Culture of Indonesia

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The culture of Indonesia (

, all strong in the major trading cities. The result is a complex cultural mixture, often different from the original indigenous cultures.

Examples of the fusion of Islam with Hinduism include Javanese

Pencak Silat

.

The Western world has influenced Indonesia in science, technology and modern entertainment such as television shows, film and music, as well as political system and issues. India has notably influenced Indonesian songs and movies. A popular type of song is the Indian-rhythmical dangdut, which is often mixed with Arabic and Malay folk music.

Despite the influences of foreign culture, some remote Indonesian regions still preserve uniquely indigenous culture. Indigenous

Traditional performing arts

Music

Indonesia is home to with those from the islands of

(United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)...

On 29 June 1965, Koes Plus, a leading Indonesian pop group in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, was imprisoned in Glodok, West Jakarta, for playing Western-style music. After the resignation of President Sukarno, the law was rescinded, and in the 1970s the Glodok prison was dismantled and replaced with a large shopping mall.

and other traditional Keroncong music groups in Maluku, with strong Portuguese influences. This music genre was popular in the first half of the 20th century; a contemporary form of Kroncong is called Pop Kroncong.

Angklung musical orchestra, native of West Java, received international recognition as UNESCO has listed the traditional West Java musical instrument made from bamboo in the list of intangible cultural heritage.^[2][3]

The soft

.

• Some examples of Indonesian traditional music instruments
• 
  Angklung, traditional music instrument of Sundanese people from West Java
• 
  Talempong, traditional music instrument of Minangkabau people from West Sumatra
• 
  Wooden

  Minahasa people from North Sulawesi
• 
  Sasando, traditional music instrument of Rotenese people from East Nusa Tenggara

Dance

Indonesian dance reflects the diversity of culture from ethnic groups that composed the nation of Indonesia. Austronesian roots and Melanesian tribal dance forms are visible, and influences ranging from neighbouring Asian countries; such as India, China, and Middle East to European western styles through colonization. Each ethnic group has its own distinct dances; makes total dances in Indonesia are more than 3000 Indonesian original dances. However, the dances of Indonesia can be divided into three eras; the Prehistoric Era, the Hindu/Buddhist Era, and the Era of Islam, and into two genres; court dance and folk dance.

There is a continuum in the traditional dances depicting episodes from the Ramayana and Mahabharata from India, ranging through Thailand, all the way to Bali. There is a marked difference, though, between the highly stylized dances of the courts of Yogyakarta and Surakarta and their popular variations. While the court dances are promoted and even performed internationally, the popular forms of dance art and drama must largely be discovered locally.

Reog Ponorogo is also a dance that originated from the district

, East Java, which is a visualization of the legendary story Wengker kingdom and the kingdom of Kediri.

A popular line dance called Poco-poco was originated in Indonesia and also popular in Malaysia, but at early April 2011 Malaysian Islamic clerics banned the poco-poco dance for Muslims due to them believing it is traditionally a Christian dance and that its steps make the sign of the cross.^[4]

During the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage convention in 29 November to 4 December 2015 in Windhoek, Namibia, UNESCO recognizes three genres of traditional dance in Bali, Indonesia, as Intangible cultural heritage.^[5] The three genres includes Wali (sacred dances), Bebali (semi-sacred dances) and Balih-balihan (dances for entertainment purposes). Balinese dance has been proposed since 2011,^[6] and officially recognized in 2015.

Previously, on 24 November, 2011,

• Some examples of Indonesian Traditional dance
• 
  Legong Kraton dance from Bali
• 
  Bedhaya sacred dance performance from Java
• 
  Saman dance from Aceh
• 
  Jaipongan Langit Biru dance from West Java

Drama and theatre

Wayang Wong

performance

The

. All of these dramas incorporated humour and jest, often involving audiences in their performance.

