Crown (heraldry)

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The coat of arms of Norway, with the royal crown displayed atop the escutcheon
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External devices in addition to the central coat of arms
 
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    • A crown is often an emblem of a sovereign state, usually a monarchy (see The Crown), but also used by some republics.

    A specific type of crown is employed in

    crown, just a heraldic representation, as in the constitutional kingdom of Belgium
    .

    Crowns are also often used as symbols of religious status or veneration, by divinities (or their representation such as a statue) or by their representatives, e.g. the Black Crown of the Karmapa Lama, sometimes used a model for wider use by devotees.

    A crown can be a charge in a coat of arms, or set atop the shield to signify the status of its owner, as with the coat of arms of Norway.

    Physical and heraldic crowns

    Sometimes, the crown commonly depicted and used in heraldry differs significantly from any specific physical crown that may be used by a monarchy.

    • Photograph of the physical crown of Norway
      Photograph of the physical crown of Norway
    • Representation of the physical crown of Norway
      Representation of the physical crown of Norway
    • The heraldic crown for the King of Norway (1905 pattern)
      The heraldic crown for the
      King of Norway
      (1905 pattern)

    As a display of rank

    If the bearer of a coat of arms has the title of

    hereditary knight in some countries), he or she may display a coronet
    of rank above the shield, usually below the helm in British heraldry, and often above the crest (if any) in Continental heraldry.

    In this case, the appearance of the crown or coronet follows a strict set of rules. A royal coat of arms may display a royal crown, such as that of Norway. A princely coat of arms may display a princely crown, and so on.

    Naval, civic, mural and similar crowns

    A

    people's crown
    or omit the use of a crown altogether. The heraldic forms of crowns are often inspired by the physical appearance of the respective country's actual royal or princely crowns.

    Ships and other units of some navies have a naval crown, composed of the sails and sterns of ships, above the shield of their coats of arms. Squadrons of some air forces have an astral crown, composed of wings and stars. There is also the Eastern crown, made up of spikes, and when each spike is topped with a star, it becomes a celestial crown.[1]

    Whereas most county councils in England use mural crowns, there is a special type of crown that was used by Scottish county councils. It was composed of spikes, was normally shown vert (green) and had golden wheat sheaves between the spikes.[2] Today, most of the Scottish unitary authorities still use this "wheat sheaf crown", but it is now the usual gold.

    Commonwealth usage

    The coat of arms of the Barons Hawke displays a baronial coronet

    In formal English, the word crown is reserved for the crown of a monarch and the Queen consort, whereas the word coronet is used for all other crowns used by members of the British royal family and peers of the realm.

    In the

    lord of parliament has six "pearls". Between the 1930s and 2004, feudal barons in the baronage of Scotland were granted a chapeau or cap of maintenance as a rank insignia.[citation needed
    ] This is placed between the shield and helmet in the same manner as a peer's coronet. Since a person entitled to heraldic headgear customarily displays it above the shield and below the helm and crest, this can provide a useful clue as to the owner of a given coat of arms.

    Members of the British royal family have coronets on their coats of arms, and they may wear physical versions at

    Louis XIV
    started monumental work at Versailles that year) and Restoration, and they vary depending upon the holder's relationship to the monarch. Occasionally, additional royal warrants vary the designs for individuals.

    In

    Coronation of Charles III.[citation needed
    ]

    • Monarch: Tudor Crown
      Monarch: Tudor Crown
    • Monarch: Crown of Scotland
      Monarch: Crown of Scotland
    • Monarch: Canadian Royal Crown
      Monarch:
      Canadian Royal Crown
    • Monarch: St Edward's Crown
      Monarch: St Edward's Crown
    • Monarch: Imperial Crown (medieval)
      Monarch: Imperial Crown (medieval)
    • Heir Apparent
      Heir Apparent
    • Child of a Sovereign
      Child of a Sovereign
    • Child of Heir Apparent
      Child of Heir Apparent
    • Grandchild of a Sovereign[a]
      Grandchild of a Sovereign[a]
    • Child of daughter of a Sovereign, if styled Highness[3]
      Child of daughter of a Sovereign, if styled Highness[3]
    • Duke
      Duke
    • Marquess
      Marquess
    • Earl
      Earl
    • Viscount
      Viscount
    • Peerage Baron/Lord of Parliament (Scotland)
      Peerage Baron/Lord of Parliament (Scotland)
    • Feudal Baron (Scotland)
      Feudal Baron (Scotland)
    • Loyalist military coronet (Canada)
      Loyalist military coronet (Canada)
    • Loyalist civil coronet (Canada)
      Loyalist civil coronet (Canada)
    • King of Arms (College of Arms)
      King of Arms (College of Arms)

