Culture of Ireland
This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2023) |
The culture of Ireland includes the art, music, language, literature, folklore, cuisine and sport associated with Ireland and the Irish people. For most of its recorded history, the country’s culture has been primarily Gaelic (see Gaelic Ireland). Strong family values, wit and an appreciation for tradition are commonly associated with Irish culture.
Irish culture has been greatly influenced by Christianity, most notably by the
Irish culture has also been influenced by
Due to large-scale emigration from Ireland, Irish culture has a wide reach in the world, and festivals such as Saint Patrick's Day (Irish: Lá Fhéile Pádraig) and Halloween (which finds its roots in the Gaelic festival Samhain) are celebrated across much of the globe.[4] Irish culture has to some extent been inherited and modified by the Irish diaspora, which in turn has influenced the home country. Moreover, the culture of Ireland is to some degree influenced by its native folklore and legends, such as those detailed in Lebor Gabála Érenn.[5]
Farming and rural tradition
As
Townlands, villages, parishes and counties
The Normans replaced traditional clan land management (under Brehon Law) with the
Land ownership and "land hunger"
Part of a series on the |
Culture of Ireland |
---|
History |
People |
Mythology and Folklore |
Religion |
Art |
With the Tudor
Irish Travellers
Irish Travellers (Shelta: Mincéirí) are known for their historically nomadic lifestyle; residing in ornamented barrel top wagons, they would traverse predominantly rural areas of the island. Their propensity for rural living was influenced by a variety of factors including cultural traditions, a desire for privacy and autonomy, work opportunities and their fondness of the natural world. Travellers would often find work in rural areas, predominantly in farming, horse trading and tinsmithing. While many Mincéirí in contemporary Ireland are now settled, including in urban areas, they often maintain rural traditions such as horseback riding, and attend traditional fairs and festivals in the countryside.[7][8]
Holidays and festivals
The national holiday in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland is Saint Patrick's Day, that falls on the date 17 March and is marked by parades and festivals in cities and towns across the island of Ireland, and by the Irish diaspora around the world. The festival is in remembrance of Saint Patrick, the most significant of Ireland's three patron saints. Pious legend credits Patrick with the banishing of the snakes from the island, and the legend also credits Patrick with teaching the Irish about the concept of the Trinity by showing people the shamrock, a 3-leaved clover, using it to highlight the Christian belief of 'three divine persons in the one God'.
In Northern Ireland The Twelfth of July, or Orangemen's Day, commemorates William III's victory at the Battle of the Boyne. A public holiday, it is celebrated by Irish Protestants, in particular Ulster Protestants, the vast majority of whom live in Northern Ireland. It is notable for the numerous parades organised by the Orange Order which take place throughout Northern Ireland. These parades are colourful affairs with Orange Banners and sashes on display and include music in the form of traditional songs such as "The Sash" and "Derry's Walls" performed by a mixture of pipe, flute, accordion, and brass marching bands. The Twelfth remains controversial as many in Northern Ireland's large and majority-nationalist Catholic community see the holiday, celebrating a victory over Catholics that ensured the continued establishment of a Protestant Ascendancy, as triumphalist, supremacist, and an assertion of British and Ulster Protestant dominance.[10][11][12][13][14][15]
The 1st of February, known as
Other pre-Christian festivals, whose names survive as Irish month names, are
Religion
Christianity was brought to Ireland during or prior to the 5th century[18] and its early history among the Irish is in particular associated with Saint Patrick, who is generally considered Ireland's leading patron saint.[19] The Celtic festival of Samhain, not to be confused with Halloween, originated in Ireland and a reconstructed version is celebrated by some across the globe.[20]
Ireland is a place where religion and religious practice have long been held in high esteem. The majority of people on the island are
In the 2021 Census, of those in the Republic of Ireland that stated their religious identity, 81.6% identified as Christian; 68.8% as Roman Catholic, 4.2% as Protestant, 2.1% as Orthodox, 0.7% as other Christians, while 1.6% identified as Muslim, 0.7% as Hindu, 14.8% as having no religion and 7.1% not stating their religious identity.[22] Amongst the Republic's Roman Catholics, weekly church attendance has declined sharply over the past few decades, from 87% in 1981, to 60% in 1998, to 30% in 2021.[24] Still, this remains one of the higher attendance rates in Europe.[25] The decline is said to be linked to reports of Catholic Church sexual abuse cases in Ireland.
