Croonian Medal

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Croonian Medal
and Lecture
The Royal Society
Date1738 (1738)
LocationLondon
CountryUnited Kingdom United Kingdom
Websiteroyalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/croonian-lecture/
Precedence
Next (higher)Copley Medal[1]
EquivalentBakerian Medal (physical sciences)[1]
Next (lower)Royal Medal
(Commonwealth or Irish citizens or residents only)[1]
Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS, international)

The Croonian Medal and Lecture is a prestigious award, a medal, and lecture given at the invitation of the Royal Society and the Royal College of Physicians.[2][3]

Among the papers of William Croone at his death in 1684, was a plan to endow a single lectureship at both the Royal Society and the Royal College of Physicians. His wife provided the bequest in 1701 specifying that it was "for the support of a lecture and illustrative experiment for the advancement of natural knowledge on locomotion, or (conditionally) of such other subjects as, in the opinion of the President for the time being, should be most useful in promoting the objects for which the Royal Society was instituted". One lecture was to be delivered by a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and the other, on the nature and laws of muscular motion, to be delivered before the Royal Society. The Royal Society lecture series began in 1738 and that of the Royal College of Physicians in 1749.[4]

Croone became an original Fellow of the Royal Society in May 1663.[5] He also became a Fellow of the College of Physicians on 29 July 1675.[6] He was appointed lecturer on anatomy at Surgeons' hall in 1670 and pursued research in several important subjects of his day, including respiration, muscular motion, and generation.

One individual, Sir Stephen O’Rahilly FRS, FRCP has received the award twice: initially from the Royal College of Physicians in 2011, and then from the Royal Society in 2022 (below).

List of lecturers (Royal Society – for RCP lecturers see below)

Source: Royal Society

21st century

  • 2024 Edward C. Holmes, for being a global authority on virus evolution and emergence, who played a key role in the discovery of SARS-CoV-2 and was the first to publicly release the genome sequence. The publication timeline of SARS-CoV-2 has been disputed by GISAID.[7]
  • 2023 Ottoline Leyser, for playing a central role in two of the most important discoveries regarding the nature and perception of plant hormones, and for her contributions to gender equality in science
  • 2022 Stephen O'Rahilly and Sadaf Farooqi, for their seminal discoveries regarding the control of human body weight, resulting in novel diagnostics and therapies, which improve human health
  • 2021 Barry Everitt, for his inventions that expand our understanding of the brain and allow therapeutic development including the co-invention of optogenetics, a technology that has revolutionized neurobiology
  • 2020 Edward Boyden, for his inventions that expand our understanding of the brain and allow therapeutic development including the co-invention of optogenetics, a technology that has revolutionised neurobiology
  • 2019 Dame Kay Davies, for her achievements in developing a prenatal test for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and her work on characterising dystrophin related proteins [8]
  • 2018 Jennifer Doudna, Re-writing the Code of Life: CRISPR Systems and Applications of Gene Editing [9]
  • 2017 Jonathan Felix Ashmore, for his significant contributions to the field of sensory neuroscience, shaping our current understanding of inner ear physiology [10]
  • 2016 Enrico Coen, for his work resulting in a new theoretical and experimental foundation for understanding how the shapes of biological structures arise through development and evolution
  • 2015 Nicholas Barry Davies, for his work on the co-evolved responses of brood parasitic cuckoos and their hosts
  • 2014 Brigid Hogan, for pioneering contributions that have transformed understanding of cell specification, organogenesis and morphogenesis in mammalian development [11]
  • 2013 Frances Ashcroft, From bench to bedside: KATP channels and neonatal diabetes [11]
  • 2012 Tim Bliss, The Mechanics of Memory [12]
  • 2011 John Ellis,Molecular chaperones: how cells stop proteins from misbehaving
  • 2010 Alec Jeffreys, Genetic fingerprinting and beyond
  • 2009 Linda Partridge, The New Biology of Ageing
  • 2008
    John Pickett, Plant and Animal Communication[13]
  • 2007 Aaron Klug, Engineered zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) for the regulation of gene expression
  • 2006
    Iain Campbell, Structure and the living cell[14]
  • 2005 Salvador Moncada, Adventures in vascular biology
  • 2004
    John Krebs, Risk, food, fact and fantasy[15]
  • 2003 Tim Hunt, Cell growth, cell division and the problem of cancer
  • 2002 Kim Nasmyth, Disseminating our genomes during mitosis and meiosis.
  • 2001 Ron Laskey, Hunting the antisocial cancer cell.[16]

