Thai cuisine

Rice flour (paeng khao chao) and tapioca flour (paeng man sampalang) are often used in desserts or as thickening agents.

Pastes and sauces

An ingredient found in many Thai dishes and used in every region of the country is nam pla, a clear

Five main chilies are generally used as ingredients in Thai food. One chili is very small (about 1.25 centimetres (0.49 in)) and is known as the hottest chili: phrik khi nu suan ("garden mouse-dropping chili"). The slightly larger chili phrik khi nu ("mouse-dropping chili") is the next hottest. The green or red phrik chi fa ("sky pointing chili") is slightly less spicy than the smaller chilies. The very large phrik yuak, which is pale green in color, is the least spicy and used more as a vegetable. Lastly, the dried chilies: phrik haeng are spicier than the two largest chilies and dried to a dark red color.

Other typical ingredients are the several types of

Among the green, leafy vegetables and herbs that are usually eaten raw in a meal or as a side dish in Thailand, the most important are: phak bung (morning glory), horapha (Thai basil), bai bua bok (Asian pennywort), phak kachet (water mimosa), phak kat khao (Chinese cabbage), phak phai (praew leaves), phak kayang (rice paddy herb), phak chi farang (culantro), phak tiu (Cratoxylum formosum), phak "phaai" (yellow burr head) and kalamplī (cabbage).^[38] Some of these leaves are highly perishable and must be used within a couple of days.

Several types of

Flowers are also commonly used ingredients in many Thai dishes, either as a vegetable, such as dok khae (Sesbania grandiflora) and huapli (the flower bud of the banana), or as a food coloring, such as with the blue-colored dok anchan (the flowers of the Clitoria ternatea, which can also be eaten raw or fried).

Fruits

Fresh fruit forms a large part of the Thai diet, and are customarily served after a meal as dessert. The Scottish author John Crawfurd, sent on an embassy to Bangkok in 1822, writes in his account of the journey:

"The fruits of Siam, or at least of the neighbourhood of Bangkok, are excellent and various, surpassing, according to the experience of our party (...) those of all other parts of India."^[40] The Siamese themselves consume great quantities of fruit, and the whole neighbourhood of Bangkok is one forest of fruit trees.^[41]

Fruit is not only eaten on its own, but often served with spicy dips made from sugar, salt, and chilies.^[42] Fruits feature in spicy salads such as som tam (green papaya salad) and yam som-o (pomelo salad), in soups with tamarind juice such as tom khlong and kaeng som, and in Thai curries such as kaeng khanun (jackfruit curry), kaeng phet pet yang (grilled duck curry with pineapple or grapes), and kaeng pla sapparot (fish and pineapple curry). Fruits are also used in certain Thai chili pastes, such as in nam phrik long rue made with madan (a close relative of the mangosteen),^[43] and nam phrik luk namliap, salted black Chinese olive chilli paste.^[44]

Although many of the exotic fruits of Thailand may have been sometimes unavailable in Western countries, Asian markets now import such fruits as

From the

Apples, pears, peaches, grapes, and strawberries, which do not traditionally grow in Thailand and in the past had to be imported, have become increasingly popular in the last few decades since they were introduced to Thai farmers by the Thai Royal Projects, starting in 1969, and the Doi Tung Project since 1988. These temperate fruit grow especially well in the cooler, northern Thai highlands, where they were initially introduced as a replacement for the cultivation of opium, together with other crops such as cabbages, tea, and arabica coffee.

Food controversies

Agricultural chemicals

According to the Thai government's The Eleventh National Economic and Social Development Plan (2012–2016), Thailand is number one in the world in the application of chemicals in agriculture. The report stated that, "The use of chemicals in the agricultural and industrial sectors is growing while control mechanisms are ineffective making Thailand rank first in the world in the use of registered chemicals in agriculture."^[52]: 111

The Thai Pesticide Alert Network (ThaiPAN), a food safety advocacy group, annually tests Thai farm produce for contamination. In their June 2019 report, the group found that of 286 samples, 41% of produce was found to contain unsafe levels of chemicals.^[53] The group surveyed both wet markets and retail stores across the nation. Contaminants were found in 44% of samples from retail stores, and 39% of samples from wet markets. Vegetables with the highest levels of contamination were Chinese mustard greens, kale, hot basil, parsley, chilis, and cauliflower. Fruits with the highest contamination were tangerines, rose apples, guavas, and grapes. Contamination levels decreased from 2018, when 46% of samples were found to be contaminated, and 2016, when more than 50% of tested produce was found to be unsafe.^[54]

In prior years, "Q-Mark" goods showed a higher prevalence of contamination, 61.5%, than they did during ThaiPAN's March 2016 survey, 57%. Q-Mark is Thailand's National Bureau of Agricultural Commodity and Food Standards (ACFS) mark of quality.^[55][56]

In a survey of hydroponically-grown vegetables, ThaiPAN, in late-2017, tested 30

• In September 2016, a shipment of pork labelled "
  Krabi Province. The Central Islamic Committee of Thailand (CICOT) denounced the use of a halal-certified logo on pork, saying it will take legal action against people responsible. The committee found the halal label to be fake. Under Thai laws, CICOT is responsible for certifying halal products.^[62]
• A survey of the quality of fish sauce sold across Thailand reported that just over one-third of the samples were not up to standards set by the Public Health Ministry. The three-year survey, from 2012 to 2015, involved 1,121 samples of fish sauce sold under 422 brands from 245 manufacturers. Of the total analysed, 410 samples, or 36.5 percent, did not meet the standard. The major reasons for the substandard fish sauce were low nitrogen readings and the ratio of glutamic acid to nitrogen either higher or lower than the required standards.^[63]

Representative dishes

Whereas many Thai dishes are now familiar in the West, the vast majority are not. In many of the dishes below, different kinds of protein, or combinations of protein, are interchangeable as the main ingredient. Beef (nuea), chicken (kai), pork (mu), duck (pet), tofu (taohu), fish (pla), prawns or shrimp (kung), crab (pu), shellfish (hoi), or egg (khai) can, for example, all be used as main ingredients for kaeng phet (red curry). Thus kaeng phet kai is red curry with chicken and kaeng phet mu is red curry made with pork.

