Cultural policy of the United States

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Most

libraries, and sports
.

Policy development

The United States does not have a comprehensive federal cultural policy. Most cultural policy in the United States is developed independently by state governments. Direct federal aid is limited outside of historic preservation, and most other cultural programs are primarily funded by the states.

Property Clause grants Congress to power to regulate federal lands and territories, allowing for the creation of national parks.[3]

Arts policy

Cultural projects made up 4.5% of the U.S. GDP in 2020, and Americans that work in the arts are significantly more vulnerable to unemployment than in other fields.[4] The National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) is an independent agency of the federal government that funds the arts, and it is the largest funder of arts in the United States. It provides grants to nonprofit organizations, public arts agencies, universities, tribal communities, and individuals. It also facilitates research of the arts and the application of art in other fields.[5] In 2022, $180 million was appropriated for the NEA.[6]

The Copyright Act of 1831 extended copyright protections to musical compositions.[7] The Federal Music Project was created as part of the Works Progress Administration during the Great Depression to support musicians by paying them to write music, provide music instruction, and participate in public performances.[8] The Sound Recording Act of 1971 extended copyright protections to digital recordings of music.[9] The Music Modernization Act of 2018 amended copyright law to address issues regarding digital music.[10]

Cultural exchange policy

The Department of State oversees cultural exchange programs between the United States and other countries through the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs.[11]

Heritage policy

The United States has many programs and initiatives for preserving heritage and historical culture. The

National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 created the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation and the National Register of Historic Places, and it applied limitations on projects that could damage historic places.[15]

The preservation of Native American cultures is carried out as part of the Federal Indian Policy. The Office of Trust Services, in the Bureau of Indian Affairs, is responsible for working with Native American individuals and tribes to manage trust lands, assets, and resources.[16] The Indian Arts and Crafts Board is responsible for supporting the development of arts and crafts in Native American tribes.[17] The Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 criminalizes the sale of counterfeit Native American art.[18] The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 protects cultural items of Native American tribes, including human remains.[19] The Esther Martinez Native American Languages Preservation Act of 2006 established immersion and restoration programs for Native American languages.[20]

Language policy

The United States does not have a comprehensive federal language policy or an official national language. The status of a national language of the United States is a contentious political debate, and many bills establishing English as the official language of the United States have been sponsored in Congress, though none have been passed into law. Federal law guarantees the right to bilingual education for English-language learners.[21]

Museum and library policy

The Smithsonian Institution Building of the Smithsonian Institution.

The Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) is an independent agency of the federal government that develops museum and library policy in the United States. The IMLS also supports museums and libraries through grants and research. It was established in 1996, consolidating federal museum and library programs dating back to 1956. The National Commission on Libraries and Information Science and certain programs of the National Center for Education Statistics were merged into the IMLS in 2008.[22] The National Endowment for the Humanities provides grants to museums, libraries, and archives.[23] Most national museums in the United States are privately owned, though some museums are created by Congress and run by the federal government. National museum status is granted to some private museums, though this is usually honorific and comes with no additional benefits.[24]

The federal government oversees several federal libraries and archives. The Library of Congress is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States and the largest library in the world. The National Archives and Records Administration is responsible for collecting and preserving historical documents. Federal libraries also exist for specific areas of interest, including the National Agricultural Library, the National Library of Medicine, the National Library of Education, and the presidential library system. The Federal Depository Library Program provides public access to federal government information. The National Library Service for the Blind and Print Disabled provides library services for citizens that cannot access written text due to a disability.[25]

Sports policy

The United States does not have a national regulatory body for sports, and the federal government does not directly fund sports. The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee is recognized by the federal government and owns sole use of symbols and trademarks associated with the Olympics in the United States, but it operates independently of government involvement. The President's Council on Sports, Fitness, and Nutrition was created in 2019 to organize national policy for youth sports. Professional sports are governed by private sports leagues, which are exempted from federal competition law.[26]

Sports in schools, including

Center for SafeSport is responsible for investigating sexual abuse reports under this act.[26]

References

  1. .
  2. ^ "Copyright Power of Congress". constitution.congress.gov. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  3. ^ Shepard, Blake (1983–1984). "The Scope of Congress' Constitutional Power under the Property Clause: Regulating Non-Federal Property to Further the Purposes of National Parks and Wilderness Areas". Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review. 11: 479.
  4. ISSN 0362-4331
    .
  5. ^ "What Is the NEA?". National Endowment for the Arts.
  6. ^ "National Endowment for the Arts Appropriations History". National Endowment for the Arts.
  7. ^ Evina, Frank. "First General Revision Gave Copyright to Musical Compositions and Extended Term" (PDF).
  8. ^ "Works Progress Administration: Federal Music Project". WNYC. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  9. ^ Halpern, Melvin L. (1971–1972). "Sound Recording Act of 1971: An End to Piracy on the High C's". George Washington Law Review. 40: 964.
  10. ^ "The Music Modernization Act". U.S. Copyright Office. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  11. ^ "About Us – Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2022-07-24.
  12. ^ "Heritage". U.S. Department of the Interior. August 2016. Retrieved 2022-07-24.
  13. ^ "NPS Archeology Program: Antiquities Act of 1906". National Park Service. Retrieved 2022-07-24.
  14. ^ "Historic Sites Act of 1935 - Archeology (U.S. National Park Service)". National Park Service. Retrieved 2022-07-24.
  15. ^ "National Historic Preservation Act - Historic Preservation (U.S. National Park Service)". National Park Service. Retrieved 2022-07-24.
  16. ^ "Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)". Bureau of Indian Affairs. Retrieved 2022-07-24.
  17. ^ "Our Mission". U.S. Department of the Interior. 2015-10-19. Retrieved 2022-07-24.
  18. ^ "The Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990". U.S. Department of the Interior. 18 May 2022. Retrieved 2022-07-24.
  19. ^ "Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act". National Park Service. Retrieved 2022-07-24.
  20. ^ "About Native Languages". Administration for Children & Families. Retrieved 2022-07-24.
  21. ^ Knutson, Cody L. (1996). "National Language Policy in the United States: A Holistic Perspective". Nebraska Anthropologist. 13.
  22. ^ FY 2022–2026 Strategic Plan (PDF) (Report). Institute of Museum and Library Services. 2022.
  23. ^ "About the National Endowment for the Humanities". The National Endowment for the Humanities. Retrieved 2022-07-22.
  24. ^ Loane, Shannon S. (April 8, 2019). National Museums: In Brief (Report). Congressional Research Service.
  25. ^ "Libraries and Archives". usa.gov. March 28, 2022.
  26. ^ .