The

UNESCO designated Wayang the flat leather shadow puppet (wayang kulit) and the three-dimensional wooden puppet (wayang golek or wayang klitik) theatre, as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity on 7 November 2003. In return for the acknowledgement, UNESCO required Indonesians to preserve the tradition.^[12]

Randai is a folk theatre tradition of the Minangkabau people of West Sumatra, usually performed for traditional ceremonies and festivals. It incorporates music, singing, dance, drama and the silat martial art, with performances often based on semi-historical Minangkabau legends and love story.

.

Modern performing art also developed in Indonesia with its distinct style of drama. Notable theatre, dance, and drama troupe such as Teater Koma are gaining popularity in Indonesia as their drama often portray social and political

• Some examples of Indonesian Dance Drama and Theatre
• 
  Wayang Kulit (Leather shadow puppet) Performance from Java
• 
  Wayang Golek (3D wooden puppet) performance from West Java
• 
  Lenong Performance from Jakarta
• 
  Randai Performance from West Sumatra

Martial arts

Pencak Silat

, a form of martial arts.

The art of

It is an art for survival and practised throughout the Indonesian archipelago. Centuries of tribal wars in Indonesian history had shaped silat as it was used by the ancient warriors of Indonesia. Silat was used to determine the rank and position of warriors in old Indonesian kingdoms.

Contacts with Indians and Chinese has further enriched silat. Silat reached areas beyond Indonesia mainly through the diaspora of Indonesian people. People from various regions like Aceh, Minangkabau, Riau, Bugis, Makassar, Java, Banjar, etc. moved into and settled in Malay Peninsula and other islands. They brought silat and passed it down to their descendants. The Indonesian of half-Dutch descent are also credited as the first to have brought the art into Europe.

Silat was used by Indonesian independence fighters during their struggle against the Dutch colonial rule. Unfortunately, after Indonesia achieving their independence, silat became less popular among Indonesian youth compare to foreign martial arts like Karate and Taekwondo. This probably because silat was not taught openly and only passed down among blood relatives, the other reason is the lack of media portrayal of the art.

Efforts have been made to introduce and reintroduce the beauty of silat to Indonesian youth and the world. Exhibitions and promotions by individuals as well as state-sponsored groups helped the growing of silat's popularity, particularly in

is one of Indonesian efforts to introduce silat to the international scene.

Another martial art from Indonesia is Tarung Derajat. It is a modern combat system created by Haji Ahmad Drajat based on his experience as a street fighter. Tarung Drajat has been acknowledged as a national sport by KONI in 1998 and is now used by Indonesian Army as part of their basic training.^[16]

In Eastern Indonesia, there is a type of martial art hitting with a whip or stick. Caci is a form of fighting with a whip or stick. It appears to be indigenous to Flores in East Nusa Tenggara, but it is also practised in Bali and Lombok.

• Some examples of Martial arts in Indonesia
• 
  Mekare-kare pandan battle in Tenganan village, Bali
• 
  Minahasa from North Sulawesi
• 
  Caci (fighting) is one of the traditional martial arts of the Manggarai community from Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara
• 
  Sitobo lalang lipa or tarung sarong, a duel in a sarong using a badik, is found in Bugis and Makassar cultures

Traditional visual arts

Painting

cave paintings are more than 44,000 years old. Maros, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

One of the oldest

In 2018, scientists reported the discovery of the then-oldest known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in the cave of Lubang Jeriji Saléh on the Indonesian island of Borneo. In December 2019, however, figurative cave paintings depicting pig hunting in the Maros-Pangkep karst in Sulawesi were estimated to be even older, at at least 43,900 years old. The finding was noted to be "the oldest pictorial record of storytelling and the earliest figurative artwork in the world".^[18][19]

Indonesian painting before the 19th century is mostly restricted to the decorative arts, considered to be a religious and spiritual activity, comparable to the pre-1400 European art. Artists' names are anonymous since the individual human creator was seen as far less important than their creation to honour the deities or spirits. Some examples are the

pavilion.