Breakfast dishes

Khao chao (Thai: ข้าวเช้า; lit. 'morning rice/food'), breakfast dishes, for Thais are limited. Very often, a Thai breakfast can consist of the same dishes with rice which are also eaten for lunch or dinner. Single dishes such as fried rice, noodle soups, and steamed rice with something simple such as an omelette, fried/grilled pork or chicken, or a stir fry with vegetables, are commonly sold for breakfast from street stalls as a quick take-out.

The following dishes are viewed as being specific breakfast dishes but they can also be found at any other moment of the day:^[64][65]

• rice congee
  eaten in other parts of Asia.
• Khao khai chiao – an omelet (khai chiao) with white rice, often eaten with a chili sauce and slices of cucumber.
• Khao tom – a Thai style rice soup, usually with pork, chicken, fish, or shrimp.
• Pathongko – The Thai version of the Chinese deep-fried bread called youtiao. It can be topped up with spreads such as sangkhaya or with chocolate and sweetened condensed milk.^[66]
• Nam taohu – Soy milk which is often served with sweet jellies.

Individual dishes

The term ahan chan diao (Thai: อาหารจานเดียว; lit. 'single dish food') represents truly single-plate dishes as well as dishes that are served "rat khao" (lit. 'poured on rice'): one or more dishes served together with rice on one plate. Some eateries offer a large selection of (pre-cooked) dishes; others specialize in only a one dish, or a few dishes, with rice.

• Phat kaphrao mu rat khao – minced pork fried with chilies, garlic, soy sauce and holy basil, served together with rice, and with nam pla phrik as a condiment.
• Khanom chin kaeng kiao wan kai – fresh Thai rice noodles (khanom chin) served in a bowl with green chicken curry as a sauce. Raw vegetables, herbs, and fish sauce are served on the side and can be added to taste.
• Khanom chin
  blood tofu and raw vegetables, in a sauce made with pork broth and tomato, crushed fried dry chilies, chicken blood, dry fermented soy bean, and dried red kapok flowers.^[67]
• Khanom chin namya – round boiled rice noodles topped with a fish-based sauce and eaten with fresh leaves and vegetables.
• Khao kha mu – steamed rice served with red cooked pork leg, steamed mustard greens, pickled cabbage, sweet-sour chili sauce, raw garlic, fresh bird's eye chilies, and boiled egg.
• Khao khluk kapi – rice stir fried with shrimp paste, served with sweetened pork and vegetables.
• Khao man kai – rice steamed in chicken stock with garlic, with boiled chicken, chicken stock, and a spicy dipping sauce. It is usually served with a bowl of radish soup, or nam kaeng hua chai thao
  .
• Khao mu daeng – slices of Thai-style Chinese char siu is served with rice, sliced cucumber, and a thickened gravy. This often comes with a bowl of broth and a few stalks of raw scallions. Thick, black soy sauce with sliced chilies is used as condiment.
• Khao na pet – rice served with slices of red-roast duck, sliced cucumber, and a thickened gravy. It is served with the same spicy soy sauce condiment as aforementioned khao mu daeng and also often comes with a bowl of soup, and additional stalks of raw scallions.
• Khao phat – One of the most common rice dishes in Thailand. Usually with chicken, beef, shrimp, pork, crab, coconut or pineapple, or vegetarian (che; Thai: เจ).
  • Khao phat American – although devised in Thailand, it is called "American-style" fried rice because the rice is fried with tomato ketchup, may contain raisins, and is served with a fried egg, hot dogs, and bacon, which were all viewed as being typically American ingredients.
  • Khao phat kai – fried rice with chicken.
  • Khao phat mu – fried rice with pork.
  • Khao phat pu – fried rice with crab meat.
  • Khao phat kung – fried rice with shrimp.
  • Khao phat naem – fried rice with fermented sausage (naem, a typically sausage from the northeast, it is similar to the Vietnamese nem chua).
• Khao soi – curried noodle soup enriched with coconut milk (traditionally a novel ingredient in the cooking traditions of northern Thailand), garnished with crispy fried wheat noodles, and served with pickled cabbage, lime, a chili paste, and raw shallots on the side. Arguably Chiang Mai's most iconic dish, it was originally a dish of the Chin Haw, Chinese-Muslim traders from Yunnan Province in China.

• Kuaitiao nam and bami nam – noodle soup can be eaten at any time of day; served with many combinations of proteins, vegetables, and spicy condiments. The word kuaitiao, although originally designating only sen yai (wide rice noodles), is now used colloquially for rice noodles in general: sen mi (rice vermicelli), sen lek (narrow rice noodles) and the aforementioned sen yai. The yellow egg noodles are called bami. Four condiments are usually provided on the table: sugar, fish sauce, chili flakes, and sliced chilies in vinegar.
  • Kuaitiao lukchin pla – noodle soup with
    fish balls
    .
  • Bami mu daeng – egg noodles with Thai-style char siu.
• Kuaitiao rat na
  – wide rice noodles covered in a gravy, with beef, pork, chicken, shrimp, or seafood.
• Kuaitiao ruea – also known as boat noodles in English, it is a rice noodle dish, which has a strong flavor. It contains both pork and beef, as well as dark soy sauce, pickled bean curd, and some other spices, and is normally served with meatballs and pig's liver.
• Mi Krop
  – deep fried rice vermicelli with a sweet and sour sauce.
• Phat khi mao – noodles stir fried with chilies and holy basil.
• Phat si-io
  – rice noodles (often kuai tiao) stir fried with si-io dam (thick sweet soy sauce) and nam pla (fish sauce) and pork or chicken.
• CNNGo
  in 2011.