Mythology and folklore
Highly respected in Ireland historically were the stories of heroes such as
According to the tales, the
Literature and the arts
For a comparatively small place, the island of Ireland has made a disproportionately large contribution to world literature in all its branches, in both the Irish and English languages. The island's most widely known literary works are undoubtedly in English. Particularly famous examples of such works are those of
The early history of Irish visual art is generally considered to begin with early carvings found at sites such as
The Irish tradition of
W. B. Yeats (1865–1939) |
George Bernard Shaw (1856–1950) |
Samuel Beckett (1906–1989) |
Seamus Heaney (1939–2013) |
---|---|---|---|
Languages
This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Irish status in Northern Ireland.(February 2023) |
Irish and English are the most widely spoken languages in Ireland. English is the most widely spoken language on the island overall, and Irish is spoken as a first language only by a small minority, primarily, though not exclusively, in the government-defined Gaeltacht regions in the Republic. A larger minority have Irish as a second language, with 40.6% of people in the Republic of Ireland claiming some ability to speak the language in the 2011 census.[37] Article 8 of the Constitution of Ireland states that Irish is the national and first official language of the Republic of Ireland.[38] English in turn is recognised as the State's second official language.[38] Hiberno-English, the dialect of English spoken in most of the Republic of Ireland, has been greatly influenced by Irish.[39]
Several other languages are spoken on the island, including Shelta, a mixture of Irish, Romani and English, spoken widely by Travellers. Two sign languages have also been developed on the island, Northern Irish Sign Language and Irish Sign Language; they have quite different bases.
Some other languages have entered Ireland with immigrants – for example, Polish is now the second most widely spoken language in Ireland after English, Irish being the third most commonly spoken language.[41]
- Irish language
- Hiberno-English
- Ulster Scots dialect
- Mid-Ulster English
- Irish Sign Language
- Northern Ireland Sign Language
- Shelta language
Food and drink
Pre-Medieval Ireland
There are many references to food and drink in early Irish literature. Honey seems to have been widely eaten and used in the making of mead. The old stories also contain many references to banquets, although these may well be greatly exaggerated and provide little insight into everyday diet. There are also many references to fulacht fia, which are archaeological sites commonly believed to have once been used for cooking venison. The fulacht fia have holes or troughs in the ground which can be filled with water. Meat can then be cooked by placing hot stones in the trough until the water boils. Many fulach fia sites have been identified across the island of Ireland, and some of them appear to have been in use up to the 17th century.
Excavations at the
Early-modern Ireland
The
Modern Ireland
In the 20th century, the usual modern selection of foods common to Western cultures has been adopted in Ireland. Both US
The proliferation of fast food has led to increasing public health problems including
In tandem with these developments, the last quarter of the century saw the emergence of a new Irish cuisine based on traditional ingredients handled in new ways. This cuisine is based on fresh vegetables, fish, especially salmon and trout, oysters and other shellfish, traditional soda bread, the wide range of hand-made cheeses that are now being made across the country, and, of course, the potato. Traditional dishes, such as the Irish stew, Dublin coddle, the Irish breakfast and potato bread, have enjoyed a resurgence. Schools like the Ballymaloe Cookery School have emerged to cater for the associated increased interest in cooking with traditional ingredients.
-
Full Irish breakfast
-
Barmbrack / Bairín breac
-
Irish Soda bread served with Irish butter
-
Irish stew (Stobhach)
-
Seafood chowder
-
Irish cream cheesecake
Pub culture
Pub culture term refers to the habit amongst Irish people of frequenting
Many larger pubs in cities eschew such trappings entirely, opting for loud music, and focusing more on the consumption of drinks, which is not a focus of traditional Irish culture. Such venues are popular "pre-clubbing" locations. "
A significant recent change to pub culture in the Republic of Ireland has been the introduction of a smoking ban, in all workplaces, which includes pubs and restaurants. Ireland was the first country in the world to implement such a ban which was introduced on 29 March 2004.[48] A majority of the population support the ban, including a significant percentage of smokers. Nevertheless, the atmosphere in pubs has changed greatly as a result, and debate continues on whether it has boosted or lowered sales, although this is often blamed on the ever-increasing prices, or whether it is a "good thing" or a "bad thing". A similar ban, under the Smoking (Northern Ireland) Order 2006, came into effect in Northern Ireland on 30 April 2007.[49]
National and international organisations have labelled Ireland as having a problem with over-consumption of alcohol. In the late 1980s alcohol consumption accounted for nearly 25% of all hospital admissions. While this figure has been decreasing steadily, as of 2007, approximately 13% of overall hospital admissions were alcohol related.
