Culture in post-communist Poland

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

With the

market forces. However, unlike any other temporal marker in the development of Polish culture from the past, the year 1989 did not introduce any specific literary events or artistic manifestations. For a generation of accomplished writers the objectives and their moral quests remained the same as in the preceding period. The first decade of freedom brought mainly state reforms in the financing of cultural institutions and patronage; forcing self-sustainability in an often uncharted territory. Literature, film, visual arts, theater and mass media remained focused on their active participation in public life.[1][2][3]

Historical background

Nobel Prize for Literature
.

The events that shaped Polish culture at the onset of the post-communist period began in 1976. The suppressed demonstrations of 1976 gave rise to underground publishing on an unprecedented scale. It was the true beginning of a new literary knowledge in Poland.[1] Between 1976 and 1989, the so-called Drugi obieg (the Second circulation, term commonly applied to Poland's illegal press during the military Coup d'état), published the staggering 5,000 regular newsletters and full-size periodicals including some 7,000 books.[4]

Krzysztof Kieślowski at the Venice Film Festival, 1994

The 1978 papal election of

Nobel Prize in literature,[5] and the Solidarity movement was born following a wave of mass strikes against totalitarianism, poverty, and austerity measures. Almost every Polish artist and writer took part in the movement, and – in one form or another – suffered the consequences of the military crackdown of December 1981.[1][6] After that – as in the films of Krzysztof Kieślowski (No End, 1985; Dekalog, 1989) – the merely physical existence was no longer bearable.[7] Meanwhile, the underground press flourished, supported financially through generous donations from the West,[4] and the inquiries into the nature of law and morality continued. Russia did not intervene in the matter, when their former satellite state was legally dissolved in 1990.[8]

The period 1976–89 provided the necessary intellectual and aesthetic base on which the

Witkacy, Witold Gombrowicz and Karol Irzykowski.[10] The transitions which began in the 1990s continued throughout the early 21st century.[1]

Popular media

World-renowned

.

The

Polish avant-garde theatre is world-famous, with Jerzy Grotowski as its most innovative and creative representative. One of the most original twentieth-century theatre personalities was Tadeusz Kantor
, painter, theoretician of drama, stage designer, and playwright, his ideas finding their culmination in the theatre of death and his most recognised production being "Umarła klasa" (Dead Class).

There is no strict division in Poland between theatre and film actors, therefore many stage artists are known to viewers the world over, for instance from the films of Andrzej Wajda (e.g., Wojciech Pszoniak, Daniel Olbrychski, Krystyna Janda, Jerzy Radziwiłowicz) or Krzysztof Kieślowski (Jerzy Stuhr, Janusz Gajos).

Music

The traditional Polish music composers include world-renowned pianist

International Frederick Chopin Piano Competition has been held every five years in Warsaw
.

Between the wars, a group of composers formed the Association of Young Polish Musicians which included Grażyna Bacewicz, Zygmunt Mycielski, and Tadeusz Szeligowski.

Following World War II, some composers, such as

dodecaphonism. The style emerged from the political crisis in 1956, following Stalin's death; that same year saw the Warsaw Autumn music festival inaugurated, from whence came additional popularity for the Polish Composers' School.[citation needed] Composers included Tadeusz Baird, Bogusław Schaeffer, Włodzimierz Kotoński, Witold Szalonek, Krzysztof Penderecki, Witold Lutosławski, Wojciech Kilar, Kazimierz Serocki and Henryk Mikołaj Górecki
.

Modern-day composers include Krzysztof Meyer, Paweł Szymański, Krzesimir Dębski, Hanna Kulenty, Eugeniusz Knapik and Paweł Mykietyn.

Poland has always been a very open country to new music genres and even before the fall of the communism, music styles like rock, metal, jazz, electronic, polka and new wave were well-known. Since 1989, the Polish scene has exploded with new talents and a more diverse style. Contrary to most European countries, pop music is not dominant in Poland.

