora.

From 1804 to 1918, as many as 395 Croats received the rank of

viceadmiral and two admirals.[118]

Modern history (1918–present)

Main articles: State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs; Kingdom of Yugoslavia; Independent State of Croatia; SFR Yugoslavia; and Republic of Croatia

After the

Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, created by unification of the short-lived State of SHS with the Kingdom of Serbia. Croats became one of the constituent nations of the new kingdom. The state was transformed into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 and the Croats were united in the new nation with their neighbors – the South Slavs-Yugoslavs
.

In 1939, the Croats received a high degree of autonomy when the

Axis forces created the Independent State of Croatia led by the Ustaše movement which sought to create an ethnically pure Croatian state on the territory corresponding to present-day countries of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Post-WWII Yugoslavia became a federation consisting of 6 republics, and Croats became one of two constituent peoples of two – Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Croats in the Serbian autonomous province of Vojvodina are one of six main ethnic groups composing this region.[119]

Following the democratization of society, accompanied with ethnic tensions that emerged ten years after the death of Josip Broz Tito, the Republic of Croatia declared independence, which was followed by war. In the first years of the war, over 200,000 Croats were displaced from their homes as a result of the military actions. In the peak of the fighting, around 550,000 ethnic Croats were displaced altogether during the Yugoslav wars.[citation needed]

Post-war government's policy of easing the immigration of ethnic Croats from abroad encouraged a number of Croatian descendants to return to Croatia. The influx was increased by the arrival of Croatian refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina. After the war's end in 1995, most Croatian refugees returned to their previous homes, while some (mostly Croat refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Janjevci from Kosovo) moved into the formerly-held Serbian housing.[citation needed]

Genetics

Main article: Genetic studies on Croats

archaeogenetic study showed that the Croats roughly have 66.5% Central-Eastern European early medieval Slavic-ancestry, 31.2% local Roman and 2.4% West Anatolian ancestry.[127]

Language

Further information: Croatian language
Location map of Croatian dialects.
Map of Shtokavian dialects
Speech example
An example of Old Croatian used in Baška tablet.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Croats primarily speak

Shtokavian dialect
.

Besides Shtokavian, Croats from the Adriatic coastline speak the

Kajkavian dialect. Vernacular texts in the Chakavian dialect first appeared in the 13th century, and Shtokavian texts appeared a century later. Standardization began in the period sometimes called "Baroque Slavism" in the first half of the 17th century,[135] while some authors date it back to the end of the 15th century.[136] The modern Neo-Shtokavian standard that appeared in the mid 18th century was the first unified standard Croatian.[137] Croatian is written in Gaj's Latin alphabet.[138]

The beginning of written Croatian can be traced to the 9th century, when

Cyrillic,[140] and also in three languages: Croatian, Latin, and Old Slavonic. The latter developed into what is referred to as the Croatian variant of Church Slavonic
between the 12th and 16th centuries.

The most important early monument of Croatian literacy is the Baška tablet from the late 11th century.[141] It is a large stone tablet found in the small Church of St. Lucy, Jurandvor on the Croatian island of Krk which contains text written mostly in Chakavian, today a dialect of Croatian, and in Shtokavian angular Glagolitic script. It mentions Zvonimir, the king of Croatia at the time. However, the luxurious and ornate representative texts of Croatian Church Slavonic belong to the later era, when they coexisted with the Croatian vernacular literature. The most notable are the "Missal of Duke Novak" from the Lika region in northwestern Croatia (1368), "Evangel from Reims" (1395, named after the town of its final destination), Hrvoje's Missal from Bosnia and Split in Dalmatia (1404).[142] and the first printed book in Croatian, the Glagolitic Missale Romanum Glagolitice (1483).[139]

During the 13th century Croatian vernacular texts began to appear, the most important among them being the "Istrian Land Survey" of 1275 and the "

Vinodol Codex" of 1288, both written in the Chakavian dialect.[143][144]

The

Shtokavian dialect literature, based almost exclusively on Chakavian original texts of religious provenance (missals, breviaries, prayer books) appeared almost a century later. The most important purely Shtokavian dialect vernacular text is the Vatican Croatian Prayer Book (ca. 1400).[145]

Bunjevac dialect

Further information: Bunjevac dialect

The Bunjevac dialect (bunjevački dijalekt)[146][147][148] or Bunjevac speech (bunjevački govor)[149] is a Neo-ShtokavianYounger Ikavian dialect of the Serbo-Croatian pluricentric language, used by members of the Bunjevac community. It is an integral part of the cultural heritage of the Bunjevac Croats in northern Serbia (Vojvodina) and parts of southern Hungary. Their accent is purely Ikavian, with /i/ for the Common Slavic vowels yat.[150] Its speakers largely use the Latin alphabet.