Bangkok shared dishes

Phanaeng curry

.

Ahan Krung Thep (Thai: อาหารกรุงเทพ; lit. 'Bangkok food'), the cuisine has also incorporated many Thai Chinese dishes.

• Kai phat khing
  – chicken stir fried with sliced ginger.
• Kaeng khiao wan – called "green curry" in English, it is a coconut curry made with fresh green chillies and flavoured with Thai basil, and chicken or fish meatballs. This dish can be one of the spiciest of Thai curries.
• Kaeng phanaeng – a mild creamy coconut curry with beef (phanaeng nuea), chicken, or pork. It includes some roasted dried spices similar to kaeng matsaman
  .
• Kaeng phet (lit. 'spicy curry') – also known as red curry in English, it is a coconut curry made with copious amounts of dried red chillies in the curry paste.
• Kaeng som – a hot and sour soup/curry usually eaten together with rice
• Kai phat met mamuang himmaphan – The Thai Chinese version of the Sichuan style chicken with cashews known as cashew chicken, fried with whole dried chilies.
• Phak bung fai daeng – stir fried
  yellow bean paste
  .
• Phat phak ruam – stir fried combination of vegetables depending on availability and preference.
• Phat phrik – often eaten as
  nuea phat phrik
  : beef stir fried with chilli.
• gailan
  ) stir fried with crispy pork.
• Thai holy basil
  , chillies, garlic, and soy sauce; for instance mu phat kaphrao /kaphrao mu with minced pork.
• Suki – a Thai variant of the Chinese hot pot.
• Thot man – deep fried fishcake made from knifefish (thot man pla krai) or shrimp (thot man kung).
• silken tofu
  ), mu sap (minced pork), or het (mushrooms). It is of Thai Chinese origin.
• Tom kha kai – hot spicy soup with coconut milk, galangal, and chicken.
• Tom yam
  – hot & sour soup with meat. With shrimp it is called tom yam goong or tom yam kung, with seafood (typically shrimp, squid, fish) tom yam thale, with chicken tom yam kai.

Central Thai shared dishes

Ahan Phak Klang (

glutinous jasmine rice

.

• Chuchi pla kaphong – snapper in chuchi curry sauce (thick red curry sauce)
• Ho mok pla – a pâté or soufflé of fish, spices, coconut milk and egg, steamed in a banana leaf cup and topped with thick coconut cream before serving.
• Pla nueng manao – steamed fish with a spicy lime juice dressing.
• Pla sam rot – literally, 'three flavours fish': deep fried fish with a sweet, tangy and spicy tamarind sauce.
• Pu cha – a mixture of cooked crab meat, pork, garlic and pepper, deep fried inside the crab shells and served with a simple spicy sauce, such as Sriracha sauce, sweet-hot garlic sauce, nam phrik phao (roasted chilli paste), nam chim buai (plum sauce), or in a red curry paste, with chopped green onions. It is sometimes also served as deep fried patties instead of being fried in the crab shell.
• long beans. Som tam is usually eaten with sticky rice but a popular variation is to serve it with Khanom chin
  (rice noodles) instead.

• Yam – general name for many different kinds of sour
  glass noodles
  (yam wunsen), with seafood (yam thale), or grilled beef (yam nuea). The dressing of a "yam" will normally consist of shallots, fish sauce, tomato, lime juice, sugar, chilies and Thai celery (khuenchai), or coriander.
• Yam pla duk fu – crispy fried catfish with a spicy, sweet-and-sour, green mango salad.

Northeastern shared dishes

sticky rice

is typical isan dish

Ahan Isan (Thai: อาหารอีสาน; lit. 'Isan food') generally features dishes similar to those found in Laos, as Isan people historically have close ties with Lao culture and speak a language that is generally mutually intelligible with the Lao language. The staple food of Isan is glutinous rice and most of the Isan food is spicy and cooked with local ingredients found on the farms all through northeastern Thailand. Isan people primarily get their income from farming. Rice, sugar cane, pineapple, potato, and rubber are all farmed in this region.

• Kaeng khae hoi (snail curry) – Kaeng khae hoi or kaeng khao khua hoi requires the same ingredients as kaeng khae except for using snails instead of chicken. Roasted ground rice thickens the liquid.
• Lap kai – Lap kai requires minced chicken meat and fresh chicken blood mixed with chili paste for lap made from roasted dried chilies and spices. It is usually eaten with a variety of vegetables and herbs that are pungent known as "phak kap lap". Lap dip refers to the uncooked kind. "Lap suk" is the cooked version which is stir fried with a little oil and water.
• Yam tao (paddy crabs in algae with eggplant) – Yam tao or tam tao is made from fresh water algae grown in paddy fields in Isan and 2–3 kinds of sliced eggplant with boiled crabs and ginger leaves as well as fresh bird chilies.
• Tam khai mot daeng (ant eggs and roasted vegetables) – Tam khai mot daeng is made the same as other kinds of "tam" dishes with roasted long peppers and two kinds of chopped mint to enhance the flavor. Shrimp paste is not used in this recipe.
• Namphrik maeng da (water beetle and chili dip) – This is a rather dry or very thick kind of chili dish. Any kind of chilies (preferably fresh) can be used. Other kinds of edible beetles or wasps or bees can be used instead of the maeng da. Because of the pungent odor of the maeng da, garlic should be left out.
• Yam phak kum dong (pickled phak kum leaf) – The greens of phak kum have to be pickled for at least three days the same way as pickling mustard greens (phak kat). This recipe calls for roasted dried chilies.
• Nam tok mu – made with pork (mu) or beef (nuea) and somewhat identical to Lap, except that the pork or beef is cut into thin strips rather than minced.
• No o (pickled bamboo shoots) – No o refers to bamboo shoots that have a strong smell by the process of quick pickling (2–3 days). Some recipes pickle the shoots with the peels and take off the peel just before boiling. Boiling should be rather long for a good result.
• Namphrik maeng chon (mola crickets and chili dip) – This kind of chili dish is rather dry and very thick. Use fresh chilies of any kind. Other kinds of edible insects or larvae can be used instead of mola crickets which will be called by the name of the insects used as the main ingredients such as wasp, grasshopper, or bee larvae (namphrik to, namphrik taen and namphrik phueng).
• Khai mot daeng – ant eggs – clean and high in protein nutrients. Red ants eat mango leaves so their bodies taste like a squirt of lime, but their fresh eggs are fatty and sweet.
• Kai yang – marinated, grilled chicken.