Every year, a huge gathering of young Poles meet to celebrate the rock and alternative music in Jarocin or Żary. These events often attract more than 250,000 people and are comparable to the gatherings in Woodstock and Roskilde.

In jazz music, Polish musicians created a specific style, which was most famous in 60s and 70s. Most famous Polish jazz artists are:

Sopot Festival. Poland has a very active underground extreme metal music scene. Some of the bands that have heralded and helped the cause are Vader, Behemoth, Decapitated, Graveland, and Dissenter. This has paved ground for a large underground movement. One of the biggest record labels of death metal
in Poland is Empire Records.

Museums and festivals

Poland offers a wide spectrum of cultural experience. Those interested in high culture will enjoy the renowned music festivals like

St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków; and the Last Judgement by Hans Memling (The National Museum in Gdańsk
). Ethnographic museums and open-air sightseeing museums also hold attractive collections. The panorama of Polish culture is completed by a medley of local festivals

Cuisine

With the end of pro-Soviet totalitarianism in Poland, new restaurants opened and the basic foodstuffs were once again easily obtainable. This led to a gradual return of rich traditional Polish cuisine, both in home cooking and in restaurants. At the same time, restaurants and supermarkets promoted the use of ingredients typical of other cuisines of the world.

and many similar others.

Sports

Many

handball, ice hockey, swimming, volleyball, and weightlifting are other popular sports. The first Polish Formula One driver, Robert Kubica, has brought awareness of Formula One Racing to Poland. Poland has made a distinctive mark in motorcycle speedway racing thanks to Tomasz Gollob, a highly successful Polish rider. The Polish mountains are an ideal venue for hiking, skiing and mountain biking and attract millions of tourists every year from all over the world. Baltic
beaches and resorts are popular locations for fishing, canoeing, kayaking and a broad-range of other water-themed sports.

See also

  • Society of Poland

Notes and references

  1. ^
    ISBN 9027234523. Retrieved March 16, 2013. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help
    )
  2. ^ Prof. Justyna Beinek. "Post-Communist Polish Culture (1989-Present)" (PDF). Topics in Polish Literature and Culture (Slav-P365/565). Indiana University. Archived from the original (PDF file, direct download 66 KB) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
  3. ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2008–2011). "Visual Arts". Experience Poland » Culture » Visual Arts (in Polish). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland. Archived from the original on May 16, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
  4. ^
    KARTA, Warsaw. Archived from the original
    (DOC direct download) on August 7, 2013. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
  5. ISBN 0822388332. Retrieved March 20, 2013. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help
    )
  6. ^ "Powstanie KOR-u (Foundation of the Workers Defence Committee)". Open letter by Jerzy Andrzejewski (in Polish). Narodowe Centrum Kultury: Official webpage of the Komitet Obrony Robotników. 2013. pp. see: Timeline, and Documents 1976–81. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
  7. ^ J.A.A. Purves (May 22, 2012). "The Decalogue by Krzysztof Kieślowski (1989) - film review". Redemptio Sehnsucht. Retrieved March 18, 2013. There is a ... deeper meaning to be found in our human lives... Attempting to place that meaning where it cannot be found will only lead to utter despair. This is why Kieślowski's The Decalogue is so special.
  8. ^ Sejm of the Republic of Poland (December 1989). "On amendments to the Constitution of the People's Republic of Poland". The December Novelization (in Polish). Warsaw: Sejm.gov.pl. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
  9. ^ Eugeniusz Górski (Feb 13, 2009). "From 'Socialist' to Postmodern Pluralism in Poland". Civil Society, Pluralism, and Universalism. Archived from the original on April 13, 2011. Retrieved March 18, 2013 – via The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy (RVP).
  10. ISBN 9027234450. Retrieved March 18, 2013. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help
    )
  11. ^ Beata Zatorska and Simon Target, Recipes and Stories from a Summer in Poland, published by Tabula Books, 2011.
  12. ^ Rzeczpospolita (2 April 2011), Book review: Dżem z płatków róży, Internet Archive.