Sport
Sport on the island of Ireland is popular and widespread. A wide variety of sports are played throughout the island, with the most popular being Gaelic football, hurling, soccer, rugby union, and golf. Four sports account for over 80% of event attendance:
Swimming, golf, aerobics, soccer, cycling, Gaelic football, and billiards, pool and snooker, are the sporting activities with the highest levels of playing participation.[56] Other sports with material playing populations, including at school level, include tennis, hockey, pitch and putt, rugby, basketball, boxing, cricket and squash. Significant numbers attend horse racing meetings, and Ireland breeds and trains many racehorses; greyhound racing also has dedicated racecourses.
Soccer is the most popular sport involving national teams. The success of the Ireland team at the 1990 FIFA World Cup saw 500,000 fans in Dublin to welcome the team home.[57] The team's song "Put 'Em Under Pressure" topped the Irish charts for 13 weeks.[58]
In Ireland most sports, including rugby union, Gaelic football, hurling and handball, cycling and golf, are organised on an all-island basis, with, where relevant, a single team representing the island of Ireland in international competitions. A few sports, such as soccer, have separate organising bodies in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Traditionally, those in the North who identify as Irish, predominantly Catholics and nationalists, support the Republic of Ireland team.[59] At the Olympics, a person from Northern Ireland can choose to represent either the Great Britain team or the Ireland team. Also as Northern Ireland is a Home Nation of the United Kingdom it also sends a Northern Ireland Team to the Commonwealth Games every four years.
- Gaelic Athletic Association
- Republic of Ireland national football team
- Northern Ireland national football team
- Irish Rugby Football Union
- Northern Ireland Commonwealth Games Team
- Olympic Council of Ireland
- British Olympic Association
- Community Games
Media
In the Republic of Ireland there are several daily newspapers, including the
The Sunday market is quite saturated with many British publications. The leading Sunday newspaper in terms of circulation is The
In
In terms of Sunday papers the Belfast Telegraph is the only one of the three main Northern Irish dailies that has a Sunday publication which is called the Sunday Life. Apart from this all the main UK wide Sunday papers such as
There are quite a large number of local weekly newspapers both North and South, with most counties and large towns having two or more newspapers. Curiously Dublin remains one of the few places in Ireland without a major local paper since the Dublin Evening Mail closed down in the 1960s. In 2004 the Dublin Daily was launched, but failed to attract enough readers to make it viable.
One major criticism of the Republic of Ireland newspaper market is the strong position
The Irish magazine market is one of the world's most competitive, with hundreds of international magazines available in Ireland, ranging from Time and The Economist to Hello! and Reader's Digest. This means that domestic titles find it very hard to retain readership. Among the best-selling Irish magazines are the RTÉ Guide, Ireland's Eye, Irish Tatler, VIP, Phoenix and In Dublin.
Radio
The first known radio transmission in Ireland was a call to arms made from the
During the 1990s and particularly the early 2000s, dozens of local radio stations have gained licences. This has resulted in a fragmentation of the radio broadcast market. This trend is most noticeable in Dublin where there are now 6 private licensed stations in operation.
Television
Different television stations are available depending on location in Northern Ireland or the Republic of Ireland. In Northern Ireland the main terrestrial television stations are the main UK wide channels
In terms of Satellite-carried channels in Northern Ireland these are the same as for the rest of the United Kingdom including all
In the Republic of Ireland some areas first received signal from
British and satellite-carried international television channels have widespread audiences in the Republic. The
Film
The Republic of Ireland's film industry has grown rapidly in recent years thanks largely to the promotion of the sector by Bord Scannán na hÉireann (The Irish Film Board)[60] and the introduction of generous tax breaks. Some of the most successful Irish films included Intermission (2001), Man About Dog (2004), Michael Collins (1996), Angela's Ashes (1999), My Left Foot (1989), The Crying Game (1992), In the Name of the Father (1994) and The Commitments (1991). The most successful Irish film directors are Kenneth Branagh, Martin McDonagh, Neil Jordan, John Carney, and Jim Sheridan. Irish actors include Richard Harris, Peter O'Toole, Maureen O'Hara, Brenda Fricker, Michael Gambon, Colm Meaney, Gabriel Byrne, Pierce Brosnan, Liam Neeson, Daniel Day-Lewis, Ciarán Hinds, James Nesbitt, Cillian Murphy, Jonathan Rhys Meyers, Saoirse Ronan, Brendan Gleeson, Domhnall Gleeson, Michael Fassbender, Ruth Negga, Jamie Dornan and Colin Farrell.