• Lap – a traditional Lao salad containing meat, onions, chillies, roasted rice powder, and garnished with mint.
• Nam chim chaeo – is a sticky, sweet and spicy dipping sauce made with dried chilies, fish sauce, palm sugar, and black roasted rice flour. It is often served as a dip with mu yang (grilled pork).
• Phat mi Khorat – a stir fried rice noodle dish commonly served with papaya salad in Thailand. Dried rice noodles of many colors are a specific ingredient for this dish.
• Tam maak hoong or Som tam pla ra – spicy papaya salad, similar to central thai som tam, but more spicy and less sweet, and containts pla ra (a sauce of fermented fish).
• Suea rong hai - Grilled beef brisket.
• Tom saep – Northeastern-style hot and sour soup.
• Yam naem khao thot or naem khluk – a salad made of crumbled rice-and-curry croquettes
  and sour pork sausage.

Northern shared dishes

Ahan Phak Nuea (Thai: อาหารภาคเหนือ; lit. 'northern region food') shares certain dishes with neighboring Shan State, in Burma, and with Laos. As in northeastern Thailand, glutinous rice, not jasmine rice, is eaten as the staple food.

• Aep – Slow-grilled wrapped in banana leaves, this dish is most often made with chopped meat, small fish or edible insects, mixed with beaten eggs and spices.
• Kaeng hang le – a Burmese-influenced stewed pork curry which uses peanuts, dried chilies, tamarind juice and curry paste in the recipe, but no coconut milk.
• cha-om) and meat (chicken, water buffalo, pork or frog
  ). It does not contain coconut milk.
• Kaeng khanun – a curry of pork stewed with green jackfruit. Like all northern Thai curries, it does not contain coconut milk.
• Kaeng pa – Pa in this context has nothing to do with ahan pa ('jungle food'). It does not consist of ingredients found in the forest. It refers to a simple dish with spicy and salty flavours.^[2]
• Kaep mu – deep fried crispy pork rinds, often eaten with chili pastes such as nam phrik num.
• star anise, Sichuan pepper, cinnamon
  , and occasionally blood of the animal used.
• Nam phrik kha – thick relish made with roasted chilies, garlic, galangal, and salt. This specialty is often served as a dip for steamed mushrooms or steamed sliced beef shank.
• Nam phrik nam oi – brown sugar chili sauce – brown cane sugar sauce is good as a dip for such sour tasting fruit as green mangoes, mango plums, or tamarinds.
• Nam phrik nam pu – crab and chili Sauce – Namphrik nam pu is rather thick to almost dry. Many kinds of fresh chilies can be used also. Including smoked chilies.
• Nam phrik num – a chili paste of pounded large green chilies, shallots, garlic, coriander leaves, lime juice and fish sauce; eaten with steamed and raw vegetables, and sticky rice.
• Nam phrik pla – fish chili sauce – Namphrik pla or fish chili sauce can be a little thick or thin depending on the amount of liquid from the boiling fish one puts in it. Grilled fish can be used instead of boiled fish. Any kinds of fresh chilies can be used from mild to the hottest kinds to suit one's taste. It goes well with water clover, tips of lead tree greens, or crispy eggplant.
• Nam phrik ong – resembling a thick Bolognese sauce, it is made with dried chilies, minced pork, fermented soy beans, and tomato; eaten with steamed and raw vegetables, and sticky rice.
• Sai ua – a grilled sausage of ground pork mixed with spices and herbs; it is often served with chopped fresh ginger and chilies at a meal. It is sold at markets in Chiang Mai as a snack.
• Tam som-o – a salad made from the slightly pounded flesh of a pomelo fruit, which is mixed with garlic, sliced lemongrass, and a thick pungent black paste (nam pu) made from boiling down the juices and meat of rice-paddy crab.

Southern shared dishes

Ahan Phak Tai (Thai: อาหารภาคใต้; lit. 'southern region food') shares certain dishes with the cuisine of northern Malaysia. Southern Thais, just like the people of central Thailand to the north, and the people of Malaysia to the south, eat non-glutinous rice as their staple food.

• CNNGo
  ranked massaman as number one in an article titled World's 50 most delicious foods.
• Kaeng som (southern Thai name) or kaeng lueang (central Thai name) – a sour curry with fish, vegetables or fruit, deriving its acidity from the use of tamarind juice.
• Kaeng tai pla – a thick sour vegetable curry made with turmeric and shrimp paste, often containing roasted fish or fish innards, bamboo shoots, and eggplant.
• Khao mok – Thai-Malay style biryani, a specialty of southern Thailand's Malay community.
• Khao yam
  – a rice salad from southern Thailand.
• Khua kling – a dry spicy curry made with minced or diced meat with sometimes yard long beans added to it; often served with fresh green phrik khi nu (Thai chilies) and finely shredded bai makrut (kaffir lime leaves).
• Sate – grilled meat, usually pork or chicken, served with cucumber salad and peanut sauce (of Malaysian-Indonesian origin, but now a popular street food in Thailand).
• Bai liang phat khai – or Gnetum gnemon is native to Southeast Asia. It is widely used in Thai. Bai liang tastes sweet and a bit greasy, not rank and bitter like other species. It is commonly eaten as a vegetable with chili sauce and used to make a variety of dishes such as stir-fry with red curry. A popular dish is stir-fried with eggs called Bai liang phat khai.