20th century

  • 2000 Nigel Unwin, The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and the structural basis of synaptic transmission[17]
  • 1999 Hugh Pelham, Intracellular membrane traffic: getting proteins sorted.
  • 1998 Philip Cohen, Discovery of a protein kinase cascade of major importance in insulin signal transduction
  • 1997 Anthony Hunter, The phosphorylation of proteins on tyrosine: its role in cell growth and disease
  • 1996
    Thomas Lindahl
    , Endogenous damage to DNA.
  • 1995 Richard Southwood, Natural communities: structure and dynamics.
  • 1994 Roy M. Anderson, Populations, infectious disease and immunity: a very nonlinear world.
  • 1993 John Vane, The endothelium: maestro of the blood circulation
  • 1992 Jacques Miller, The key role of the thymus in the body's defence strategies.
  • 1991
    Anthony David Bradshaw
    , Genostasis and the limits to evolution?
  • 1990 Robert Hinde, The Interdependence of the Behavioural Sciences.
  • 1989 César Milstein, Antibodies, a paradigm of the biology of molecular recognition.
  • 1988
    Michael John Berridge
    , Inositol lipids and calcium signalling
  • 1987
    Peter Dennis Mitchell
    , Proton-motive osmoenzyme mechanisms in cytochrome systems: variations on a theme by Keilin.
  • 1986 Sydney Brenner, The molecular genetics of muscle in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
  • 1985
    Robert McCredie May
    , When two and two do not make four: nonlinear phenomena in ecology
  • 1984 Samuel Victor Perry, Calcium and the regulation of contractile activity.
  • 1983
    Richard Darwin Keynes
    , Voltage-gated ion channels in the nerve membrane.
  • 1982 Seymour Benzer, Genes, neurons and behaviour in Drosophila
  • 1981
    Harold Garnet Callan
    , Lampbrush chromosomes
  • 1980 Rodney Robert Porter, The complex proteases of the complement system.
  • 1979 Setsuro Ebashi, Regulation of muscle contraction
  • 1978 Michael Abercrombie, Crawling movements of metazoan cells
  • 1977 John William Sutton Pringle, Stretch activation of muscle: function and mechanism.
  • 1976
    John Bertrand Gurdon
    , Egg cytoplasm and gene control in development.
  • 1975 Frederick Sanger, Nucleotide sequences
  • 1974 Jack Heslop-Harrison, The physiology of the spore surface
  • 1973 Eric James Denton, On buoyancy and the lives of modern and fossil cephalopods.
  • 1972 Nikolaas Tinbergen, Functional ethology and the human sciences
  • 1971 Henry Harris, Cell fusion and the analysis of malignancy
  • 1970
    Hugh Esmor Huxley
    , The structural basis of muscular contraction
  • 1969 Frederick Campion Steward, From cultured cells to whole plants: the induction and control of their growth and morphogenesis
  • 1968
    Max Ferdinand Perutz
    , The haemoglobin molecule
  • 1967
    Andrew Fielding Huxley
    , The activation of striated muscle and its mechanical response.
  • 1966
    Francis Harry Compton Crick
    , The genetic code
  • 1965 John Zachary Young, The organisation of a memory system
  • 1964 George Lindor Brown, The release and fate of the transmitter liberated by adrenergic nerves
  • 1963
    Hans Adolf Krebs
    , Gluconeogenesis
  • 1962
    Frank George Young
    , On insulin and its action
  • 1961 Bernard Katz, The transmission of impulses from nerve to muscle, and the subcellular unit of synaptic action.
  • 1960 Harry Godwin, Radiocarbon dating and Quaternary history in Britain
  • 1959 Walter Thomas James Morgan, A contribution to human biochemical genetics: the chemical basis of blood group specificity
  • 1958 Peter Brian Medawar, The homograph reaction
  • 1957 Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Ionic movements and electrical activity in giant nerve fibres.
  • 1956 Frederic Charles Bartlett, Some experiments about thinking
  • 1955 Charles Herbert Best, Dietary factors in the protection of the liver, kidneys, heart and other organs in experimental animals. The lipotropic agents.
  • 1954 Howard Walter Florey, Mucins and the protection of the body
  • 1953 Ronald Fisher, Population genetics[18]
  • 1952