Ireland has also proved a popular location for shooting films with The Quiet Man (1952), Saving Private Ryan (1998), Braveheart (1995), King Arthur (2004) and P.S. I Love You (2007) all being shot in Ireland.
Cultural institutions, organisations and events
Ireland is well supplied with museums and art galleries and offers, especially during the summer months, a wide range of cultural events. These range from arts festivals to farming events. The most popular of these are the annual Dublin Saint Patrick's Day Festival which attracts on average 500,000 people and the National Ploughing Championships with an attendance in the region of 400,000. There are also a number of Summer Schools on topics from traditional music to literature and the arts.
Major organisations responsible for funding and promoting Irish culture are:
- Arts Council of Ireland
- Arts Council of Northern Ireland
- Culture Ireland
- Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media (Republic of Ireland)
- Department for Communities (Northern Ireland)
- Foras na Gaeilge
- List of institutions and organisations
- Abbey Theatre
- Acadamh na hOllscolaíochta Gaeilge
- Ambassador Theatre
- Aosdána
- Arts Council of Ireland
- Art Projects Network
- Chester Beatty Library
- Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann
- Conradh na Gaeilge
- Cork Opera House
- Crawford Art Gallery
- Culture Ireland
- Druid Theatre, Galway
- Dublin Writers Museum
- Gael Linn
- Gaelchultúr
- Gaelic Athletic Association
- Gate Theatre
- Glór na nGael
- Grand Opera House, Belfast
- Hugh Lane Municipal Gallery, Dublin
- Heritage Council
- Irish Architecture Foundation
- Irish Georgian Society
- Ireland Literature Exchange (ILE)
- Irish Museum of Modern Art at the Royal Hospital Kilmainham
- Irish Museums Association
- James Joyce Centre
- Lime Tree Theatre, Limerick
- Macnas, performance arts company, Galway
- National Archives of Ireland
- National Concert Hall
- National Folklore Collection UCD
- National Gallery of Ireland
- National Library of Ireland
- National Museums Northern Ireland
- National Museum of Ireland
- National Photographic Archive
- National Transport Museum of Ireland
- National Wax Museum
- Northern Ireland Screen
- National Trust(UK)
- Office of Public Works
- Poetry Ireland
- Royal Dublin Society (RDS)
- Royal Irish Academy
- Royal Irish Academy of Music
- Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland
- Royal Ulster Academy of Arts
- SFX City Theatre
- Taibhdhearc na Gaillimhe, Irish language theatre, Galway
- Temple Bar Cultural Trust
- The Helix, performing arts centre, Dublin
- The Hunt Museum, Limerick
- The Point Theatre
- Ulster American Folk Park, Omagh
- Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, County Down
- Ulster Museum, Belfast
- University Concert Hall, Limerick
- Events
- All-Ireland Senior Football Championship
- All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
- Bealtaine
- Bloomsday
- Bray Jazz Festival
- Kilkenny Cat Laughs Comedy Festival
- City of Derry Jazz and Big Band Festival
- Clifden Arts Festival[61]
- Cork Jazz Festival
- Culture Night[62]
- Dublin Theatre Festival
- Earagail Arts Festival
- Féile na Gealaí[63]
- Fleadh Cheoil
- Galway Arts Festival
- Imbolg
- Liú Lúnasa[64]
- Lúnasa
- National Ploughing Championships
- Oireachtas na Gaeilge
- Pan Celtic Festival
- Puck Fair, Killorglin
- Saint Patrick's Day
- Samhain
- Seachtain na Gaeilge
- St. Patrick's Festival and Skyfest
- Swell Music and Arts Festival[65]
- The Twelfth
- Maiden City Festival
- Harvest Time Blues
- Heritage Week
See also
- List of Ireland-related topics
- Architecture of Ireland
- Culture of Gaelic Ireland
- Culture of Northern Ireland
- Gaelic Revival
- Irish name
- Heritage sites (Ireland)
- Fidchell – An ancient Irish board game similar to chess
- Gaelic culture
- Clothing of Ireland
References
- PMID 26712024.
