Cuauhtémoc

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Cuauhtémoc
Tlacotzin
BornCirca 1497
DiedCirca 1525 (aged 27–28)
Burial
FatherAhuitzotl

Cuauhtémoc (Nahuatl pronunciation:

Aztec ruler (tlatoani) of Tenochtitlan from 1520 to 1521, making him the last Aztec Emperor.[1]
The name Cuauhtemōc means "one who has descended like an eagle", and is commonly rendered in English as "Descending Eagle", as in the moment when an eagle folds its wings and plummets down to strike its prey. This is a name that implies aggressiveness and determination.

Cuauhtémoc took power in 1520 as successor of

killings in the Great Temple
, there were probably few Aztec captains available to take the position.

Early life

Cuauhtemoc's date of birth is unknown, as he does not enter the historical record until he became emperor.[2] He was the eldest legitimate son of Emperor Ahuitzotl[3] and may well have attended the last New Fire ceremony, marking the beginning of a new 52-year cycle in the Aztec calendar.[4] According to several sources his mother, Tiyacapantzin, was a Tlatelolcan princess.[5] Like the rest of Cuauhtemoc's early biography, that is inferred from knowledge of his age, and the likely events and life path of someone of his rank.[6] Following education in the calmecac, the school for elite boys, and then his military service, he was named ruler of Tlatelolco, with the title cuauhtlatoani ("eagle ruler")[7] in 1515.[8] To have reached this position of rulership, Cuauhtemoc had to be a male of high birth and a warrior who had captured enemies for sacrifice.[9] Cuauhtemoc married the Aztec princess who later became known as Isabel Moctezuma.[10]

Rule

When Cuauhtemoc was elected tlatoani in 1520, Tenochtitlan had already been rocked by the invasion of the Spanish and their indigenous allies, the death of Moctezuma II, and the death of Moctezuma's brother

Cuitlahuac, who succeeded him as ruler, but died of smallpox shortly afterwards. In keeping with traditional practice, the most able candidate among the high noblemen was chosen by vote of the highest noblemen, and Cuauhtemoc assumed the rulership.[11] Although under Cuitlahuac Tenochtitlan began mounting a defense against the invaders, it was increasingly isolated militarily and largely faced the crisis alone, as the numbers of Spanish allies increased with the desertion of many polities previously under its control.[7]

The capture of Cuauhtémoc. 17th century, oil on canvas.

Cuauhtémoc called for reinforcements from the countryside to aid the defense of Tenochtitlán, after eighty days of warfare against the Spanish. Of all the Nahuas, only Tlatelolcas remained loyal, and the surviving Tenochcas looked for refuge in

Tenochtitlán by crossing Lake Texcoco
with his wife, family, and friends.

He surrendered to Hernán Cortés along with the surviving pipiltin (nobles) and, according to Spanish sources, he asked Cortés to take his knife and "strike me dead immediately".[12]: 395–396, 401–404  According to the same Spanish accounts, Cortés refused the offer and treated his foe magnanimously. "You have defended your capital like a brave warrior," he declared. "A Spaniard knows how to respect valor, even in an enemy."[13]

At Cuauhtémoc's request, Cortés also allowed the defeated Mexica to depart the city unmolested. Subsequently, however, when the booty found did not measure up to the Spaniards' expectations,

bas relief showing the Spaniards' torture of the emperor.[16]
Eventually, some gold was recovered but far less than Cortés and his men expected.

Cuauhtémoc, now baptized as Fernando Cuauhtémotzín, continued to hold his position under the Spanish, keeping the title of tlatoani, but he was no longer the sovereign ruler.[7] From his surrender until his death, Cuauhtémoc was mostly kept in guarded custody by the Spaniards.[17]

Execution

Mosaic of what is considered to be Cuauhtemoc's last address as tlatoani in Nahuatl and Spanish

In 1525, Cortés took Cuauhtémoc and several other indigenous nobles on

executed
for allegedly conspiring to kill him and the other Spaniards.