    Carl Frederick Abel Pantin
    , The elementary nervous system
  • 1951
    Rudolph Albert Peters
    , Lethal synthesis
  • 1950
    Frank Macfarlane Burnet
    , The interaction of virus and cell-surface
  • 1949
    Detlev Wulf Bronk
    , The rhythmic action and respiration of nerve cells.
  • 1948
    Vincent Brian Wigglesworth
    , Insects as a medium for the study of physiology.
  • 1947 Ernest Basil Verney, The antidiuretic hormone and the factors which determine its release.
  • 1946
    J.B.S. Haldane
    , The formal genetics of Man
  • 1945
    William Thomas Astbury
    , The structure of biological fibres and the problem of muscle.
  • 1944
    Charles Robert Harington
    , Thyroxine: its biosynthesis and its immuno-chemistry.
  • 1943 Edward Mellanby, Nutrition in relation to bone growth and the nervous system.
  • 1942 Lancelot Hogben, Chromatic behaviour
  • 1941 William Whiteman Carlton Topley, The biology of epidemics
  • 1940
    Schack August Steenberg Krogh
    , The active and passive exchange of inorganic ions through the surfaces of living cells and through living membranes generally.
  • 1939 James Gray, Aspects of animal locomotion
  • 1938 Alfred Newton Richards, Processes of urine formation
  • 1937 Henry Horatio Dixon, The transport of materials in plants
  • 1936
    Francis Hugh Adam Marshall
    , Sexual periodicity and the causes which determine it.
  • 1935 Joseph Barcroft, Foetal respiration
  • 1934 David Keilin, Mechanisms of cellular respiration
  • 1933 Ross Granville Harrison, The origin and development of the nervous system studied by the methods of experimental embryology
  • 1932 Davidson Black, The discovery of Sinanthropus
  • 1931
    Edgar Douglas Adrian
    , The messages in sensory nerve fibres and their interpretation.
  • 1930 Jules Bordet, Theories of the bacteriophage
  • 1929 James Peter Hill, The developmental history of the primates
  • 1928
    Ivan Petrovitch Pavlov
    , Certain problems in the physiology of the cerebral hemispheres.
  • 1927 Hans Spemann, Organisers in animal development
  • 1926
    Archibald Vivian Hill
    , The laws of muscular motion
  • 1925 Rudolf Magnus, Animal posture
  • 1924
    David Meredith Seares Watson
    , The origin of the amphibia
  • 1923
    Frederick Frost Blackman
    , The problem of plant respiration considered as a catalytic process.
  • 1922 Thomas Hunt Morgan, On the mechanism of heredity
  • 1921 Henry Head, Release of function in the nervous system
  • 1920 William Bateson, Genetic segregation
  • 1919 Henry Hallett Dale, The biological significance of anaphylaxis
  • 1918
    Walter B. Cannon
    , The physiological basis of thirst
  • 1917 Thomas Lewis, Upon the motion of the mammalian heart
  • 1916
    Sydney John Hickson
    , Evolution and symmetry in the order of the sea-pens.
  • 1915 Walter Morley Fletcher and Frederick Gowland Hopkins, The respiratory process in muscle; and the nature of muscular motion
  • 1914 Edmund Beecher Wilson, The bearing of cytological research on heredity.
  • 1913 Robert Broom, The origin of mammals
  • 1912
    Keith Lucas
    , The process of excitation in nerve and muscle
  • 1911 Thomas Gregor Brodie, A new conception of the glomerular activity
  • 1910 Georg Klebs, Alterations in the development and forms of plants as a result of environment
  • 1909
    Edward Albert Schafer
    , The functions of the pituitary body
  • 1908 Gustaf Retzius, The principles of the minute structure of the nervous system as revealed by recent investigations
  • 1907 John Bretland Farmer, Structural constituents of the nucleus, and their relation to the organisation of the individual
  • 1906
    William Rivers, On nerve endings and on special excitable substances in cells.[19]
  • 1905 William Bate Hardy, On the globulins
  • 1904
    William Maddock Bayliss
    , The chemical regulation of the secretory process.
  • 1903 Kliment Timiryazev, The cosmical function of the green plant
  • 1902 Arthur Gamgee, On certain chemical and physical properties of haemoglobin.
  • 1901 C. Lloyd Morgan, Studies in visual sensation