Under the influence of the Dutch colonial power, a trend toward Western-style painting emerged in the 19th century. In the Netherlands, the term "Indonesian Painting" is applied to the paintings produced by Dutch or other foreign artists who lived and worked in the former Netherlands-Indies. The most famous indigenous 19th-century Indonesian painter is Raden Saleh (1807–1877), the first indigenous artist to study in Europe. His art is heavily influenced by Romanticism.^[20] In the 1920s Walter Spies settled in Bali, he is often credited with attracting the attention of Western cultural figures to Balinese culture and art. His works have somehow influenced Balinese artists and painters. Today Bali has one of the most vivid and richest painting traditions in Indonesia.

The 1920s to 1940s were a time of growing nationalism in Indonesia. The previous period of the romanticism movement was not seen as a purely Indonesian movement and did not develop. Painters began to see the natural world for inspiration. Some examples of Indonesian painter during this period are the Balinese

• Some examples of Indonesian painting
• 
  Kenyah mural painting from Kalimantan
• 
  Traditional Balinese painting depicting

  cockfighting
• 
  The Arrest of Pangeran Diponegoro, Raden Saleh (1857)
• 
  Modern painting of Prince Panji meeting three women in the jungle

Wood carvings

The art of

area is well known for its refined wood carving culture; they are Jepara in Central Java and Bali. Mas village near Ubud in Bali is renowned for its wood carving art. Balinese woodcarving today has a sustained tourist market in Bali.

In

. Bisj poles are carved by Asmat religious carvers (wow-ipits) after a member of their tribe or community had been killed and headhunted by an enemy tribe. Carved out of a single piece of a wild mangrove tree, Bisj poles can reach heights of up to 25 feet (7.62 m). Their carvings depict human figures standing on top of each other, as well as animal figures, phallic symbols, and carvings in the shape of a canoe prow. The Asmat participated in headhunting raids and cannibalism as rituals, many rituals involved the Bisj poles, including dancing, masquerading, singing and headhunting—all performed by men.

In North Sumatra, the people of Nias placed great value on wooden figures or adu. The sole purpose of the Nias figures was to fulfil ritual needs, whether it is to ensure wealth or to perform specific beneficial rite. Niassan figures vary in size, from as small as 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in height to more than 2 metres (6.6 ft) tall. When an elderly person died, the family would make a wooden statue known as adu zatua. The statue was unveiled on the fourth day after the death of the person. The shape of the wooden statue reflects the status of the person who used them: the more powerful the owner, the more impressive the statue will be made. Nias people believed that the deceased person's spirits reside in the statue, so all events that occurred in the family were shared with the ancestor statues through prayers. Ancestor statues were placed in the main room of the house, sometimes more than a hundred. A missionary work in 1930 had recorded the removal of 'over 2000 "idols" from a house of new northern convert.' Some missionaries even recorded houses collapsing under the weight of these ancestor figures. Small adu zatua were bound together horizontally using a rattan and pegs.

Many ancestor figures were destroyed in 1916 by Christian missionary movements which saw them as an old blasphemous religious symbol. Some were sold to collectors and can be found in museum or private collections around the world.

In

, Tau tau is a kind of human statue made of wood or bamboo. Torajans believe that the dead can take their possessions with them to the afterlife, the effigies are usually equipped with small possessions. Traditionally, the effigies were simply carved, only to show the gender of the deceased. However, they have become more and more elaborate, actually attempting to imitate the likeness of the deceased. Nowadays, Tau tau has a photographic likeness to the people they represent.

• Some examples of Indonesian wood carving for rituals
• 
  Bisj pole, wooden funerary poles from Papua
• 
  Toraja stone-carved burial site. Tau tau (wooden statue of the deceased) were put in the cave, looking out over the land, from South Sulawesi
• 
  Sigale Gale of Batak people from North Sumatra
• 
  Hudoq wooden mask from East Kalimantan

Sculpture

Indonesia has a long history of stone, bronze and Iron Ages arts.

and illustrate his teachings. The temple was originally home to 504 statues of the seated Buddha.