    [4]

    Continental usages

    Precisely because there are many traditions and more variation within some of these, there is a plethora of continental coronet types. Indeed, there are also some coronets for positions that do not exist, or do not entitle use of a coronet, in the Commonwealth tradition.

    Such a case in French heraldry of the

    Ancien Régime, where coronets of rank did not come into use before the 16th century, is the vidame, whose coronet (illustrated)
    is a metal circle mounted with three visible crosses. (No physical headgear of this type is known.)

    Helmets are often substitutes for coronets, and some coronets are worn only on a helmet.

    Albania

    King

    Andorra

    Co-Princes

    Bulgaria

    Tsar Tsaritsa Prince Older Princesses Younger Princesses

    Croatia

    Crown of Zvonimir

    France

    Capital Department Capital[b] Commune[b]

    Ancien Régime

    King
    		 Heir to the throne (Dauphin) Children and grandchildren of the sovereign
    (Fils de France)
    Prince of the Blood
    Peer of France
    		 Duke
    Marquis
    and Peer of France
    Marquis
    Count and Peer of France Count Count (older) Viscount
    Vidame Baron Knight's crown Knight's tortillon

    Napoleonic Empire

    Emperor
    (1st Empire)
    Emperor
    (2nd Empire)
    Sovereign
    Prince
    		 Prince Duke
    Count Baron Knight
    Bonnet
    d'honneur

    July Monarchy

    King of the
    French

    Georgia

    Georgian Royal Crown
    , also known as the "Iberian Crown"

    German-speaking countries

    Holy Roman Empire

    Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire Older Imperial Crown Newer Imperial Crown Oldest Crown of the King of the Romans
    Older Crown of the King of the Romans Newer Crown of the King of the Romans Crown of the King of Bohemia
    Grand Duke
    Archducal hat Ducal hat of Styria
    Electoral hat
    Electoral hat
    Electoral hat & new Ducal hat
    		 Ducal crown Crown of an heir to a duchy
    Princely hat (also used by Mediatized
    Counts
    Princely
    crown     		Crown of a Landgrave Older crown of a Count Newer crown of a Count
    Older crown of a Baron/Freiherr Newer Crown of a Baron/Freiherr Older Crown of Nobility Newer Crown of Nobility

    Liechtenstein

    Prince of Liechtenstein

    Austria

    Mural crown of the coat of arms of Austria Mural crown of the State of Lower Austria

    Austrian Empire

    Crown of the Emperor of Austria Crown of the King of Bohemia Archducal hat Archducal crown
    Ducal hat of Styria Ducal hat Ducal crown
    Princely hat
    Princely
    crown     		Crown of a Count Crown of a Baron/Freiherr Crown of Nobility

    Germany

    Volkskrone (People's Crown) Mural crown of the arms of the Berlin boroughs

    German Empire

    Crown of the German Emperor Crown of the German Empress Crown of the German Crown Prince
    Crown of the King of Prussia Crown of the King of Bavaria
    Crown of the King of Württemberg

    Hanover

    Crown of the King of Hanover

    Greece

    Crown of the
    King of the Hellenes
    		 The Crown as it appears on the Royal Coat of Arms of Greece

    Hungary

    Holy Crown of Hungary

    Italy

    Province City Municipality

    Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)

    King (crown of Savoy) Heir to the throne (Prince of Piedmont) Royal prince[c] Prince of the blood
    Duke Marquess Count Viscount
    Baron Noble Hereditary Knight Patrician
    Province City Municipality

    Kingdoms of Naples, Sicily, Two Sicilies

    King of Naples Heir to the throne (Duke of Calabria) Prince and princess

    Grand Duchy of Tuscany

    Medici Grand Dukes of Tuscany
    Habsburg-Lorraine Grand Dukes of Tuscany

    Other Italian states before 1861

    Iron Crown of Lombardy
    Papal Tiara
    Crown of San Marino
    Crown of Napoleonic Italy
    Doge of Venice
    Doge of Genoa
    Duke of Parma