19th century

Source (1801–30):[20]

  • 1900 Paul Ehrlich, On immunity with special reference to cell life
  • 1899
    J.S. Burdon-Sanderson
    , On the relation of motion in animals and plants to the electrical phenomena which are associated with it
  • 1898 Wilhelm Pfeffer, The nature and significance of functional metabolism in the plant.
  • 1897
    Charles S. Sherrington
    , The mammalian spinal cord as an organ of reflex action.
  • 1896
    Augustus D. Waller
    , Observations on isolated nerve.
  • 1895
    T.W. Engelmann
    , On the nature of muscular contraction
  • 1894
    Santiago Ramon y Cajal
    , La fine structure des centres nerveux
  • 1893 Rudolf Virchow, The position of pathology among biological studies.
  • 1892 Angelo Mosso, Les phenomenes psychiques et la temperature du cerveau.
  • 1891 Francis Gotch & Victor Horsley, On the mammalian nervous system; its functions and their localisation determined by an electrical method.
  • 1890
    H. Marshall Ward
    , The relations between host and parasite in certain epidemic diseases of plants
  • 1889 Émile Roux, Les inoculations preventives (1853–1933)[21]
  • 1888
    Wilhelm Friedrich Kühne
    , Ueber die Entstehung der vitalen Bewegung
  • 1887
    Harry Govier Seeley
    , On Pareiasaurus bombidens (Owen) and the significance of its affinities to amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
  • 1886 Leonard Charles Wooldridge, The coagulation of the blood
  • 1884 –1885 Not appointed
  • 1883 H. Newell Martin, On the direct influence of gradual variations of temperature upon the rate of beat of the dogs heart
  • 1882
    W.H. Gaskell
    , On the rhythm of the heart of the frog, and on the nature of the action of the vagus nerve
  • 1881
    J.C. Ewart
    , Observations on the locomotor system of Medusae.
  • 1880 Samuel Haughton, On some elementary principles in animal mechanics.
  • 1879
    W.K. Parker
    , On the structure & development of the skull in the Lacertilia
  • 1878
    H.N. Moseley
    , On the structure of the Stylasteridae: a family of the hydroid stony corals
  • 1877
    J.S. Burdon-Sanderson & Frederick James Montague Page
    , On the mechanical effects, and on the electrical disturbance consequent on excitation of the leaf of Dionea muscipula.
  • 1876
    G.J. Romanes
    , Preliminary observations on the locomotor system of medusae.
  • 1875 David Ferrier, Experiments on the brain of monkeys.
  • 1874 David Ferrier, The localisation of function in the brain
  • 1873 Benjamin Ward Richardson, On muscular irritability after systemic death.
  • 1871 – 1872 Not appointed
  • 1870
    Augustus V. Waller
    , On the results of the method (introduced by the author) of investigating the nervous system, more especially as applied to the elucidation of the functions of the pneumogastric and sympathetic nerves in man.
  • 1868 –1869 Not appointed
  • 1867
    J.S. Burdon-Sanderson
    , On the influence exercised by the movements of respiration on the circulation of the blood
  • 1866 Not appointed
  • 1865
    Lionel S. Beale
    , On the ultimate nerve fibres distributed to muscle and some other tissues, with observations upon the structure & probable mode of action of a nervous mechanism
  • 1864
    Hermann Helmholtz
    , On the normal motions of the human eye in relation to binocular vision.