Desserts and sweets

Main article:

List of Thai khanom

See also: Maria Guyomar de Pinha

Khong wan

(Thai: ของหวาน; RTGS: khong wan) lit. 'sweet things'). Although most Thai meals finish with fresh fruit, sometimes sweet snacks, often eaten between meals, will also be served as a dessert.

• taro root and pumpkin
  mixed with rice flour into small balls, boiled, then served in coconut milk.
• Chaokuai – grass jelly is often served with only shaved ice and brown sugar.
• Chor muang
• Khanom krok – coconut-rice pancakes, one of the ancient Thai desserts.
• Khanom krok bai toei – ancient Thai dessert, shaped to look like flowers.
• Khao tom mat
  – a traditional Thai dessert prepared from sticky rice, coconut milk, and banana.
• sticky rice flour mixed with coconut milk. It is one of the nine auspicious Thai desserts
  .
• Khanom dok chok
  – crispy lotus blossom cookie made from starch, eggs, and coconut milk.
• Thon Buri District. The cake was baked Portuguese-style in a wood-fired oven, but the pumpkin topping came from local Chinese who considered the fruit auspicious. It uses only three ingredients: flour, duck eggs, and sugar. The cake has been named by Bangkok City Hall as one of the six "local wisdoms" of Bangkok considered worthy of preservation.^[68][69]
• Khanom chak – sticky rice flour mixed with shredded coconut, covered with nipa palm leaves.
• Khanom ja mongkut – One of nine auspicious Thai sweets made of egg yolks, coconut milk, sugar, and flour which is slow cooked until it becomes a paste, which is then carved into crown shapes.^[70]
• Khanom kai hong – Sphere candy has mincemeat eaten only palace people in reign of King Rama I.^{[clarification needed}
  ]
• Khanom kho
• Khanom la
• Khanom mo kaeng – a sweet baked pudding containing coconut milk, eggs, palm sugar, and flour, sprinkled with sweet fried onions.
• Khanom piakpun
  – square shaped, made from coconut milk and pandan juice, cut into pieces and served.
• Khanom tan – palm–flavoured mini cake topped with shredded coconut.
• Khanom tom
  – a rice flour dumpling filled with palm sugar and shredded coconut and topped with shredded coconut.
• Khanom thuai talai – steamed sweet coconut jelly and cream.
• Khanom wong
• Khao lam
  – cake made from steamed rice mixed with beans or peas, grated coconut, and coconut milk.
• Khao niao mamuang – sticky rice cooked in sweetened thick coconut milk, served with slices of ripe mango.
• Khao niew tua dum –sticky rice cooked in sweetened thick coconut milk with black turtle beans.
• Kluai buat chi – bananas in coconut milk.
• Lot chong nam kathi – pandan flavoured rice flour noodles in coconut milk, similar to the Indonesian cendol.
• Mamuang kuan – sweets made from preserved mango, often sold as flat wafers, or as a roll.
• Roti saimai
  – Thai-style cotton candy wrapped in roti.
• Ruam mit – mixed ingredients, such as chestnuts covered in flour,
  lotus root
  , tapioca, and lot chong, in coconut milk.
• Sangkhaya
  – coconut custard variant.
• Sangkhaya fak thong – egg and coconut custard served with pumpkin, similar to the coconut jam
  of Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines.
• Sarim – multi-colored mung bean flour noodles in sweetened coconut milk served with crushed ice.
• Tako – jasmine scented coconut pudding set in cups of pandanus leaf.
• Thong yip- "pinched gold egg yolks". One of the nine auspicious Thai desserts.
• Thong yot – sweet round egg ball. One of the nine auspicious Thai desserts.

• 
  Khao tom mat, sticky rice and banana
• 
  Khanom krok, coconut milk
• 
  Khao niao mamuang, glutinous rice, fresh mango and coconut milk
• 
  Thong yip
• 
  Kluai buat chi banana, coconut milk and coconut cream
• 
  Khanom tom, glutinous rice powder, coconut cream, grated coconut, sugar and flavourings
• 
  Khanom tako
• 
  Khanom mo kaeng

Ice cream

Ice cream was introduced to Thailand during the reign of

King Rama V when the first ice cream machine was imported to Thailand.^[71]

Ice cream in the second half of the 19th century was made of coconut water blended with ice. At first, ice could not be produced in Thailand. That led to importing ice from Singapore. Ice cream was then an upper-class treat, but over time ice cream became more widely available and the product was improved by replacing coconut water with coconut milk.

