Crypto-Calvinism

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Crypto-Calvinism is a pejorative term describing a segment of those members of the

Sacramentarian. Also, Jansenism has been accused of crypto-Calvinism by Roman Catholics.[2]

Background

Martin Bucer, one of the Sacramentarians

Real Presence. Subsequently, the Wittenberg Concord
of 1536 was signed, but this attempt at resolving the issue ultimately failed.

While Lutheranism had weakened after the

Philippist
teaching gave some justification to this conclusion.

Philippism

Main article:
Philippism

Modern use of the term crypto-Philippist

Beginning in the 20th century, some scholars began using the term crypto-Philippist in place of the word crypto-Calvinist. However, there is no change in the meaning of the term.[3]

History

When Luther died in 1546, his closest friend and ally,

Real Presence
differed essentially from what had been expressed in 1530. The wording is as follows:

  • Edition of 1530: "Concerning the Lord's Supper, they teach that the body and blood of Christ are truly present, and are distributed (communicated) to those that eat in the Lord's Supper; and they disapprove of those that teach otherwise."
  • "Variata" edition of 1540: "Concerning the Lord's Supper, they teach that with bread and wine are truly exhibited the body and blood of Christ to those that eat in the Lord's Supper."[4]

The altered edition was made the basis of negotiations with the Roman Catholics at the Colloquies of

Ratisbon in 1541, and at the later Colloquies in 1546 and 1557. It was printed (with the title and preface of the Invariata) in Corpus Doctrinae Philippicum in 1559; it was expressly approved by the Lutheran princes at the Convention of Naumburg in 1561, after Melanchthon's death, as an improved modification and authentic interpretation of the Confession, and was adhered to by the Melanchthonians and the Reformed even after the adoption of the Book of Concord (1580). John Calvin also signed it. However, it did not have the legal status given to the original version by the Peace of Augsburg
.

Second Sacramentarian Controversy

The Real Presence for Luther was beyond any doubt: The host consecrated is

Gallus, Flacius, Judex, Brenz, and Andreä on the Lutheran side. The Colloquy of Worms
in 1557 was an attempt to achieve unity among Lutherans, but it failed.

During these controversies the

Reformed faith under Frederick III (1560). The Heidelberg Catechism, which was written there, was also meant to form bridges between Lutherans and Reformed in Germany – one of its authors, Zacharias Ursinus
, was Melanchthon's disciple.

Great Adoration Controversy

There were a number of local controversies, such as the Saligerian Controversy in Lübeck in 1568 and 1574, a controversy in Rostock in 1569, a controversy in Bremen in 1554 involving Melanchthon's friend

Albert Rizaeus Hardenberg
, and a controversy in Danzig in 1561–1562.

The earliest of these incidents had happened with Simon Wolferinus, pastor of St. Andreas at Eisleben in 1543, while Martin Luther still lived. The controversy was also about eucharistic adoration, which was defended by "Gnesio-Lutherans" and also many other Lutherans outside of the Flacian party, including Johann Hachenburg, Andreas Musculus, Jakob Rungius, and Laurentius Petri. This belief was shared by Nikolaus Selnecker, Martin Chemnitz, and Timotheus Kirchner. A feast of victory of genuine Lutheranism over Philippism was celebrated in one of the German principalities with prayers for the preservation of the doctrine of justification and the doctrine of the adoration of the Sacrament.[7] Paul Eber was one of the main Philippist opponents of eucharistic adoration.

In Saxony

Controversy about crypto-Calvinism inside of

Lutheran Church
divides into two stages: 1552–1574 and 1586–1592. It was the most bitter of all controversies after Luther's death.

Crypto-Calvinists had gained the ecclesiastical power in Saxony during the rule of

Calvinism
.

Crypto-Calvinism raised its head once more in the

Calvinism.[8]

In Scandinavia

In

Bishop of Turku, Ericus Erici Sorolainen,[10] and Bishop Olaus Stephani Bellinus
.

Later history and evaluation

Following the

Confessional Lutheran
church bodies still continue to see Calvinist teaching on the Lord's Supper as a danger to Lutheran faith and identity.