  • 1863
    Joseph Lister
    , On the coagulation of the blood
  • 1862 Albert Kölliker, On the termination of nerves in muscles, as observed in the frog: and on the disposition of the nerves in the frogs heart.
  • 1861 Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard, On the relations between muscular irritability, cadaveric rigidity, and putrefaction
  • 1860 James Bell Pettigrew, On the arrangement of the muscular fibres of the ventricular portion of the heart of the mammal
  • 1859 Not appointed
  • 1858 Thomas Henry Huxley, On the theory of the vertebrate skull
  • 1857 James Paget, On the cause of the rhythmic action of the heart
  • 1852–1856 Not appointed
  • 1851 Richard Owen, On the Megatherium
  • 1830–1850 Not appointed
  • 1829 Everard Home, A Report on the Peculiarities met with in the Stomach of the Zariffa.
  • 1828 Not appointed
  • 1827 Everard Home, On the Muscles peculiar to Organs of Sense in particular Quadrupeds and Fishes
  • 1826 Everard Home, An Enquiry into the mode by which the Propagation of the Species is carried on, in the Common Oyster, and in the large Fresh-water Muscle.
  • 1825 Everard Home, On the Structure of a Muscular Fibre from which are derived its Elongation and Contraction
  • 1824 Everard Home, On the existence of Nerves in the Placenta
  • 1823 Everard Home, On the Internal Structure of the Human Brain, when examined in the Microscope, as compared with that of Fishes, Insects and Worms.
  • 1822
    Francis Bauer
    , Microscopical Observations on the suspension of the Muscular Motions of the Vibrio Tritici
  • 1821 Everard Home, On the Anatomical Structure of the Eye; illustrated by Microscopical Drawings, executed by F. Bauer
  • 1820 Everard Home, Microscopical Observations on the following subjects. On the Brain and Nerves; showing that the Materials of which they are composed exist in the Blood
  • 1819 Everard Home, A further Investigation of the component parts of the Blood.
  • 1818 Everard Home, On the conversion of Pus into Granulations, or new flesh.
  • 1817 Everard Home, On the Changes the Blood undergoes in the act of Coagulation.
  • 1814 –1816 Not recorded
  • 1813 Benjamin Collins Brodie, On the Influence of the Nervous System on the Action of the Muscles in general and of the Heart in particular
  • 1811 – 1812 Not recorded
  • 1810 Benjamin Collins Brodie, Physiological Researches, respecting the Influence of the Brain on the Action of the Heart, and on the Generation of Animal Heat.
  • 1809 William Hyde Wollaston, Observations on the Mode of Action of Voluntary Muscles, and on the causes which derange, and assist, the Action of the Heart and Blood Vessels
  • 1808 Thomas Young, On the Functions of the Heart and Arteries
  • 1807 Anthony Carlisle, On the Natural History and Chemical Analysis of the substances which constitute the Muscles of Animals
  • 1806 John Pearson, Remarks on Muscular Power, and on some of the circumstances by which it is increased, diminished or finally abolished
  • 1805 Anthony Carlisle, On the Arrangement and Mechanical Action of the Muscles of Fishes.
  • 1804 Anthony Carlisle, On Muscular Motion.
  • 1803 John Pearson, On Muscular Motion
  • 1802 Not recorded
  • 1801 Everard Home, On the power of the Eye to adjust itself to different distances when deprived of the Crystalline Lens

