Chrozophora tinctoria

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Crozophora tinctoria
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Dyer's croton
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Genus: Chrozophora
Species:
C. tinctoria
Binomial name
Chrozophora tinctoria
Synonyms[1]
  • Croton tinctorius L.
  • Ricinoides tinctoria (L.) Moench
  • Tournesol tinctoria (L.) Baill.
  • Croton argenteus Forssk. 1775 not L. 1753
  • Croton obliquus Vahl
  • Croton verbascifolius Willd.
  • Croton patulus Lag.
  • Chrozophora hierosolymitana Spreng.
  • Chrozophora obliqua (Vahl) A.Juss. ex Spreng.
  • Chrozophora verbascifolia (Willd.) A.Juss. ex Spreng.
  • Croton oblongifolius Sieber ex Spreng.
  • Chrozophora villosa Lindl.
  • Chrozophora sieberi C.Presl
  • Chrozophora integrifolia Bunge
  • Tournesol warionii (Coss. ex Batt. & Trab.) Baill.
  • Tournesol obliqua (Vahl) Franch.
  • Chrozophora warionii Coss. ex Batt.
  • Tournesol verbascifolia (Willd.) Kuntze
  • Chrozophora glabrata (Heldr.) Pax & K.Hoffm.
  • Chrozophora subplicata (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm.
  • Chrozophora cordifolia Pazij
  • Chrozophora lepidocarpa Pazij

Chrozophora tinctoria (commonly known as dyer's croton,

Mediterranean, the Middle East, India, Pakistan, and Central Asia.[1][4][5][6] It is also present as a weed in North America and Australia.[7]

Description

It is an annual, typically found in nutrient-poor ground. It develops a large

monecious flowers are grouped in a raceme. The lower, female flowers lack petals and the upper male flowers have five small yellow petals. Pollination is by ants.[7] The fruits are conspicuous and consist of three dark green conjoined spheres. Their surface is decorated with white scales and warty structures. Each sphere contains three seeds, which are propelled away from the plant by the mechanical force of the mature fruit twisting as it opens.[7]

Use for dye

Chrozophora tinctoria produced the blue-purple colorant "turnsole" (also known as katasol[9] or folium[8] ) used in medieval illuminated manuscripts and as a food colorant in Dutch cheese and certain liquors.[10] Its use was mostly as substitute of the more expensive Tyrian purple, the famous dye obtained from Murex molluscs.[11] The color comes from the plant's fruit, specifically its dry outer coat.[9] The colorant is also obtained from the translucent sap contained in the plant cells when the leaves of the plant are broken off and exposed to the air.[12] Different shades of blue and purple may also be obtained when the juice extracts are exposed to the vapors emitted from ammonia (NH3), and which in France, during the late 19th century, was produced by applying fresh horse manure and urine to the fabric that was soaked with the plant extract.[12] The plant has historically been used throughout the Levant to dye clothing.[12] 100 kilograms (220 lb) of the plant produces 50 kilograms (110 lb) of sap, and with this quantity one is able to dye 25 kilograms (55 lb) of fabric rolls.[12]

In 2020, an interdisciplinary team of researchers from

chrozophoridine as the main chromophore.[8][13]

References

  1. ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. ^ a b c "Chrozophora tinctoria". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  3. OCLC 716569354
    ., s.v. Chrozophora tinctoria
  4. ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Tornasole comune, Turn Sole, tournesol, tornasol, Lackmuskraut, Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A. Juss.
  5. ^ Zervous, S., Raus, T. & Yannitsaros, A. (2009). Additions to the flora of the island of Kalimnos (SE Aegean, Greece). Willdenowia 39: 165-177.
  6. ^ Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2011). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 3: 1-449. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
  7. ^ a b c d Mifsud, Stephen. "Chrozophora tinctoria (Dyer's Litmus)". Wild Plants of Malta. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  8. ^
    PMID 32426456
    .
  9. ^
    doi:10.1186/s40494-018-0208-z
    .
  10. ^ Chrozophora, Folium cloth
  11. ^ M. Aceto, E. Calà, A. Agostino, G. Fenoglio, A. Idone, C. Porte, M. Gulmini, On the identification of folium and orchil on illuminated manuscripts, Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2016.08.046
  12. ^
    OCLC 959573975
    ., s.v. Chrozophora tinctoria
  13. Universidade Nova de Lisboa
    . 20 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
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