See also

References

  1. ^ Strong. "Lexicon :: Strong's G2928 - kryptō (κρύπτω)". Blue Letter Bible. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
  2. ISSN 1776-0755. Archived
    from the original on 11 November 2008.
  3. ISBN 0-8006-2740-7
    . (Second English translation of The Book of Concord texts as published in Die Bekenntnisschriften
  4. ^ Hughes, Joseph (1912). "Ubiquitarians". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
  5. ^ Luther, Martin. The Large Catechism V.8 in Robert Kolb and Timothy J. Wengert, eds., The Book of Concord: The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Fortress Press, 2000) p. 467
  6. ^ "LOGIA – A Journal of Lutheran Theology". Archived from the original on June 9, 2007. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
  7. ^ Hardt, Tom G. "The Sacrament of the Altar: A Book on the Lutheran Doctrine of the Lord's Supper". Semper Reformanda. Archived from the original on 2006-08-20.
  8. ^ Bohnenstädt, B (1901), Das Prozessverfahren gegen den kursächsischen Kanzler Dr Nikolaus Krell (in German), Halle{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).
  9. ^ Bricka, Carl Frederik. "324 (Dansk biografisk Lexikon / VII. Bind. I. Hansen - Holmsted)". runeberg.org (in Danish). Retrieved 2022-11-22.
  10. ^ "773–774 (Nordisk familjebok / Uggleupplagan. 7. Egyptologi – Feinschmecker)". runeberg.org (in Swedish). 1907. Retrieved 2022-11-22.

Bibliography

  • Bouman, Herbert (1977), "Retrospect and Prospect", Sixteenth Century Journal, 8 (4): 84–104,
    JSTOR 2539395
    .
  • Brandes, Friedrich (1873), Der Kanzler Krell, ein Opfer des Orthodoxismus (in German).
  • Diestelmann, Jürgen (1997), Actio Sacramentalis. Die Verwaltung des Heiligen Abendmahles nach den Prinzipien Martin Luthers in der Zeit bis zur Konkordienformel (PDF) (in German), Groß-Ösingen: Luther in BS, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-02-20.
  • ——— (2007), Usus und Actio – Das Heilige Abendmahl bei Luther und Melanchthon (PDF) (in German), Berlin: Luther in BS, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-02-21.
  • Froner, Hans v (1919), "Der Kryptocalvinismus Wittenbergs", in Weißenborn, Bernhard (ed.), Die Universität Halle-Wittenberg [The Halle‐Wittenberg University] (in German), Berlin: Furche.
  • Hasse, Hans-Peter, ed. (2004), 'Caspar Peucer (1525–1602): Wissenschaft, Glaube und Politik im konfessionellen Zeitalter (in German), Leipzig: EVA.
  • Hardt, Tom GA (1971), "Venerabilis et adorabilis Eucharistia. En Studie i den lutherska Nattvardsläran under 1500-talet", Studia Doctrinae Christianae Upsaliensia, Acta Universitatis Uppsaliensis (in Swedish), 9, Uppsala.
  • ——— (1988), "Venerabilis et adorabilis Eucharistia. Eine Studie über die lutherische Abendmahlslehre im 16. Jahrhundert", Forschungen zur Kirchen-und Dogmengeschichte (in German), Göttingen: Band 42.
  • ———, The Sacrament of the Altar, America online, archived from the original on June 10, 2001. A book on the Lutheran Doctrine of the Lord's Supper]
  • Henke, Ernst Ludwig Theodor (1865), Caspar Peuker und Nikolaus Krell (in German), Marburg: Elwert.
  • Koch, Uwe, ed. (2002), Zwischen Katheder, Thron und Kerker: Leben und Werk des Humanisten Caspar Peucer (in German), Bautzen: Domowina.
  • Luther, Martin (2000) [1529, The Large Catechism], Kolb, Robert (ed.), The Book of Concord: The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, Fortress Press
  • Richard, August Victor (1859), Der kurfürstlich sächsische Kanzler Dr. Nikolas Crell (in German), 2 vols.
  • Roebel, Marin (2005), Humanistische Medizin und Kryptocalvinismus. Leben und Werk... Caspar Peucers (PDF) (MD/PhD thesis) (in German),
    University of Heidelberg
    .
  • Saran, G (1879), "Der Kryptocalvinismus in Kursachsen und Dr. Nikolaus Krell", DEBI (in German): 596–614.

External links

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