The examples of notable Indonesian Hindu-Buddhist sculptures are; the statues of Hindu deities; Shiva, Vishnu, Brahma, Durga, Ganesha and Agastya enthroned in rooms of Prambanan temples, the Vishnu mounting Garuda statue of king Airlangga, the exquisite statue of Eastern Javanese Prajnaparamita and 3.7 meters tall Dvarapala dated from Singhasari period, and also the grand statue of Bhairava Adityawarman discovered in Sumatra. Today, the Hindu-Buddhist style stone sculptures are reproduced in villages in Muntilan near Borobudur also in Trowulan the former capital site of Majapahit in East Java, and Bali, and sold as a garden or pool ornament statues for homes, offices and hotels.

The walls of candi also often displayed

(popularly known as Krishnayana).

The bas-reliefs in Borobudur depicted many scenes of daily life in 8th-century ancient Java, from the courtly palace life, hermit in the forest, to those of commoners in the village. It also depicted a temple, marketplace, various flora and fauna, and also

Borobudur Ship

.

• Some examples of Indonesian Statues and Reliefs
• 
  Statue of

  fangs

  above the door of a temple
• 
  Bodhisattva statues and reliefs
• 
  Reliefs of

  Kinnari, also divine beings; Apsara and Devata
• 
  Brahma statues and reliefs

Architecture

For centuries, Indonesian vernacular architecture has shaped settlements in Indonesia which commonly took the form of timber structures built on stilts dominated by a large roof. The most dominant foreign influences on

, although European influences have been particularly strong since the 19th century and modern architecture in Indonesia is international in scope.

As in much of

. Oversized saddle roofs with large eaves, such as the homes of the Batak and the tongkonan of Toraja, are often bigger than the house they shelter. The fronts of Torajan houses are frequently decorated with buffalo horns, stacked one above another, as an indication of status. The outside walls also frequently feature decorative reliefs.

Candi is an Indonesian term to refer to ancient temples. Before the rise of Islam, between the 5th to 15th-century Dharmic faiths (Hinduism and Buddhism) were the majority in the Indonesian archipelago, especially in Java and Sumatra. As a result of numerous Hindu temples, locally known as candi, constructed and dominated the landscape of Java. According to local beliefs, Java valley had thousands of Hindu temples that co-existed with Buddhist temples, most of which were buried in the massive eruption of Mount Merapi in 1006 AD.

Between 1100 and 1500 additional Hindu temples were built, but abandoned by Hindus and Buddhists as Islam spread in Java circa the 15th to 16th century. The 8th-century

The nearby 9th-century temple complex at Prambanan contains some of the best-preserved examples of Hindu temple architecture in Java. The temple complex comprises eight main shrines, surrounded by 224 smaller shrines. The majority of Hindu temples in Java were dedicated to Shiva, who Javanese Hindus considered as the God who commands the energy to destroy, recombine and recreate the cycle of life. Small temples were often dedicated to Shiva and his family (wife Durga, son Ganesha). Larger temple complexes include temples for Vishnu and Brahma, but the most majestic, sophisticated and central temple was dedicated to Shiva.

• Some examples of Architecture in Indonesia
• 
  Austronesian

  architectural style
• 
  Toraja people in South Sulawesi, Indonesia
• 
  Borobudur, candi in Central Java, the largest Buddhist temple in world
• 
  The Tajug or Meru type roof is commonly used on sacred buildings in Indonesia, especially Java
• 
  Besakih Temple with Balinese (Pura) architectural style
• 
  mosque

  with traditional Indonesian architectural style
• 
  Blenduk Church in Semarang, a church with a colonial architectural style
• 
  Kuil Sanggar Agung Surabaya, architecture with Chinese influences