    Low Countries

    Netherlands

    Holy Roman Emperor King Prince
    (Members of the Royal House,
    children of the Monarch)         		Prince
    (Members of the Royal House,
    grandchildren of the Monarch)
    Prince
    (nobility, for titles granted after 1815)     		Duke Marquess Count
    Viscount Baron Hereditary Knight Jonkheer

    Belgium

    The older crowns are often still seen in the heraldry of older families.

    King Prince of the Royal house Prince
    (nobility, for titles granted after 1815)     		Prince
    (nobility, for titles granted during the Ancien Régime)
    Duke Marquess Count Count (older)
    Count (oldest) Viscount Baron Baron (older)
    Hereditary Knight
    (Chevalier/Erfridder)

    Luxembourg

    Grand Duke

    Monaco

    Prince

    Montenegro

    Monarchy 1860-1918 Republic 2006-Present

    Poland and Lithuania

    Heraldic Crown of the King Crown of Bolesław I the Brave Crown of Bolesław I the Brave of Poland Grand Duke Princely Hat Prince Count Baron Rangkronen-Fig. 38 Nobleman

    Portugal

    Capital city (Lisbon) City Town
    Civil Parish
    Overseas province
    (1930-1999)

    Kingdom of Portugal (until 1910)

    King Heir to the throne (Prince Royal) Prince of Beira Infante Duke
    Marquess Count Viscount Baron Knight / Fidalgo

    Romania

    Capital City Town Village

    Kingdom of Romania

    King (The Steel Crown of Romania)

    Russia

    Emperor
    		 Empress Crown of Congress Poland Crown of the Grand Duchy of Finland
    Altabas cap Kazan cap Monomakh's Cap Prince
    Count Baron Baron (alternative style) Crown of Nobility

    Nordic countries

    Denmark

    King Crown Prince Prince (royal family) Duke
    Marquess Count Baron Crown of Nobility

    Iceland

    King

    Finland

    During the Swedish reign, Swedish coronets were used. Crowns were used in the coats of arms of the historical provinces of Finland. For Finland Proper, Satakunta, Tavastia and Karelia, it was a ducal coronet, for others, a comital coronet. In 1917 with independence, the coat of arms of Finland was introduced with a grand ducal crown, but it was soon removed, in 1920. Today, some cities use coronets, e.g. Pori has a mural crown and Vaasa a Crown of Nobility.[citation needed]


    Physical crown design of the King
    Generic grand ducal crown

    used in late 19th to early 20th c.


    Grand ducal crown used in

    the state coat of arms in 1917–1920.


    Ducal coronet
    Comital coronet
    Mural crown

    Norway


    Heraldic crown of the King
    Physical crown of the King
    Physical crown of the Queen
    Crown Prince Prince or Princess Duke Marquess
    Count Baron Crown of Nobility

    Sweden

    King/Queen Crown Prince/Crown Princess Prince/Princess (aka Duke/Duchess)
    Count/Countess Baron/Baroness Untitled Nobility

    Serbia

    Emperor (medieval) King (after 1903)
    Coat of arms design (1882-1918; 2004-2010)
    Coat of arms design (after 2010)

    Spain

    King (National arms design) King (Monarch's arms design) King (Aragon, Catalonia, Balearics, Valencia) Heir to the throne (Prince of Asturias)
    Heir to the throne (Prince of Girona) (Aragon, Catalonia, Balearics, Valencia) Infante Infante (Aragon, Catalonia, Balearics, Valencia) Grandee of Spain
    Duke Marquess Count Viscount
    Baron Señor/Don (Lord) Hidalgo (Nobleman) Knight's burelete

    Ukraine

    Crown of Ruthenia

    Non-European usages

    Bahrain

    King

    Bhutan

    'Raven Crown' of the
    Kingdom of Bhutan

    Brazil

    Capital of
    State of the Federation[b]
    		 City[b] Town[b] Village[b]

    Empire of Brazil

    Emperor Heir to the throne (Prince Imperial) Prince of Grão-Pará Prince Duke
    Marquess Count Viscount Baron