18th century

Source:[20]

  • 1800 Everard Home, On the Irritability of Nerves
  • 1799 Everard Home, On the Structure and Uses of the Membrana Tympani.
  • 1798 Everard Home, Experiments and Observations upon the Structure of Nerves.
  • 1797 John Abernethy, A general Review of the latest opinions relative to Animal Life and Motion.
  • 1796 Everard Home, On the Crystalline Humour of the Eye
  • 1795 Everard Home, On the Mechanism employed in producing Muscular Motion.
  • 1794 Everard Home, On the Crystalline Humour of the Eye
  • 1793 Everard Home, On Mr. Hunters Experiments to ascertain whether the Crystalline Humour of the Eye be muscular
  • 1792 Not recorded
  • 1791 Matthew Baillie, A general view of the Nature of the Muscles, and an enumeration of the most striking facts connected with the Theory of their Motion.
  • 1790 Everard Home, On the Mechanism employed in producing Muscular Motion.
  • 1789 William Blizard, On the Theory of Muscular Motion
  • 1788 Gilbert Blane, On the Nature of the Muscles, and on the Theory of Muscular Motion.
  • 1787 George Fordyce, On Muscular Motion
  • 1786 Edward Whitaker Gray, On the Effects of different kinds of Salts applied as Stimulants on the Muscles
  • 1785 Edward Whitaker Gray, An Examination into Hallers Theory of Muscular Motion.
  • 1784 Samuel Foart Simmons, On the Irritability of the Muscular Fibres
  • 1783 Not recorded
  • 1782 John Hunter, On the Density and Firmness of a Muscle as contributing to its Strength and Agility.
  • 1781 John Hunter, On the Construction and Application of Muscles and the Power by which they are actuated
  • 1775 – 1780 John Hunter
  • 1762 – 1774 Not recorded
  • 1761 Charles Morton
  • 1759 – 1760 Not recorded
  • 1754 – 1758 Charles Morton
  • 1752 – 1753 Not recorded
  • 1751 James Parsons, Critical Remarks upon the Motion and Uses of the Human Pelvis.
  • 1750 James Parsons, On Muscular Motion
  • 1748 – 1749 No lecture
  • 1747 Browne Langrish, On the Theory of Muscular Motion
  • 1746 James Parsons, Description of the several Muscles of the Face; with their particular Functions and Uses
  • 1745 James Parsons, On Muscular Motion
  • 1744 James Parsons, An Introductory Discourse on Muscular Motion
  • 1743 No lecture
  • 1742 James Douglas, (read by William Douglas) Description and Structure of the Human Bladder, with the Uses of its Muscles and Membranes.
  • 1741 James Douglas, Description of the several Muscles, Membranes and parts belonging to the Uvula of the Palate, and concerned in its action; as also of the several parts subservient to the uses of the Tuba Eustachiana
  • 1740 Alexander Stuart, On the Peristaltic Motion of the Intestines. Microscopial Observations on several parts of live Frogs.
  • 1739 Frank Nicholls, An Enquiry into Muscular Motion
  • 1738 Alexander Stuart, On the Motion of the Heart

List of Lecturers (Royal College of Physicians)

21st century

  • 2018 Rebecca Fitzgerald, Precision early diagnosis of oesophageal cancer using a pill on a string [22]
  • 2017 Jonathan Ashmore, for his research into hearing; his analysis of cochlear hair cells has revolutionised our understanding of how the ear works.[23]
  • 2016 Pamela Shaw, Translational neuroscience approach to developing new effective treatments for Motor Neurone Disease [24]
  • 2015
  • 2014
  • 2013
    Peter Openshaw, Disease mechanisms revealed by studies of pandemic influenza [25]
  • 2012 Marc Feldmann, Development of anti cytokine therapy and its future potential [26]
  • 2011 Stephen O'Rahilly, Obesity and its metabolic consequences: lessons from the extremes [27]
  • 2010 Sir Gordon Duff, Challenges in the development of innovative medicines [28]
  • 2009
    Peter John Barnes, Reversing steroid resistance in inflammatory diseases: a novel therapeutic strategy[28]
  • 2008
    Martin Neil Rossor, Dementia – global or modular?[28]
  • 2007 Peter J. Goadsby, Bench to bedside: headache 2007[28]
  • 2006 Peter John Ratcliffe, Understanding hypoxia signalling in cells; a new therapeutic opportunity?[29]
  • 2005 David A. Lomas, Molecular mousetraps, a -antitrypsin deficiency and the serpinopathies[29]
  • 2004 Alastair Compston, The marvellous harmony of the nervous parts':The origins of multiple sclerosis[30]
  • 2003 David Barker, Coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes: disorders of growth[citation needed]
  • 2002 Humphrey Hodgson, Liver cells – biology to therapeutics [28]
  • 2001 Elwyn Elias, Hepato-canalicular cholestasis – its mechanisms, causes and consequences [28]
  • 2000 John Connell, Regulation of the corticosteroid phenotype in humans – implications in the pathogenesis of asthma[31]

20th century

19th century

18th century

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