Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina

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A lamb roast and "kolo" (circle) dancing - Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1895
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Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina
History
People
Languages
Mythology
Cuisine
Festivals
Religion
Art
Literature
Music
Media
Sport
Monuments
Symbols

The culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina encompasses the country's ancient heritage, architecture, science, literature, visual arts, music, cinema, sports and cuisine.

Ancient cultural heritage

Visoko
.

The rock-carving by an artist found in

Visoko, Mostar, Široki Brijeg), and their carved stone stonework influenced the first original medieval Bosnian art, found on tombstones – stećak
.

The Charter of Ban Kulin is the symbolic birth certificate of Bosnia's statehood,[3] as it is the first written document that refers to Bosnia's borders (between the rivers of Drina, Sava and Una) and the elements of the Bosnian state - the ruler, throne and political organization.[citation needed] It is written in Bosnian Cyrillic and it also referred to the people of Bosnia - Bosnianins. The Charter was a trade agreement between Bosnia and the Republic of Dubrovnik.[4]

The most important item in the

Jewish illuminated codex originally from 12th century Spain. Other important items include Hrvojev's mass (Hrvojev misal) and Hval's Codex (Hvalov zbornik), both Bosnian books of liturgy produced in Croatia at the start of the 15th century, a 16th-century Kur’an and Leontiev's New Testament (Leontijevo četverojevanđelje
).

Architecture

Main article: Architecture of Bosnia and Herzegovina

After the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina, urban and city development flourished as the Ottomans brought imperial Islamic architecture to the region, partly mixed with local customs (one of them being the use of squinches instead of triangular pendentives found in Turkey). Many mosques and buildings were designed at the beginning. Afterwards, local merchants had more influence and in the 18th and 19th century, there was a rise in European influence. Moorish architecture developed during Austro-Hungarian occupation.[5]

During the

Tito–Stalin Split. In the following years, modernist architecture came to symbolize the nation's break from the USSR (a notion that later diminished with growing acceptability of modernism in the Eastern Bloc).[8][9]

Science

The Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the country's highest scientific and artistic institution. Initially founded in 1951 as the Scientific Society of Bosnia and Herzegovina, it was upgraded to an academy in 1966.[10][11]

The National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina opened in 1888; it undertook Bosnia's first systematic excavations of archeological sites from 1899 to 1904.[12][13]

Literature

Main articles: Literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bosniak epic poetry

Bosnia and Herzegovina has a rich literary heritage. Matija Divković, Bosnian Franciscan and writer is considered to be the founder of the modern literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[14][15]

Notable poets include Antun Branko Šimić, Aleksa Šantić, Jovan Dučić and Mak Dizdar.[16] Prominent prose writers include the Nobel Literature Prize laureate Ivo Andrić, Meša Selimović, Zaim Topčić, Zlatko Topčić, Branko Ćopić and Skender Kulenović.[17] Contemporary writers include Semezdin Mehmedinović, Aleksandar Hemon, Miljenko Jergović, Abdulah Sidran, Nedžad Ibrišimović, and Marko Tomaš.

The National Theater was founded in 1919 in Sarajevo and its first director was famous playwright Branislav Nušić. Magazines such as Novi Plamen, Most and Sarajevske sveske are some of the more prominent publications covering cultural and literary themes.

Visual arts

Main article:
Art of Bosnia and Herzegovina

The visual arts in Bosnia and Herzegovina were always evolving and ranged from the original medieval tombstones (

Austro-Hungarian occupation in 1878 that led to the renaissance of Bosnian painting. The first artists trained in European academies emerged at the beginning of the 20th century. These included Gabrijel Jurkić, Petar Tiješić, Karlo Mijić, Špiro Bocarić, Petar Šain, Đoko Mazalić, Roman Petrović and Lazar Drljača.[18] Their generation was succeeded by artists such as Ismet Mujezinović, Vojo Dimitrijević, Ivo Šeremet and Mica Todorović.[19]

Prominent artists in the post-World War II period include Virgilije Nevjestić, Bekir Misirlić, Ljubo Lah, Meho Sefić, Franjo Likar, Mersad Berber, Ibrahim Ljubović, Dževad Hozo, Affan Ramić, Safet Zec, Ismar Mujezinović, and Mehmed Zaimović. The Ars Aevi museum of contemporary art in Sarajevo includes works by artists renowned worldwide.

Music

Main article: Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Vedran Smailović, the cellist of Sarajevo.

The most popular traditional Bosnian and Herzogovinian song forms of relatively recent origin (early 20th century) are the Bosnian root music (played with "šargija"), ganga, the rera and the ojkavica (oja-noja).[20] Other popular surviving forms from the Ottoman era is the sevdalinka.

Johnny Štulić, Edo Maajka, Dino Merlin and Tomo Miličević. Talented composers include Đorđe Novković, Esad Arnautalić, Kornelije Kovač, and the many pop and rock bands, e.g. Bijelo Dugme, Indexi, Zabranjeno Pušenje, include some of the leading groups from the era of the former Yugoslavia
.

Bosnia is home to the composer

Sasha Toperich
.

Cinema

Main article:
List of Bosnia-Herzegovina films

Notable Bosnian directors, screenwriters and producers are Zlatko Topčić, Mirza Idrizović, Aida Begić, Ivica Matić, Danis Tanović, Hajrudin Krvavac, Ademir Kenović, Benjamin Filipović, Ahmed Imamović, Pjer Žalica, Jasmila Žbanić, Dino Mustafić and Srđan Vuletić.