There were two types of ice cream in Thailand. First, ice cream in the palace was made of coconut juice with roasted tamarind on top. Second, ice cream for the public was coconut ice cream with the scent of the Nommaeo flower with a slight sweet taste. The ice cream "tube" was born during the reign of

Rama VII. Its ingredients were contained inside a zinc tube which was shaken until it solidified, then skewered stick to serve as a handle. It was sold by mobile vendors using dry ice and salt to keep the ice cream cold. Eventually, ice cream was manufactured and sold in small cups.^[72]

According to the Bangkok Post, aitim tat (Thai: ไอติมตัด; "cut ice cream"), was very popular 30 years ago (1986). It came in rectangular bars of various flavors, sliced into pieces by the vendor, who then inserted two wooden sticks into the pieces to use as holders. Aitim tat was made from milk, coconut milk, flour, sugar, and artificial flavour. The price was one or two baht, depending on the size.^[71]

The Pop Company in the 1970s set up the first ice-cream manufacturing plant in Thailand. The company used a duck logo, resulting it the nickname aitim tra pet (Thai: ไอติมตราเป็ด; "duck brand ice cream").^[71] It was sold in front of Chaloemchai Theater. Its most popular offering was called "banana split", with three flavors of ice cream, chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry.^[72]

Beverages

"Thai beverages" redirects here. For for company Thai Beverage, see ThaiBev.

Khrueang duem (Thai: เครื่องดื่ม; lit. 'beverages')

• Cha yen
  – Thai iced tea.
• Krating Daeng – an energy drink and the origin of Red Bull.
• Nam maphrao – the juice of a young coconut, often served inside the coconut.
• Nam matum – a refreshing and healthy drink made from the fruit of the Bael tree.
• Nom yen – a drink made from sala syrup and hot milk.
• Oliang – a sweet Thai black iced coffee.
• Okinawa liquor called Awamori
  .
• Satho – a traditional rice wine from the Isan
  region.
• Nam bai bua bok – A refreshing and healthy drink is made from the green leaf of the Centella asiatica.

Other alcoholic beverages from Thailand include Hong Thong, Phraya, Regency,

Chang

.

Insects

See also: List of edible insects by country

Edible insects, whole or in chili paste and as ingredients in fortified products, are common in Thailand. Some claim that Thailand is the world leader in edible insects.^[73] The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that there are about 20,000 cricket farms alone in 53 of Thailand's 76 provinces.^[74]

A wide range of

silkworm (non mai), ant eggs (khai mot) and termites. The culinary creativity even extends to naming: one tasty larva, which is also known under the name "bamboo worm" (non mai phai, Omphisa fuscidentalis),^[75]

is colloquially called "express train" (rot duan) due to its appearance.

Most insects reportedly taste fairly bland when deep-fried. In contrast to the bland taste of most of these insects, the maeng da or maelong da na (

giant water bug is famously used in a chili dip called nam phrik maeng da.^[77] Ant eggs and silkworms are eaten boiled in a soup in Isan, or used in egg dishes in northern Thailand.^[78]

Street food, food courts, and market food

Main article: Street food of Thailand

The street food culture of Southeast Asia was introduced by workers imported from China during the late 19th century. As a result, many Thai street foods are derived from or heavily influenced by Chinese cuisine.^[79] Street food was commonly sold by the ethnic Chinese population of Thailand and did not become popular among native Thai people until the early 1960s, when the rapid urban population growth stimulated the street food culture,^[80] and by the 1970s, it had "displaced home-cooking."^[81]

The quality and choice of street food in Thailand is world-renowned. Bangkok is often mentioned as one of the best street food cities in the world, and even called the street food capital of the world.

VirtualTourist says: "Few places in the world, if any, are as synonymous with street food as Thailand. For the variety of locations and abundance of options, we selected Bangkok, Thailand, as our number one spot for street food. Bangkok is notable for both its variety of offerings and the city's abundance of street hawkers."^[84]

There is scarcely a Thai dish that is not sold by a street vendor or at a market somewhere in Thailand. Some specialize in only one or two dishes; others offer a complete menu that rival that of restaurants. Some sell only pre-cooked foods, while others make food to order. Foods that are made to order tend to be dishes that can be quickly prepared: quick stir fries with rice, such as phat kaphrao (spicy basil-fried minced pork, chicken, or seafood)

gailan

) and quick curries such as pladuk phat phet (catfish fried with red curry paste).

Noodles are a popular street food item as they are mainly eaten as a single dish. Chinese-style noodle soups, fried noodles, and fermented Thai rice noodles (

roti prata, and the stalls are often operated by Thai Muslims. Sweets snacks, collectively called khanom, such as tako (coconut cream jelly), khanom man (coconut cassava cake), and khanom wun (flavored jellies), can be seen displayed on large trays in glass covered push-carts. Other sweets, such as khanom bueang and khanom krok (somewhat similar to Dutch poffertjes

), are made to order.

In the evenings, mobile street stalls, often only a scooter with a side car, drive by and temporarily set up shop outside bars in Thailand, selling kap klaem ("drinking food"). Popular kap klaem dishes sold by mobile vendors are grilled items such as sun-dried squid, meats on skewers, or grilled sour sausages, and deep-fried snacks such as fried insects or fried sausages. Peeled and sliced fruits are also sold from street carts, laid out on a bed of crushed ice to preserve their freshness. Salapao, steamed buns filled with meat or sweet beans and the Thai version of the Chinese steamed baozi, are also commonly sold by mobile vendors.

Food markets in Thailand, large open air halls with permanent stalls, tend to operate as a collection of street stalls, each vendor with their own set of tables and providing (limited) service, although some resemble the regular food courts at shopping malls and large supermarkets, with service counters and the communal use of tables. Food courts and food markets offer many of the same foods as street stalls, both pre-cooked as well as made to order. Night food markets, in the form of a collection of street stalls and mobile vendors, spring up in parking lots, along busy streets, and at temple fairs and local festivals in the evenings, when the temperatures are more agreeable and people have finished work.

The dishes sold at

wet markets in Thailand tend to be offered pre-cooked. Many people go there, and also to street vendors, to buy food for at work, or to take back home. It is a common sight to see Thais carrying whole communal meals consisting of several dishes, cooked rice, sweets, and fruit, all neatly packaged in plastic bags and foam food containers

, to be shared with colleagues at work or at home with friends and family. Due to the fact that many dishes are similar to those that people would cook at home, it is a good place to find regional, and seasonal, foods.