Crafts

Indonesia is considered as home of world

. These natural materials were crafted using hands into profitable and aesthetic items.[26] Handicraft manufacturing serves not only as an important economic sector, but also a tradition and has a social function as well.^[27] The handicraft industry employs thousands of people in towns and villages across the country. About half a billion dollar worth of handicraft is exported every year, and many more is consumed domestically.^[26][27]

There are many varieties of handicraft from other regions.^[26] West Sumatra and South Sumatra are particularly noted for their songket cloths.^[28] Villages in the Lesser Sunda Islands produce ikat while provinces in Kalimantan are long known for their basketry and weaving using rattan and other natural fabrics.^[29] Wood art produced by the Asmat people of Papua is highly valued.^[30] Cities along Java's northern coast, Cirebon, Pekalongan, and Rembang are known as centres of batik.^[31] Cirebon and Jepara are important cities in furniture, producing rattan and carved wood respectively,^[32] while Tasikmalaya is known for embroidery.^[33] Pasuruan also produces furniture and other products and support stores and galleries in Bali.^[26] Bandung and Surabaya, both modern, cosmopolitan, and industrialised cities—much like Jakarta but on a lesser scale—are creative cities with a variety of innovative startups.^[26]

Several Indonesian islands are famous for their batik, ikat and songket cloth. Once on the brink of disappearing, batik and later ikat, found a new lease on life when former President Suharto promoted wearing batik shirts on official occasions. In addition to the traditional patterns with their special meanings, used for particular occasions, batik designs have become creative and diverse over the last few years.

Other noted Indonesian crafts are

In 2012, Noken was listed in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists as a cultural heritage of Indonesia.^[36] Women carrying noken are still a common sight in Wamena.^[37]

Being the best-known Indonesian sailing-vessel,

.

• Some Indonesian Traditional Fabrics
• 
  Batik
• 
  Songket
• 
  Ikat
• 
  Ulos

• Some Indonesian Traditional Weapons
• 
  Keris
• 
  Rencong
• 
  Karambit
• 
  Badik

Clothing

B.J. Habibie. Women wear kain batik and kebaya with selendang (sash), while men wear jas and dasi (western suit with tie) with peci

cap.

Indonesia's best-known national costumes are

, each of which has representatives of traditional clothing from each province with unique and different designs. National costumes are worn at official occasions and traditional ceremonies. each province in Indonesia – more complete each group in Indonesia, has its own traditional costumes. The costumes of this area are in Indonesian called Pakaian tradisional or Pakaian adat, and are taken from traditional Indonesian textile traditions and crafts.

National costumes

Batik

Kebaya

The

with a colorful motif. Kebaya is usually worn during official national events by Indonesian first lady, wives of Indonesian diplomats, and Indonesian ladies. It also worn by Indonesian ladies attending traditional ceremonies and weddings. During Balinese traditional ceremonies, Balinese women wore colorful Balinese style kebaya with songket Bali.

Peci

The

Muslim

men) throughout the country. The peci is usually worn with a batik shirt or western-style suits by men in Indonesia for those attending formal occasions.

• Some traditional clothes in Indonesia
• 
  Minangkabau traditional clothes
• 
  Dayak traditional clothes
• 
  Osing traditional clothes
• 
  Papuan traditional clothes

Foods

Main article: Indonesian cuisine

Further information: List of Indonesian dishes and List of Indonesian drinks

The

spices. During the colonial era

, immigrants from many countries arrived in Indonesia and brought different cultures as well as cuisines.

Most native Indonesians eat rice as the main dish, with a wide range of vegetables and meat as side dishes. However, in some parts of the country, such as Papua and Ambon, the majority of the people eat sago (a type of tapioca) and sweet potato.

soybeans

Indonesian dishes are usually spicy, using a wide range of

chilli peppers and spices. The most popular dishes include nasi goreng (fried rice), Satay, Nasi Padang (a dish of Minangkabau) and soy-based dishes, such as tahu and tempe. A unique characteristic of some Indonesian food is the application of spicy peanut sauce in their dishes, as a dressing for Gado-gado or Karedok (Indonesian style salad), or for seasoning grilled chicken satay. Another unique aspect of Indonesian cuisine is using terasi or belacan, a pungent shrimp paste in dishes of sambal oelek (hot pungent chilli sauce). The sprinkling of fried shallots

also gives a uniquely crisp texture to some Indonesian dishes.