"The Martyrdom of Cuauhtémoc", a 19th-century painting by Leandro Izaguirre

There are a number of discrepancies in the various accounts of the event. According to Cortés himself, on 27 February 1525, he learned from a citizen of

Texcoco), and Tetlepanquetzal, the ruler of Tlacopan, were plotting his death. Cortés interrogated them until each confessed and then had Cuauhtémoc, Tetlepanquetzal, and another lord, Tlacatlec, hanged. Cortés wrote that the other lords would be too frightened to plot against him again, as they believed he had uncovered the plan through magic powers. Cortés's account was accepted by contemporary historian Francisco López de Gómara.[19]

According to

Malinche
:

Oh Malinzin [i.e., Cortés]! Now I understand your false promises and the kind of death you have had in store for me. For you are killing me unjustly. May God demand justice from you, as it was taken from me when I entrusted myself to you in my city of Mexico!

Díaz wrote that afterwards, Cortés suffered from insomnia because of guilt and badly injured himself while he was wandering at night.[20]

Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl, a castizo historian and descendant of Coanacoch, wrote an account of the executions in the 17th century partly based on Texcocan oral tradition.[18] According to Ixtlilxóchitl, the three lords were joking cheerfully with one another because of a rumor that Cortés had decided to return the expedition to Mexico, when Cortés asked a spy to tell him what they were talking about. The spy reported honestly, but Cortés invented the plot himself. Cuauhtémoc, Coanacoch, and Tetlepanquetzal were hanged as well as eight others. However, Cortés cut down Coanacoch, the last to be hanged, after his brother began rallying his warriors. Coanacoch did not have long to enjoy his reprieve, as Ixtlilxóchitl wrote that he died a few days later.[21]

Tlacotzin, Cuauhtémoc's cihuacoatl
, was appointed his successor as tlatoani. He died the next year before he could return to Tenochtitlan.

Bones

The modern-day town of

state of Guerrero is home to an ossuary purportedly containing Cuauhtémoc's remains.[22] Archeologist Eulalia Guzmán, a "passionate indigenista", excavated the bones in 1949, which were discovered shortly after bones of Cortés, found in Mexico City, had been authenticated by the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH). Initially, Mexican scholars congratulated Guzmán, but after a similar examination by scholars at INAH, their authenticity as Cuauhtemoc's was rejected, as the bones in the ossuary belonged to several different persons, several of them seemingly women. The finding caused a public uproar. A panel assembled by Guzmán gave support to the initial contention. The Secretariat of Public Education (SEP) had another panel examine the bones, which gave support to INAH's original finding, but did not report on the finding publicly.[23][24] A scholarly study of the controversy was published in 2011 and argued that the available data suggests that the grave is an elaborate hoax prepared by a local of Ichcateopan as a way of generating publicity, and that subsequently supported by Mexican nationalists such as Guzman who wished to use the find for political purposes.[25]

Legacy

Monument to Cuauhtémoc on Avenida Reforma in Mexico City. The inscription at the bottom of the statue translates as "In memory of Cuauhtémoc (spelled Quautemoc) and his warriors who battled heroically in defense of their country."
Brazilian independence.[26]

Cuauhtemoc is the embodiment of indigenist nationalism in Mexico, being the only Aztec emperor who survived the conquest by the Spanish Empire (and their native allies). He is honored by a monument on the Paseo de la Reforma, his face has appeared on Mexican coins, banknotes, and he is celebrated in paintings, music, and popular culture.

Many places in Mexico are named in honour of Cuauhtémoc. These include

Cuauhtémoc borough of Mexico City. Smaller towns include Ciudad Cuauhtémoc, Veracruz and Ciudad Cuauhtémoc, Chiapas
.

The

metro station in Monterrey
named after him.

Cuauhtémoc is also one of the few non-Spanish given names for Mexican boys that is perennially popular. For example, the politician Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas and footballer Cuauhtémoc Blanco.

In the Aztec campaign of the

Age of Empires 3: The War Chiefs
, Cuauhtémoc was the leader of Aztecs.

In the 1996

Zack De La Rocha
rhymes "When the fifth sun sets get back reclaimed, The spirit of Cuauhtémoc alive and untamed".