Vegetarianism in Thailand

Thai script

.

Although the

alms offered to Buddhist monks in Thailand, as vegetarianism is not considered obligatory in Theravada Buddhism, but having an animal killed specifically to feed Buddhist monks is prohibited.^[86][87]

In most towns and cities, traditional Buddhist vegetarian fare, without any meat or seafood products of any kind and also excluding certain strong tasting vegetables and spices, is sold at specialized vegetarian restaurants which can be recognized by a yellow sign with in Thai script the word che (Thai: เจ) or ahan che (Thai: อาหารเจ) written on it in red. These restaurants serve what can be regarded as vegan food. Many Indian restaurants of the sizable Thai-Indian community will also have vegetarian dishes on offer, due to the fact that vegetarianism is held as an ideal by many followers of the Hindu faith. Indian vegetarian cuisine can incorporate dairy products and honey. Due to the increased demand for vegetarian food from foreign tourists, many hotels, guesthouses and restaurants that cater to them will now also have vegetarian versions of Thai dishes on their menu. Pescatarians would have very few problems with Thai cuisine due to the abundance of Thai dishes which only contain fish and seafood as their source of animal protein.^{[88][89][90][91][92]}

Culinary diplomacy

Thai cuisine only became well-known worldwide from the 1960s on, when Thailand became a destination for international tourism and US troops arrived in large numbers during the Vietnam War. The number of Thai restaurants went up from four in the 1970s London to between two and three hundred in less than 25 years.^{[93]: 3–4} The earliest attested Thai restaurant in the United States, "Chada Thai", opened its doors in 1959 in Denver, Colorado. It was run by the former newspaper publisher Lai-iad (Lily) Chittivej. The oldest Thai restaurant in London, "The Bangkok Restaurant", was opened in 1967 by Mr and Mrs Bunnag, a former Thai diplomat and his wife, in South Kensington.^[94]

The global popularity of Thai cuisine is seen as an important factor in promoting tourism, and also increased exports of Thailand's

Queen Sirikit National Convention Centre in Bangkok. TAT Governor Seree Wangpaichitr said, "This conference was long overdue. The promotion of Thai cuisine is one of our major niche-market targets. Our figures show that visitors spent 38.8 billion baht on eating and drinking last year, up 16% over 1997."^[95]

The

Thai Airways, and the Tourism Authority of Thailand with Thai restaurants overseas.^[93]

^: 10–12

The "Global Thai" program, launched in 2002, was a government-led culinary diplomacy initiative. It aimed to boost the number of Thai restaurants worldwide to 8,000 by 2003 from about 5,500 previously.[96] By 2011, that number had swelled to more than 10,000 Thai restaurants worldwide.^[97]

The program was explained in Thailand: Kitchen of the World, an e-book published to promote the program. The point of the e-book: "In the view of the Export Promotion Department, Thai restaurants have a good business potential that can be developed to maintain a high level of international recognition. To achieve that goal, the department is carrying out a public relations campaign to build up a good image of the country through Thai restaurants worldwide."^{[98]: Chapter 7}

The Department of Export Promotion of the Thai

Export-Import Bank of Thailand offered loans to Thai nationals aiming to open restaurants abroad, and the Small and Medium Enterprise Development Bank of Thailand set up an infrastructure for loans of up to US$3 million for overseas food industry initiatives, including Thai restaurants.^[100]

One survey conducted in 2003 by the

ethnic cuisine, after Italian, French, and Chinese cuisine. When asked "what is your favourite cuisine?", Thailand's cuisine came in at sixth place, behind the three aforementioned cuisines, and Indian and Japanese cuisine.^[93]

^: 3–4

In the list of the "World's 50 most delicious foods", compiled by

som tam stands at place 46, nam tok mu at 19, tom yam kung at 8, and massaman curry stands on first place as most delicious food in the world.^[101] In a reader's poll held a few months later by CNN, Nam tok mu came in at 36, Thai fried rice at 24, green curry at 19, massaman curry at 10, and Thai som tam, pad thai, and tom yam kung at six, five, and four.^[102]

In 2012, the British Restaurant Magazine included Nahm Bangkok of chef David Thompson in its yearly list of The World's 50 Best Restaurants.^[103]

Awards

Thai chefs of the Thailand Culinary Academy took second place in the Gourmet Team Challenge (Practical) of the FHC China International Culinary Arts Competition 14 in Shanghai, China on 14–16 November 2012. They won the IKA Culinary Olympic 2012 competition held in Erfurt, Germany between 5–10 October 2012, where they received four gold and one silver medal.^[104]

In 2011, the James Beard Foundation Award for Best Chef in the Northwestern United States, was presented to Andy Ricker of restaurant "Pok Pok" in Portland, Oregon, and for Best Chef in the Southwestern United States to Saipin Chutima of restaurant "Lotus of Siam" in Winchester, Nevada.^[105]

Michelin stars

Three restaurants that specialize in Thai cuisine, but are owned by non-Thai chefs, have received

Michelin stars

:

• 2002 – 2011 "Nahm" in London, run by chef David Thompson^[106][107]
• 2009 – "Kiin Kiin" in Copenhagen, run by chef Henrik Yde-Andersen and Lertchai Treetawatchaiwong^[108]
• 2015 – "Pok Pok NY" in New York City, run by chef Andy Ricker^[109]

Culinary tours and cooking courses

Culinary tours of Thailand have gained popularity in recent years. Alongside other forms of tourism in Thailand, food tours have carved a niche for themselves. Many companies offer culinary and cooking tours of Thailand and many tourists visiting Thailand attend cooking courses offered by hotels, guesthouses and cooking schools.^[110]

Governmental interventions

The Thai government believes that a substandard Thai restaurant meal served abroad "...sabotages the country's reputation."^[111] To ensure the quality of Thai food abroad, the government has over the years initiated a series of programs designed to create universal standards for Thai food.