- ISBN 978-3034309134.
- ^ Dublin, Trinity College. "Ukraine lays bare our collective ignorance of Central and Eastern Europe". www.tcd.ie. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
- ^ "The origin of Halloween lies in Celtic Ireland" Archived 8 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Irish genealogy
- ^ King, Jeffrey (2019). "Lebor Gabála Erenn". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
- ^ Driscoll, K. The Early Prehistory in the West of Ireland: Investigations into the Social Archaeology of the Mesolithic, West of the Shannon, Ireland. (2006)
- ^ "Irish Travellers | People, Traditions, & Language | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 4 February 2024. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
- ^ Bohn Gmelch, Sharon; Gmelch, George (2014). "Nomads No More". National History Magazine.
- ISBN 1-85326-310-9
- ^ "Orangemen take part in Twelfth of July parades". BBC News. 12 July 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
Some marches have been a source of tension between nationalists who see the parades as triumphalist and intimidating, and Orangemen who believe it is their right to walk on public roads.
- ^ "Protestant fraternity returns to spiritual home". Reuters. 30 May 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
The Orange Order's parades, with their distinctive soundtrack of thunderous drums and pipes, are seen by many Catholics in Northern Ireland as a triumphalist display.
- ^ "Ormeau Road frustration". An Phoblacht. 27 April 2000. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
The overwhelming majority of nationalists view Orange parades as triumphalist coat trailing exercises.
- ^ "Kinder, gentler or same old Orange?". Irish Central. 23 July 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
The annual Orange marches have passed relatively peacefully in Northern Ireland this year, and it seems a good faith effort is underway to try and reorient the day from one of triumphalism to one of community outreach and a potential tourist attraction ... The 12th may well have been a celebration of a long ago battle at the Boyne in 1690, but it came to symbolize for generations of Catholics the "croppie lie down" mentality on the Orange side. The thunderous beat of the huge drums was just a small way of instilling fear into the Nationalist communities, while the insistence on marching wherever they liked through Nationalist neighborhoods was also a statement of supremacy and contempt for the feelings of the other community.
- ^ Roe, Paul (2005). Ethnic violence and the societal security dilemma. Routledge. p. 62.
Ignatieff explains how the victory of William of Orange over Catholic King James 'became a founding myth of ethnic superiority...The Ulstermen's reward, as they saw it, was permanent ascendancy over the Catholic Irish'. Thus, Orange Order marches have come to symbolise the supremacy of Protestantism over Catholicism in Northern Ireland.
- ^ Wilson, Ron (1976). "Is it a religious war?". A flower grows in Ireland. University Press of Mississippi. p. 127.
At the close of the eighteenth century, Protestants, again feeling the threat of the Catholic majority, began forming secret societies which coalesced into the Orange Order. Its main purpose has always been to maintain Protestant supremacy
- ^ Knell, Bill (2018). Everything Irish About Ireland. p. 169.
- ^ Nicholson, Monique (1997). "From Pre-Christian Goddesses of Light". Canadian Woman Studies. 17: 14–17.
- ISBN 978-1-59555-305-8. "By 431, there were enough believers in Ireland that Pope Celestine gave them their own bishop (Palladius)"
- ISBN 978-1-57356-152-5.
- ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
- ^ "Religion - CSO - Central Statistics Office". www.cso.ie. 26 October 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
- ^ a b "Census 2021 main statistics religion tables". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 7 September 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- ^ "Religion - Other Christian - CSO - Central Statistics Office". www.cso.ie. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
- ^ "Signs of hope and renewal amid the dramatic decline of the Catholic Church in Ireland". www.catholicnewsagency.com. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
- ^ "The faith of Ireland's Catholics continues, despite all". The Irish Times. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
- ^ "The Leprechaun Legend". Fantasy-ireland.com. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
- Inaugural Celebration, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee: Center for Celtic Studies, archived from the originalon 27 October 2007, retrieved 16 October 2007
- OCLC 17648714
- ISBN 0-8076-1136-0pp.197–216: Ross, Anne "Material Culture, Myth and Folk Memory" (on modern survivals); pp.217–242: Danaher, Kevin "Irish Folk Tradition and the Celtic Calendar" (on specific customs and rituals)
- ^ a b Frank Leslie's popular monthly: Volume 40 (1895) p.540
- ^ Rogers, Nicholas. (2002) "Festive Rights:Halloween in the British Isles". Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. p.48. Oxford University Press
- ^ Samhain, BBC Religion and Ethics. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ Council faces €1m clean-up bill after Halloween horror Irish Independent Retrieved 4 December 2010
- ^ Rogers, Nicholas. (2002). "Coming Over: Halloween in North America" Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. pp.49–77. New York: Oxford University Press.
