Crown prince
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A crown prince or hereditary prince is the heir apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy. The female form of the title is crown princess, which may refer either to an heiress apparent or, especially in earlier times, to the wife of the person styled crown prince.
Crown prince as a descriptive term has been used throughout history for the prince who is first-in-line to a throne and is expected to succeed (i.e. the heir apparent), barring any unforeseen future event preventing this. In certain monarchies, a more specific substantive title may be accorded and become associated with the position of heir apparent (e.g. Prince of Wales in the United Kingdom, Prince of Asturias in the Kingdom of Spain and formerly the Dauphin in France). In these monarchies, the term crown prince may be used less often than the substantive title (or never).
Until the late twentieth century, no modern monarchy adopted a system whereby females would be guaranteed to succeed to the throne (i.e.
Today, in monarchies lower than royal rank the term "crown prince" is used in English (e.g. Crown Prince of
Description
The term crown prince is not used in European monarchies where the hereditary sovereign holds a title below that of king/queen or emperor/empress (such as grand duke or prince), although it is sometimes used as a synonym for heir apparent.
In Europe, where
In some monarchies, those of the
Compare
Substantive traditional titles
Many monarchies use or did use substantive titles for their heirs apparent, often of historical origin:
- Bey Al Mahalla (Kingdom of Tunisia)
- Kingdom of France)
- Duke of Brabant (Belgium)
- Duke of Braganza (Kingdom of Portugal)
- Duke of Cornwall (Kingdom of England), currently one of the titles of the Prince of Wales
- Duke of Rothesay (Kingdom of Scotland), currently used by the Prince of Wales in place of his Welsh title when in Scotland
- Earl of Carrick (Kingdom of Scotland), currently one of the titles of the Prince of Wales when in Scotland
- Grand Prince (Grand Duchy of Tuscany)
- Lord of the Isles (Kingdom of Scotland), currently one of the titles of the Prince of Wales when in Scotland
- Margrave of Moravia (Kingdom of Bohemia)
- Spain), also used by heirs presumptive
- Prince of Girona (Aragon & Spain)
- Prince Imperial or Prince Napoléon (French Empire)
- Prince Imperial (Empire of Brazil)
- Prince Imperial (Mexican Empire)
- Prince of Orange (Netherlands), whether or not the equivalent title is held by the spouse of the titleholder is decided by the Dutch parliament (e.g., Queen Máxima of the Netherlands was never titled Princess of Orange by marriage for this reason)
- Prince of Piedmont (Kingdom of Sardinia, and then Kingdom of Italy, when it was alternated with Prince of Naples) once conferred by King Joseph Bonaparte
- Prince Royal (France in 1789–1791 and the July Monarchy, and Portugal since 1815)
- Prince of Turnovo (Kingdom of Bulgaria)
- Prince of Viana (Navarre & Spain)
- Rex iunior (Kingdom of Hungary), lit. junior king as he was crowned during the life of the incumbent king
- Russia)
- Królewicz (Poland)
Some monarchies have used (although not always de jure) a territorial title for heirs apparent which, though often perceived as a crown princely title, is not automatically hereditary. It generally requires a specific conferral by the sovereign, which may be withheld.
Current and past titles in this category include:
- Caesar or Kaisar (Roman and early Byzantine Empires) in honor of Gaius Julius Caesar, distinguished from the senior Augustus
- Autocrator
- Welsh kingdoms), lit. of the royal family
- Valdemar IV)
- Denmark-Norway); in 15th–19th centuries
- Monégasquethrone
- Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester (England, Great Britain, United Kingdom)
- King of the Romans (Holy Roman Empire) – an elective, rather than an inherited title, for the designated successor—usually the son, but sometimes the brother—of the Emperor
- King of Rome (First French Empire)
- Kingdom of Greece); used briefly, within Greece, only by Prince Constantine, during the reign of his father King George I
- Monégasquethrone
- Prince of Brazil (title of the Portuguese heir from 1645 to 1815)
- Duke of Scania (Sweden during the time when Terra Scania)
- Prince of Ani (Kingdom of West Armenia)
- Prince of Alba Iulia (Kingdom of Romania)
- Grand Voivode of Grahovo (Kingdom of Montenegro)
- Prince of Venice (see Napoleon Iin his Kingdom of Italy
- Prince of Salerno
- Pangeran Adipati Anom (House of Mataram)
Modern Crown Princes and Princesses
Currently, the following states use the term "crown prince" (or "crown princess") for the heirs apparent to their thrones:
- Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
- Belgium – Crown Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant[1]
- Brunei – Crown Prince (Pengiran Muda Mahkota) Al-Muhtadee Billah
- Eswatini – (position of Crown Prince currently vacant)
- Denmark – (Kronprins) Crown Prince Christian, Count of Montpezat
- Indonesia:
- Special Region of Yogyakarta – Crown Princess (Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Mangkubumi) Princess Mangkubumi of Yogyakarta sultanate.