In 2003 the Ministry of Finance sent officials to the US to award certificates to deserving restaurants. On their return the project was abandoned.^[111]

Soon thereafter, the

Ministry of Labor created Krua Thai Su Krua Lok ('Thai kitchen goes global'). Its centerpiece was a 10-day Thai cooking course for those who wanted to prepare Thai food overseas.^[111]

The effort was short-lived.

After some officials had a bad Thai meal abroad, in 2013 the Yingluck administration had the idea of standardising Thai food everywhere. The National Food Institute (NFI) came up with a program called Rod Thai Tae ('authentic Thai taste').^[111] A parallel effort was called the "Thai Delicious" project.

Thai Delicious project

Thailand's National Innovation Agency (NIA), a public organization under the Thai

Ministry of Science and Technology, spearheaded a 30 million baht (US$1 million),^[112]

effort by the government to:

• Develop Thai recipes with "authentic taste" and establish them as standard recipes
• Develop biosensor equipment to analyze and evaluate taste and flavors
• Develop institutional food (ready-to-cook products) based on the standardized recipes to meet the demand for Thai food in foreign countries
• Provide a food certification service as well as training for local and foreign chefs working in Thai restaurants worldwide[113]

The agency has posted 11 "authentic" recipes for tom yam kung (nam sai), tom yam kung (nam khon), pad thai, Massaman curry, kaeng khiao wan (green curry), kaeng lueang (southern Thai sour curry), golek chicken sauce, khao soi, sai ua (northern Thai sausage), nam phrik num (green pepper chili paste), and nam phrik ong (northern Thai chili paste).^[114] These recipes were featured at a gala dinner promoting "Authentic Thai Food for the World", held at the Plaza Athénée Hotel Bangkok on 24 August 2016 at which Thailand's Minister of Industry was the honored guest.^[115] By 2020, Thai Delicious plans to post over 300 Thai food recipes.^[116]

To determine authenticity, Thai researchers developed the "e-delicious machine", described as "...an intelligent robot that measures smell and taste in food ingredients through sensor technology in order to measure taste like a food critic."

tom yam, the spicy soup flavored with Kaffir lime leaves and coriander, researchers posted notices at Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, requesting 120 tasters. The tasters—students, university staff, and area workers—were paid a few baht for their opinions. They were served 10 differently prepared soups and rated each one. The winning soup was declared the standard, and its chemical characteristics were programmed into the machine. When testing food, the machine returns a numerical score from one to 100. A score lower than 80 is deemed "not up to standard". The machine cost about US$100,000 to develop.^[112] Restaurants that follow officially sanctioned recipes can affix a "Thai Delicious" logo to their menus.^[112] Each machine sold for 200,000 baht. This project was shelved.^[111]

The Thai Delicious project has been criticized, the main rationale being that "Standardisation is the enemy of Thai food."[118] Some observers think, however, that the quality of Thai food, at least in the US, is declining with its increased popularity,^[119] a state of affairs that Thai Delicious aims to fix.

In August 2018, Thailand's Ministry of Commerce kicked off a project called "Thai Select". It issues certificates in three grades to domestic Thai restaurants: gold (five stars); red (four stars); and orange (three stars). The goal is to enable tourists to Thailand to choose a worthy restaurant.^[111]

Culture Minister Vira Rojpojchanarat announced in 2018 that between 2020 and 2024, his ministry will investigate ways to preserve authentic Thai cuisine from the increasing influence of foreign dishes. "Unique in its preparation with recipes handed down for generations, Thai culinary art needs better protection against foreign influences which are now changing the look and taste of certain local dishes," he warned. The plan will conform to the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, initiated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). The 2003 convention intends to protect the "uses, representations, expressions, knowledge and techniques that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals, recognised as an integral part of their cultural heritage".^[120]

Salt reduction efforts

On average, Thai people consume 4,300 mg of sodium per day, twice the

WHO's recommended maximum.^[121] Thai street food is one of the top three contributors to high salt intake. The Public Health Ministry has embarked on a program to reduce the population's salt consumption by 30 percent.^[122]

See also

• List of Thai dishes (includes names in Thai script)
• List of Thai ingredients (includes names in Thai script)
• List of Thai khanom
• List of Thai restaurants
• List of Thai desserts and snacks
• Tourism in Thailand
• Culture of Thailand
• Thai curry
• Thai salads
• Filipino cuisine
• Indonesian cuisine
• Khmer royal cuisine

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Further reading

• ISBN 0-89815-563-0
• Vatcharin Bhumichitr, The Essential Thai Cookbook, 192 pages, New York: Clarkson N. Potter Inc., 1994,
  ISBN 978-0517596302
• Padoongpatt, Mark (September 2017). Flavors of Empire: Food and the Making of Thai America. American Crossroads (Book 45) (1st ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
  ISBN 9780520293748
  . Retrieved 17 July 2019.
• ISBN 978-1-86450-026-4
• ISBN 978-1607742883
• ML Sirichalerm Svasti (Chef
  ISBN 978-6-16906-010-9
• Leela Punyaratabandhu, Simple Thai Food: Classic Recipes from the Thai Home Kitchen, 236 pages, Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 2014,
  ISBN 978-1607745235

External links

Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on

• Cuisine of Thailand

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cuisine of Thailand.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Thai cuisine.

• Thaifoodmaster – Step by Step recipes, Thai cuisine history and Thai culture
• Mae Ban – Traditional Thai Recipes
• Thailand Food Culture: Thai Cuisine’s 9 Best Dishes
• Vegetarian Thai Recipes
• Thai cuisine at
  Curlie

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