Sarajevo Film Festival, founded in 1995, has become the biggest and most influential in southeast Europe.[21][22]

Sports

Olympics

Main article: Bosnia and Herzegovina at the Olympics

The most important international sporting event in the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina was the hosting of the 1984 Winter Olympics, held in Sarajevo from the 8th to 19 February 1984.

Sitting volleyball

Paralympics Gold medals (2004 and 2012) and multiple World and European sitting volleyball titles. Many of the players lost limbs in the 1992-1995 Bosnian War
.

Popular sports

Athletics

Bosnia and Herzegovina has produced many prominent athletes, including members of the Yugoslav national team before Bosnia and Herzegovina's independence. The nation's most notable track and field athlete since independence is runner

800 metres at the 2019 World Athletics Championships
.

Football (soccer)

Main article: Football in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team, 2016

Yugoslav national football team included a number of Bosnian players, such as Josip Katalinski, Dušan Bajević, Miroslav Blažević, Ivica Osim, Safet Sušić, and Mirsad Fazlagić
.

Since independence the Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team has failed to qualify for any European or World Championship tournament, up until 2014 FIFA World Cup, after winning eight games to secure their place after many years of failed attempts of making their FIFA debut. Bosnian national teams have struggled to field the best eligible team as many players born in Bosnia and Herzegovina choose to play for other countries for reasons of ethnic identification and because of the higher salaries offered by other teams (for example: Mario Stanić and Mile Mitić were both born in Bosnia but play for Croatia and Serbia respectively; other internationally famous players from Bosnia and Herzegovina who have made similar choices include Zoran Savić, Vladimir Radmanović, Zoran Planinić, Aleksandar Nikolić and Savo Milošević).

Basketball

Bosnian

Eurobasket championship. The Jedinstvo Women's basketball
club, based in Tuzla, won the 1979 European Championships in Florence.

Boxing

The middle-weight

Marjan Beneš has won several B&H Championships, Yugoslavian Championships and the European Championship. In 1978, he won the World Title against Elish Obeda from Bahamas. Another middle-weight, Ante Josipović, won the Olympic gold medal in Los Angeles in 1984. He also won the Yugoslavian Championship in 1982, the Championship of the Balkans in 1983 and the Beograd Trophy in 1985. Felix Sturm aka Adnan Catic is a German former middleweight champion boxer with Bosnian origin. He has a Bosnian flag in his weardrobe and often holdes tales in Bosnian
after a boxing match.

Chess

The Bosnian chess team has been Champion of Yugoslavia seven times, in addition to winning four European championships: 1994 in Lyon, 1999 in Bugojno, 2000 in Neum, and 2001 in Kalitea. The Borki Predojević chess club (from Teslić) has also won two European Club Championships, at Litohoreu (Greece) in 1999, and Kalitei (Greece) in 2001.

Handball

The

handball
club, seven times Yugoslav National Championship winners, won the European Championship Cup in 1976 and the International Handball Federation Cup in 1991.

Karate

The Tuzla-Sinalco karate club from Tuzla was the most prolific Yugoslav championship-winning team, also winning four European Championships and one World Championship.

Cuisine

Main article: Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine
somun
.

Bosnian cuisine reflects a balance of

grapes. Plum or apple rakia is distilled in the northern region of Bosnia
.

References

  1. ISBN 978-1-3171-7299-4
    .
  2. ^ Čuvalo 2010, p. 36.
  3. ISBN 978-3-0303-8121-9
    .
  4. ISBN 978-1-4438-5429-0
    .
  5. ISBN 978-1-1346-1365-6
    .
  6. ^ Đorđević, Zorana (2016). "Identity of 20th Century Architecture in Yugoslavia: The Contribution of Milan Zloković". Култура/Culture. 6.
  7. ^ Babic, Maja (2013). "Modernism and Politics in the Architecture of Socialist Yugoslavia, 1945-1965" (PDF). University of Washington.
  8. doi:10.2298/SPAT1534001A
    .
  9. OCLC 814446048
    .
  10. ^ Čuvalo 2010, p. 3.
  11. ISBN 978-9-8115-6879-4
    .
  12. ISBN 978-1-3175-6915-2
    .
  13. ISBN 978-1-7892-5728-1
    .
  14. ^ Isaković, Alija; Popadić, Milosav (1982). Pisana riječ u Bosni i Hercegovini od najstarijih vremena do 1918. godine. IRO "Veselin Masleša." OOUR Izdavačka djelatnost. p. 25. The beginning of this literary activity is linked to the name of Matija Divković, who with his works.. started a new significant era of the printed books of the Franciscan Friars in the vernacular..
  15. ISBN 0814751792
    .
  16. ^ "N/A". Израз. 33 (7–12): 381. 1989.
  17. ^ "kultura". Život. Svjetlost. 1985. p. 224.
  18. ISBN 978-9-9586-3039-2
    .
  19. ^ Benac, Alojz; Lovrenović, Ivan (1980). Bosnia and Herzegovina. IGKRO "Svjetlost". p. 196.
  20. ^ mp3 files with examples from Dalmatia (Croatia) in "Trends and Processes in the Music Culture of the Dalmatian Hinterland" by Josko Caleta Archived 2008-12-31 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 15 February 2011
  21. ^ D. Holloway. "10th Sarajevo Film Festival". German Film & Literature: 24. In just ten years.. it has grown into the biggest and the most influential film festival in South-East Europe.
  22. ISBN 978-1-1364-7318-0
    .
  23. ISBN 978-9-2871-5744-7
    .

Sources
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