- ^ Margaret Scanlan (2006). "Culture and Customs of Ireland". p. 163. Greenwood Publishing Group
- ^ "Dublin Travel Guide – Dublin Travel Guide Ireland". Onlinedublinguide.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ a b Constitution of Ireland Archived 5 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine Article 8
- ^ Hiberno-English Archive Archived 16 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine Dho.ie
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Irish is third most used language in the country – 2011 Census". RTÉ News. 29 March 2012.
- )
- ISBN 978-1-84205-164-1
- ^ Lynch-Brennan, Margaret (2009). The Irish Bridget: Irish Immigrant Women in Domestic Service in America, 1840–1930.
- ^ "Countries Compared by Health > Heart disease deaths. International Statistics at NationMaster.com". Nationmaster.com. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
- ^ "Death to boring Saturday nights". The Irish Times. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
- ^ "The History of Belfast Underground Clubs 2". www.belfastundergroundclubs.com. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
- ISBN 978-0-9562265-0-1.
- ^ "NI Smoking ban set for 2007". Flagship E-Commerce. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
- )
- ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (November 2009). "OECD Health Data 2009: Frequently Requested Data". Archived from the original on 6 February 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
- ^ "Alcohol Consumption in Ireland 2013" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
one to two standard drinks per drinking occasion, which is less than the 30% of drinkers in the 2007 SLÁN survey. One to two standard drinks amounts to 10–20 g of pure alcohol (and equates with one-half or one pint of beer, one to two pub measures of spirits, or 100 to 200 ml of wine) ... six or more standard drinks (which equates with 60 g of alcohol or more, for example, three or more pints of beer, six or more pub measures of spirits, or 600 ml or more of wine) on a typical drinking occasion. This equates with the criteria for risky single-occasion drinking or binge drinking.
- ^ "The Social Significance of Sport" (PDF). The Economic and Social Research Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- OCLC 1276861968.
- ^ "Finfacts: Irish business, finance news on economics". Finfacts.com. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
- ^ "Sports Participation and Health Among Adults in Ireland" (PDF). The Economic and Social Research Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2008.
- ^ "Italia 90: 'I missed it... I was in Italy". The Irish Independent
- ^ Keane, Trevor (1 October 2010). Gaffers: 50 Years of Irish Football Managers. Mercier Press Ltd. p. 211.
- ^ "Why are the same fans not celebrating both Irish victories?". The Irish Times.
- ^ "Welcome to the Irish Film Board". Archived from the original on 16 March 2005. Retrieved 20 March 2005.
- ^ "The 36th Clifden Arts Festival 2013, September 19-29: Clifden, Connemara, County Galway | Celebrating 36 Years of bringing the Arts to Clifden". Archived from the original on 6 August 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
- ^ "Culture Night". Retrieved 8 September 2018.
- ^ "GAILEARAÍ: Na Gaeil imithe le 'Gealaí' ag féile cheoil i Ráth Chairn!". Retrieved 8 September 2018.
- ^ "Tús á chur le féile Liú Lúnasa i mBéal Feirste anocht". Retrieved 8 September 2018.
- ^ "Scoth an cheoil ag SWELL ar Oileán Árainn Mhór, Co. Dhún na nGall". Retrieved 8 September 2018.
External links
- BBC Northern Ireland Television & Radio Archive
- Central Statistics Office Ireland
- Irish Department of Foreign Affairs: Facts about Ireland
- Irish Broadcasting
- Population figures by religion
- Pobal Eolas Ilmheáin Gaeilge – PEIG.ie
- Acadamh na hOllscolaíochta Gaeilge provides a diploma course in indigenous Irish culture