    Brunei

    Crown of Brunei Darussalam

    Cambodia

    Crown of the
    Kingdom of Cambodia

    Central African Empire

    Emperor

    Chile

    Municipal Mural Crown
    Royal Crown of Easter Island

    China

    Emperor

    Egypt

    Wali (1854 - 1867) and Khedive
    (1867 -1914)     		Sultan (1914–22) King (1922–53)
    King of Upper and Lower Egypt Hemhem Atef
    King of Lower Egypt King of Upper Egypt Queen
    Shuti Blue Crown Cap Crown

    Ethiopia

    Emperor

    Fiji

    Crown of Fiji

    Haiti

    Emperor (2nd Empire)

    Hawaii

    Crown of Hawaii

    Iran

    Crown of the Shah of Persia
    Crown of the
    Shah of Iran

    Iraq

    Crown of Iraq

    Jordan

    Crown of Jordan

    Libya

    Crown of Libya

    Kyrgyzstan

    Crown of Kara-Kygyz Khanate

    Malaysia

    Johor
    Kelantan
    Terengganu

    Mexico

    Emperor (1st Empire)
    Emperor (2nd Empire)
    Prince (1st Empire and 2nd Empire)

    Morocco

    Heraldic Crown of Morocco

    Nepal

    Crown of Nepal

    Oman

    Crown of Oman

    Rwanda

    Crown of the Kingdom of Rwanda

    Saudi Arabia

    Crown of Saudi Arabia

    Siam and Thailand

    Great Crown of Victory of the Kings of Siam and Thailand
    Phra Kiao (princely coronet, also the emblem of King Chulalongkorn
    )
    coronet of the Crown prince of Siam/Thailand

    Tahiti

    Crown of Tahiti

    Tonga

    Crown of Tonga

    Other examples

    Twig crown of the Republic of the Congo[5]
    College of Arms Foundation of the United States

    Ecclesiastical Hats

    Anglican Communion

    • Archbishop or Bishop
      Archbishop or Bishop
    • Archdeacon
      Archdeacon
    • Dean
      Dean
    • Members of His Majesty's Ecclesiastical Household
      Members of His Majesty's Ecclesiastical Household
    • Canons, Honorary Canons, Canons Emeritus and Prebendaries
      Canons, Honorary Canons, Canons Emeritus and Prebendaries
    • Priest
      Priest
    • Deacon
      Deacon

    Catholic Church

    Multinational

    Astral crown Camp crown Celestial crown Eastern crown
    Mural crown Naval crown

    As a charge

    In heraldry, a charge is an image occupying the field of a coat of arms. Many coats of arms incorporate crowns as charges. One notable example of this lies in the Three Crowns of the arms of Sweden.

    Additionally, many animal charges (frequently lions and eagles) and sometimes human heads also appear crowned. Animal charges gorged (collared) of an open coronet also occur, though more often as supporters than as charges.

    See also

    Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heraldic crowns.

    Notes

    1. ^ Currently, besides the grandchildren of the present King Charles III, the living grandchildren of a former sovereign are granted the privilege to use the crown of a Sovereign's Grandchild.
    2. ^ a b c d e f This standard has many exceptions.
    3. ^ The dukes of Genoa were granted the privilege to use the crown of a royal prince though they were only princes of the blood

    References

    1. ^ Mackinnon of Dunakin, Charles (1968). The Observer's Book of Heraldry. Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd. p. 73.
    2. ^ Moncreiffe, Iain; Pottinger, Don (1953). Simple Heraldry Cheerfully Illustrated. Thomas Nelson and Sons. p. 58.
    3. ^ Cox, Noel The Coronets of Members of the Royal Family and of the Peerage. Archived 2018-01-04 at the Wayback Machine Originally published in (1999) 22 The Double Tressure, the Journal of The Heraldry Society of Scotland 8-13. Acceded 8 April 2017
    4. ^ Boutell, Charles (1914). Fox-Davies, A.C. (ed.). Handbook to English Heraldry, The (11th ed.). London: Reeves & Turner. pp. 104–156.
    5. ^ Ströhl, Hugo Gerard (1899). Heraldischer Atlas. Stuttgart.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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