Chinese and Indian cultures have influenced the serving of food and the types of spices used. It is very common to find

Indonesian rice table

or 'rijsttafel'.

• Some national dishes of Indonesia
• 
  Nasi Goreng
• 
  Sate
• 
  Soto
• 
  Gado-gado

Mythology and folklores

Main articles: Mythology of Indonesia and Folklore of Indonesia

The mythology of Indonesia is very diverse, the

Indonesian people consisting of hundreds of ethnic groups

, each with their own myths and legends. The stories within this system of lore often incorporate supernatural entities and magical creatures which form parts of Indonesian mythology. Others relate to creation myths and place naming legends that are often intertwined with historical figures and events. Ancient rituals for healing and traditional medicine as well as complex philosophies regarding health and disease can also be found.

These native mythologies are relatively free from foreign influences, such as

Hindu gods, legends and epics such as Ramayana and Mahabharata

were adopted and adapted into a uniquely local form.

Hindu-Buddhist mythical beings have a role in Javanese and Balinese mythology, including Hindu gods and heroes,

Pandawas. Several names refer to gods, such as Dewa (devas), Dewi (devi), dewata (devatas

), and in native traditions usually referred to as Batara (male god) and Batari (female goddess).

After the coming of

Malay, Aceh and Minangkabau

mythology was almost entirely supplanted by Islamic mythology. However, belief in local spirits such as the forest guardian, the ghost of water or haunted places still exists, often associated with a jinn or the tormented soul of a deceased human.

• Some mythological creatures in Indonesia
• 
  Dewi Sri
• 
  Lembuswana
• 
  Barong
• 
  Naga

Literature

Main article: Indonesian literature

Early Indonesian literature originates in

Magsaysay Award as well as being considered for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Other important figures include the late Chairil Anwar, a poet and member of the "Generation 45" group of authors who were active in the Indonesian independence movement. Tight information controls during Suharto

's presidency suppressed new writing, especially because of its ability to agitate for social reform.

In the book Max Havelaar, Dutch author Multatuli criticised the Dutch treatment of the Indonesians, which gained him international attention.

Modern Indonesian authors include Seno Gumira Adjidarma, Andrea Hirata, Habiburrahman El Shirazy, Ayu Utami, Gus tf Sakai, Eka Kurniawan, Ratih Kumala, Dee, Oka Rusmini. Some of their works have translated to other languages.

Poetry has a long tradition in Indonesia, particularly among ethnically

babad

(histories or chronicles).

On 15 December 2020 the Pantun is recognized as a

Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity

by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).

Recreation and sports

Main article: Sport in Indonesia

Many traditional games are still preserved and popular in Indonesia, although western culture has influenced some parts of them. Among three hundred officially recognised Indonesian cultures, there are many kinds of traditional games:

Pencak Silat is another popular form of sport, which was influenced by Asian culture as a whole. Another form of national sport is sepak takraw.^[40] The rules are similar to volleyball: to keep the rattan ball

in the air with the players' feet.

Popular modern sports in Indonesia played at the international level include

Summer Olympics and won Olympic gold medals since badminton was made an Olympic sport in 1992. Rudy Hartono is a legendary Indonesian badminton player, who won All England titles seven times in a row (1968 through 1974). Indonesian teams have won the Thomas Cup (men's world team championship) thirteen of the twenty-two times that it has been contested since they entered the series in 1957.^[42] In the internationally popular sport of football (soccer), Indonesian teams have been active in the Asian Football Confederation

(AFC).

Sporting events in Indonesia are organised by the

1993 Asian Basketball Championship.^[43] Besides that, it has also hosted the Asian Games twice, the 1962 Asian Games and the 2018 Asian Games

.