- Crown Prince Akishino
- Crown Prince Hussein
- Kuwait – (Wali al-Ahd) (position of Crown Prince currently vacant)
- Malaysia: Deputy Yang di-Pertuan Agong (Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong) Sultan Nazrin Muizzuddin Shah of Perak
- Johor – Crown Prince (Tunku Mahkota) Tunku Ismail
- Kedah – Crown Prince (Raja Muda) Tengku Sarafudin Badlishah
- Kelantan – Crown Prince (Tengku Mahkota) Tengku Muhammad Fa-iz Petra
- Negeri Sembilan – none, but there are 4 senior princes
- Pahang – Crown Prince (Tengku Mahkota) Tengku Hassanal Ibrahim Alam Shah
- Perak – Crown Prince (Raja Muda) Raja Jaafar
- Perlis – Crown Prince (Raja Muda) Tuanku Syed Faizuddin Putra Jamalullail
- Selangor – Crown Prince (Raja Muda) Tengku Amir Shah
- Terengganu – Crown Prince (Yang di-Pertuan Muda) Tengku Muhammad Ismail
- Moulay Hassan
- Netherlands – (Prinses van Oranje) Crown Princess Catharina-Amalia
- Crown Prince Haakon[2]
- Oman – (Wali al-Ahd)Theyazin bin Haitham, Crown Prince of Oman
- Mohammed bin Salman
- Spain - (Princesa de Asturias) Leonor, Princess of Asturias, heir presumptive
- Crown Princess Victoria, Duchess of Västergötland
- Thailand – (position of Crown Prince currently vacant)
- Tonga – Crown Prince Tupoutoʻa ʻUlukalala
- United Arab Emirates: each of the constituent emirates of the U.A.E. uses the title of 'Crown Prince' for their heirs apparent:
- Abu Dhabi – Crown Prince (Wali al-Ahd) Khaled bin Mohamed Al Nahyan
- Hamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum
- Fujairah – Crown Prince (Wali al-Ahd) Mohammed bin Hamad bin Mohammed Al Sharqi
- Ajman – Crown Prince (Wali al-Ahd) Ammar bin Humaid Al Nuaimi
- Ras Al Khaimah – Crown Prince (Wali al-Ahd) Muhammed bin Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi
- Sharjah – Crown Prince (Wali al-Ahd) Sultan bin Muhammad bin Sultan Al Qasimi
- Umm al-Quwain– Crown Prince (Wali al Ahd) Rashid bin Saud bin Rashid Al Mua'lla
In addition; the following heirs apparent to deposed monarchies use the title of Crown Prince as a title used by international courtesy:
- Ahmad Shah Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan
- Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece.
- Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran.
- Paras, Crown Prince of Nepal
- Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia
Other specific traditions
- Ancient Egypt, Prince of the Sa'id, meaning Prince of Upper Egypt
- In Islamic tradition, the title is Wali al-Ahd.
- In Shahzada(given name), (in Persian: والاحضرت همایون ولایتعهد) i.e. His August Imperial Highness the Heir Apparent, Prince ...;
- The title was adopted by many in the middle of the nineteenth century, taken from the Mughal title 'Vali Ahd'
- In
- Yuvaraja was part of the full title in many princely states of India, e.g.
- in Jammu and Kashmir, the heir apparent was styled Maharaj Kumar Shri Yuvaraj (personal name) Singhji Bahadur
- Tika
- Maharajadhiraja:
- the heir apparent was styled: SriSri Sri Sri Sri Yuvarajadhiraj ('Young King of Kings', i.e. Crown Prince) (personal name) Bir Bikram Shah Deva;
- the eldest son of the heir apparent was styled: Sri Sri Sri Sri Sri Nava Yuvaraj ('Young Crown Prince') (personal name) Bir Bikram Shah Deva
- the heir apparent was styled:
East Asian traditions:
- The cognates of Chinese Huang Taizi (皇太子, "Great Imperial Son") – if a son of the reigning emperor, and Huang Taisun (皇太孫, Great Imperial Grandson) – if a grandson of the emperor:
if the heir apparent is a: | son | grandson |
---|---|---|
Chinese | Huang Taizi | Huang Taisun |
Japanese | Kōtaishi |
Kōtaison |
Korean | Hwangtaeja (황태자) | Hwangtaeson (황태손) |
Vietnamese | Hoàng Thái Tử | Hoàng Thái Tôn |
- The crown prince of an emperor was sometimes referred as Dong-gong (東宮, 'East Palace') due to the location of his residence from the main palace.
- If the crown prince is the son of a king, he was called 世子 (Shizi).
- The crown prince was not necessarily the first-born son.
- During the Joseon Dynasty in Korea, the crown prince was often referred as Dong-gung (동궁, 東宮, 'East Palace') or wangseja (王世子 왕세자); The first-born son was called wonja (元子 원자).
Southeast Asian traditions:
- Siam Makutrajakuman (สยามมกุฎราชกุมาร) in Thailandsince 1886.
- Krom Phrarajawangboworn Sathanmongkol or Phra Maha Uparaja or commonly called Wang Na (or Front Palace) in Thailandprior to 1886.
- Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Anom in Surakarta sultanate, Indonesia.
- Raja Muda or Tengku Mahkota in the Malay sultanates of Malaysia.
- Pengiran Muda Mahkota in Brunei
Equivalents in other cultures:
- Jaguar Prince (Mesoamerica)
- Ka Haku O Hawaiʻi or "The Lord of Hawaii" in the Hawaiian language.
- Aremo, "First Son and Heir" in the Yoruba language of West Africa, used as a royal title in many of the kingdoms of the region.
- Lee Jae-yong, South Korean billionaire and Chairman of Samsungreferred to as the "Crown Prince of Samsung"
See also
- Consors imperii
- Princeps iuventutis
- Prince of the blood
- "People's Republic of China
- List of heirs apparent
- Taizi
- Yuvraj
Notes
- ^ Also, 14 other Commonwealth realms
- ^ Only applicable to those born after 2011, when the Perth Agreement came into place, as implemented by the Succession to the Crown Act 2013
References
- ^ "Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant". The Belgian Monarchy. Archived from the original on 2001-04-17. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
- ^ "H.R.H. The Crown Prince". www.royalcourt.no. Archived from the original on 2023-09-23. Retrieved 2023-08-15.