Croatia introduced in 2021 the categorisation of

Shtokavian dialect of the Croatian language.[151][152] In Serbia, Bunjevac is officially recognized as a standardised minority dialect since 2018.[153]

There have been three meritorious people who preserved the Bunjevac dialect in two separate dictionaries: Grgo Bačlija[154] and Marko Peić[155] with "Ričnik bački Bunjevaca"[156] (editions 1990, 2018), and Ante Sekulić[157] with "Rječnik govora bačkih Hrvata" (2005).

Popularly, the Bunjevac dialect is often referred to as "Bunjevac language" or Bunjevac

mother tongue. At the political level, depending on goal and content of the political lobby, the general confusion concerning the definition of the terms language, dialect, speech, mother tongue, is cleverly exploited, resulting in an inconsistent use of the terms.[158][159]

The

Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Croatia,[160] and was approved on 8 October 2021.[161]

Religion

Main article: Catholic Church in Croatia
See also: Slavic Native Faith § Southern and Western Slavic nations
Alojzije Stepinac
Alojzije Stepinac
Cathedral in Zagreb
Zagreb Cathedral

Croats are predominantly Catholic, and before Christianity, they adhered to

Roman paganism. The earliest record of contact between the Pope and the Croats dates from a mid-7th century entry in the Liber Pontificalis. Pope John IV (John the Dalmatian, 640–642) sent an abbot named Martin to Dalmatia and Istria
in order to pay ransom for some prisoners and for the remains of old Christian martyrs. This abbot is recorded to have travelled through Dalmatia with the help of the Croatian leaders, and he established the foundation for future relations between the Pope and the Croats.

The beginnings of the Christianization are also disputed in the historical texts: the Byzantine texts talk of Duke Porin who started this at the incentive of emperor Heraclius (610–641), then of Duke Porga who mainly Christianized his people after the influence of missionaries from Rome. However, it can be realiably said that the Christianisation of Croats began in the 7th century, initially probably encompassed only the elite and related people,[162] but mostly finished by the 9th century.[163][164] The earliest known Croatian autographs from the 8th century are found in the Latin Gospel of Cividale.[citation needed]

Croats were never obliged to use Latin—rather, they held

Republic of Czechoslovakia in 1920, but only for feast days of the main patron saints. The 1935 concordat with the Kingdom of Yugoslavia anticipated the introduction of the Church Slavonic for all Croatian regions and throughout the entire state.[166]

Smaller groups of Croats adhere to other religions, like

Žumberak area), Protestantism and Islam. According to an official population census of Croatia by ethnicity and religion, roughly 16,600 ethnic Croats adhered to Orthodoxy, roughly 8,000 were Protestants, roughly 10,500 described themselves as "other" Christians, and roughly 9,600 were followers of Islam.[167]

Culture

Tradition

Main article: Culture of Croatia
Alka is a traditional knights' competition.
Istrian scale in Schubert's Symphony No. 8 in B minor (1922), 1st mvt., bars 13–20 (Playⓘ); flat fifth marked with asterisk[168]

The area settled by Croats has a large diversity of historical and cultural influences, as well as the diversity of terrain and geography. The coastland areas of Dalmatia and

tamburitza orchestras of Slavonia.[citation needed] Folk arts are performed at special events and festivals, perhaps the most distinctive being Alka of Sinj, a traditional knights' competition celebrating the victory against Ottoman Turks. The epic tradition is also preserved in epic songs sung with gusle. Various types of kolo circular dance are also encountered throughout Croatia.[citation needed
]

UNESCO | Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in Croatia

Arts

Main articles: Croatian art, Architecture of Croatia, and Croatian literature
Grgur Ninski statue by Ivan Meštrović, with a tower of the Diocletian's Palace in the background

Architecture in Croatia reflects the influences of bordering nations. Austrian and Hungarian influence is visible in public spaces and buildings in the north and in the central regions, architecture found along the coasts of Dalmatia and Istria exhibits Venetian influence.