• Some Indonesian Traditional Sports
• 
  Hombo Batu in Nias, Indonesia
• 
  Tarik Tambang
• 
  Pacuan Kuda
• 
  Makepung buffalo race in Jembrana Regency, Bali

Popular media

Cinema

Main article: Cinema of Indonesia

The largest chain of cinemas in Indonesia is 21 Cineplex, which has cinemas spread throughout twenty-four cities on the major islands of Indonesia. Many smaller independent cinemas also exist.

In the 1980s, the

Asia Pacific Film Festival in Taipei.^{[49][unreliable source?}

]

Television

Main article: Television in Indonesia

Radio

The public radio network

HD-Radio.^[50][51][52]

Religion and philosophy

Main articles: Religion in Indonesia and Indonesian philosophy

Islam is

Hindu, and 1% Buddhist

.

The

Pancasila

, the statement of two principles that encapsulate the ideology of the Indonesian state, affirms that "The state shall be based on the belief in the one and only God".

• Some Indonesian ritual worship
• 
  Maudu Lompoa tradition in Sulawesi, to commemorate the birthday of Muhammad
• 
  Christmas in Papua is marked with Barapen (grilling stone)
• 
  Cremation (Ngaben) Hindu ceremony
• 
  Labuhan procession in Yogyakarta^[54] is believed to help preserve the balance of nature

Celebrations

Main article: Public holidays in Indonesia

Further information: List of festivals in Indonesia

Date (Gregorian Calendar)	Date (Religious Calendar)	English Name	Local Name	Remarks
1 January		New Year's Day	Tahun Baru Masehi
	Rabi' al-awwal 12	Birth of the Prophet	Maulid Nabi Muhammad	Birthday of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad
January–February		Chinese New Year	Tahun Baru Imlek	1st day of 1st month of Chinese Calendar
March	Kasa 1 Pawukon 40	Day of Silence	Hari Raya Nyepi (Tahun Baru Saka)	New Year of Balinese calendar
March–April		Good Friday	Wafat Yesus Kristus/Isa Almasih (Jumat Agung)	Date varies; this is the Friday before Easter Sunday, which is the first Sunday after the first Paschal Full Moon following the official vernal equinox
1 May		Labour Day	Hari Buruh
May–June		Ascension of Jesus Christ	Kenaikan Yesus Kristus/Isa Almasih
May	Every May of Vaisakha	Buddha's Birthday	Waisak	In Indonesia it is celebrated as Trisuci Waisak, to commemorate three important events in Buddhism; Buddha's birthday, enlightenment and his death. The date varies according to the Buddhist calendar
	Rajab 27	Ascension of the Prophet	Isra Mi'raj Nabi Muhammad
1 June		Pancasila Day	Hari Lahir Pancasila	Public holiday since 2016, marks the date of Sukarno's 1945 address on the national ideology
17 August		Independence Day	Hari Proklamasi Kemerdekaan R.I.	Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta as the proclaimers
	Shawwal 1–2	Eid al-Fitr	Idul Fitri (Lebaran Mudik)	Date varies according to the Islamic calendar
	Dhu al-Hijjah 10	Feast of the Sacrifice	Idul Adha (Lebaran Haji)	Date varies according to the Islamic calendar
	Muharram 1	Islamic New Year	Tahun Baru Hijriyah	1st day of the Muharram, the beginning of the new Islamic year
25 December		Christmas	Natal

See also

• Demographics of Indonesia
• List of museums and cultural institutions in Indonesia
• National Intangible Cultural Heritage of Indonesia

References

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   .
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Further reading

• Kuncaraningrat. (1985) Javanese culture Singapore: Oxford University Press,
• Kathleen M. Adams (2006). Art as Politics: Re-crafting Identities, Tourism and Power in Tana Toraja, Indonesia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
  ISBN 978-0-8248-3072-4
  .