Cuauhtémoc, in the name Guatemoc, is portrayed sympathetically in the adventure novel

H. Rider Haggard
. First appearing in Chapter XIV, he becomes friends with the protagonist after they save each other's lives. His coronation, torture, and death are described in the novel.

See also

  • List of Tenochtitlan rulers

References

  1. ^ "Aztec Political Structure". Tarlton Law Library. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  2. ^ Paul Gillingham, Cuauhtemoc's Bones: Forging National Identity in Modern Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2011, p. 11
  3. ^ Gillingham, Cuauhtemoc's Bones, p. 14 and footnote 8, p. 242. Gillingham discusses the sources for this contention, including Tezozomoc, Fernando Alva Ixtlilxochitl, Juan de Torquemada, and Bernardino de Sahagún.
  4. ^ Miguel León-Portilla, "Cuauhtémoc" in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures, David Carrasco, ed. New York: Oxford University Press 2001, vol. 1, p. 289
  5. ^ León-Portilla, Miguel. "Cuauhtémoc." In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures. : Oxford University Press, 2001
  6. ^ Gillingham, Cuauhtemoc's Bones, 14–15.
  7. ^ a b c León-Portilla, "Cuauhtemoc" ibid.
  8. ^ Gillingham, Cuauhtemoc's Bones, p. 19
  9. ^ Gillingham, Cuauhtemoc's Bones, p. 19.
  10. OCLC 57134288
  11. ^ León-Portilla, "Cuauhtemoc", ibid.
  12. ^ William H. Prescott, History of the Conquest of Mexico (New York, 1843), vol. 3, p. 206.
  13. ^ Prescott, vol. 3, p. 211.
  14. ^ Prescott, vol. 3, pp. 234–235.
  15. ^ Bas-relief on statue to Gautamozin
  16. .
  17. ^ a b Restall (2004, p. 148).
  18. ^ Restall (2004, pp. 149–150).
  19. ^ Restall (2004, pp. 150, 152).
  20. ^ Restall (2004, p. 152).
  21. ^ "Festival of Cuauhtemoc". Mexican Routes [mexicanroutes.com]. 15 January 2019.
  22. ^ Benjamin Keen, The Aztec Image in Western Thought, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1971, pp. 468–469.
  23. ^ Wigberto Jiménez Moreno, "Los hallazgos de Ixcateopan", Historia Mexicana XII (1962–63), 161–181
  24. ^ Paul Gillingham, Cuauhtemoc's Bones: Forging National Identity in Modern Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2011.
  25. ^ Cláudia Sampaio (February 1, 2011). "Xochipilli e Cuauhtémoc – o México no Rio de Janeiro" (in Portuguese). www.educacaopublica.rj.gov.br. Retrieved April 21, 2015.

Further reading

  • Andrews, J. Richard, Introduction to Classical Nahuatl Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 2003.[ISBN missing]
  • De Leon, Ann. "Archeology, Monuments and Writing the Mexican Nation" Antonio Peñafiel and the 'Aztec Palimpsest'”, The Colorado Review of Hispanic Studies. Vol. 6, Fall 2008.
  • Gillingham, Paul. Cuauhtémoc's Bones: Forging National Identity in Modern Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.[ISBN missing]
  • Johnson, Lyman L. "Digging Up Cuauhtémoc" in Death, Dismemberment, and Memory: Body Politics in Latin America, Lyman L. Johnson, ed. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2004, pp. 207–244.
  • León-Portilla, Miguel ed. The Broken Spears: Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico. Boston, 1992. Presents Nahuatl texts about Cuauhtémoc's deeds during the siege of Tenochtitlan.[ISBN missing]
  • Restall, Matthew, Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press 2004.
  • Scholes, France V., and Ralph Roys. The Maya Chontal Indians of Acalan-Tixchel. Washington, D.C., 1948. Includes a unique text in Chontal that tells about the death of Cuauhtémoc.[ISBN missing]

External links

Preceded by
Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan

1520–1521
Succeeded by