Niccolò Fiorentino such as the Cathedral of St. James in Šibenik
. The oldest preserved examples of Croatian architecture are the 9th-century churches, with the largest and the most representative among them being the Church of St. Donatus.[176][177]

Besides the architecture encompassing the oldest artworks in Croatia, there is a long history of artists in Croatia reaching to the Middle Ages. In that period the stone portal of the Trogir Cathedral was made by Radovan, representing the most important monument of Romanesque sculpture in Croatia. The Renaissance had the greatest impact on the Adriatic Sea coast since the remainder of Croatia was embroiled in the Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War. With the waning of the Ottoman Empire, art flourished during the Baroque and Rococo. The 19th and the 20th centuries brought about the affirmation of numerous Croatian artisans, helped by several patrons of the arts such as bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer.[178] Croatian artists of the period achieving worldwide renown were Vlaho Bukovac and Ivan Meštrović.[176]

The

Croatian national revival poet Ivan Mažuranić, novelist, playwright and poet August Šenoa, poet and writer Antun Gustav Matoš, poet Antun Branko Šimić, expressionist and realist writer Miroslav Krleža, poet Tin Ujević and novelist and short story writer Ivo Andrić are often cited as the greatest figures in Croatian literature.[180][181]

Symbols

The current flag of Croatia, including the current coat of arms.
Main articles: Flag of Croatia and Coat of arms of Croatia
The current coat of arms shows, in order, the symbols of Zagreb, Dubrovnik, Dalmatia, Istria, and Slavonia.

The

Coat of Arms of Croatia in the middle. The red-white-blue tricolor was chosen as those were the colours of Pan-Slavism, popular in the 19th century.[citation needed
]

Flag of the Croat National Council in Serbia

The

Peter Krešimir IV of Croatia (1058–1074) to the Archbishop of Split.[citation needed
]

Unlike in many countries, Croatian design more commonly uses symbolism from the coat of arms, rather than from the Croatian flag. This is partly due to the geometric design of the shield which makes it appropriate for use in many graphic contexts (e.g. the insignia of

Pan-Slavic colours on their flags as Croatia. The Croatian interlace (pleter or troplet) is also a commonly used symbol which originally comes from monasteries built between the 9th and 12th centuries. The interlace can be seen in various emblems and is also featured in modern Croatian military ranks and Croatian police ranks insignia.[citation needed
]

Communities

In Croatia (the

Bosnian Posavina. The minority in Serbia number about 70,000, mostly in Vojvodina,[51][52] where also vast majority of the Šokci consider themselves Croats, as well as many Bunjevci (the latter, as well as other nationalities, settled the vast, abandoned area after the Ottoman retreat; this Croat subgroup originates from the south, mostly from the region of Bačka). Smaller Croat autochthonous minorities exist in Slovenia (mainly in Slovene Littoral, Prekmurje and in the Metlika area in Lower Carniola regions – 35,000 Croats), Montenegro (mostly in the Bay of Kotor – 6,800 Croats), and a regional community in Kosovo called Janjevci who nationally identify as Croats. In the 1991 census, Croats consisted 19.8% of the overall population of Yugoslavia; there were around 4.6 million Croats in the entire country.[citation needed
]

The subgroups of Croats are commonly based on

Bokelji (Montenegro), Raci (Hungary), Krashovani (Romania), and Janjevci
(Kosovo).

Autochthonous communities

Croatian communities with minority status

Other regions with Croat minorities

Diaspora

Main article: Croatian diaspora
Croatian Embassy in Canberra, Australia

There are currently 4–4.5 million Croats in diaspora throughout the world. The Croat diaspora was the consequence of either mostly economic or political (coercion or expulsions) reasons:

The count for diaspora is approximate because of incomplete statistical records and naturalization. Overseas, the United States contains the largest Croatian emigrant group (414,714 according to the 2010 census), mostly in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Illinois and California, with a sizable community in Alaska, followed by Australia (133,268 according to the 2016 census, with concentrations in Sydney, Melbourne and Perth) and Canada (133,965 according to the 2016 census, mainly in Southern Ontario, British Columbia and Alberta).

Various estimations put the total number of Americans and Canadians with at least some Croatian ancestry at 2 million, many of whom do not identify as such in the countries' censuses.[41][42][43][44][45][184][47][185]

Croats have also emigrated in several waves to South America: chiefly Chile, Argentina, and Brazil; estimates of their number vary wildly, from 150,000 up to 500,000.[186][187] Both the presidents of Chile (Gabriel Boric) and Argentina (Javier Milei) are of Croatian descent.[188][189]

There are also smaller groups of Croatian descendants in Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, South Africa, Mexico, and South Korea. The most important organizations of the Croatian diaspora are the Croatian Fraternal Union, Croatian Heritage Foundation and the Croatian World Congress.

Croatian ancestry or citizenship by country
  Croatia
  More than 100,000
  More than 10,000
  More than 1,000

Maps

  • Croats in Croatia
    Croats in Croatia
  • Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2013
    Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2013
  • Croats in Vojvodina, Serbia
    Croats in Vojvodina, Serbia
  • Croats in Romania
    Croats in Romania

Historiography

See also: List of Slavic studies journals

See also

References

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Sources

External links

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