Melilla
Melilla
Mřič | ||
---|---|---|
Autonomous city | ||
Senate 2 senators (of 264) | | |
Currency | Euro (€) (EUR) | |
Website | www.melilla.es |
Melilla (
Melilla is one of the
As of 2019, Melilla had a population of 86,487.
Like the autonomous city of Ceuta and Spain's other territories in Africa, Melilla is subject to an irredentist claim by Morocco.[10]
Names
Melilla's original name (currently rendered as Rusadir) was a Punic language name, coming from the name of the nearby Cape Three Forks. Addir meant "powerful".[11] The name creation is similar to that of other names given in Antiquity to outlets along the North African coast, including Rusguniae, Rusubbicari, Rusuccuru, Rusippisir, Rusigan (Rachgoun), Rusicade, Ruspina, Ruspe or Rsmlqr.[12]
The etymology of Melilla (dating back to the 9th century) is uncertain. Since Melilla was an active beekeeping location in the past, the name has been related to honey; this is tentatively backed up by two ancient coins featuring a bee as well as the inscriptions RSADR and RSA.[13] Others relate the name to "discord" or "fever" or to an ancient Arab personality.[13]
History
Antiquity and Middle Ages
Melilla was a
As centuries passed, it was ruled by
Early Modern period
During the 15th century, the city declined, like most Mediterranean cities of the
The
Melilla was initially jointly administered by the House of Medina Sidonia and the Crown,[24] and a 1498 settlement required the former to station a 700-man garrison in Melilla and the latter to provide the city with a number of maravedíes and wheat fanegas.[25] The Crown's interest in Melilla decreased during the reign of Charles V.[26] During the 16th century, soldiers stationed in Melilla were badly remunerated, leading to many desertions.[27] The Duke of Medina Sidonia relinquished responsibility over the garrison of the place on 7 June 1556.[28]
During the late 17th century,
One Spanish officer reflected, "an hour in Melilla, from the point of view of merit, was worth more than thirty years of service to Spain."[31]
Late Modern period
The current limits of the Spanish territory around the Melilla fortress were fixed by treaties with Morocco in 1859,
the principal exports, and cotton goods, tea, sugar and candles the chief imports.Melilla's civil population in 1860 still amounted to only 375 estimated inhabitants.
The first body of local government was the junta de arbitrios created in 1879,[41] in which the military enjoy preponderance.[42] The Polígono excepcional de Tiro, the first neighborhood outside the walled core (Melilla la Vieja), began construction in 1888.[43]
In 1893, Riffian tribesmen launched the First Melillan campaign to try to conquer the city; the Spanish government sent 25,000 soldiers to defend it against them. The conflict was also known as the Margallo War, after Spanish General Juan García y Margallo, Governor of Melilla, who was killed in the battle. The new 1894 agreement with Morocco that followed the conflict increased trade with the hinterland, bringing the economic prosperity of the city to a new level.[44] The total population of Melilla amounted to 10,004 inhabitants in 1896.[45]
The turn of the new century saw attempts by France (based in French Algeria) to profit from their newly acquired sphere of influence in Morocco to counter Melilla's trading prowess by fostering trade links with the Algerian cities of Ghazaouet and Oran.[46] Melilla began to suffer from this, to which the instability brought by revolts against Muley Abdel Aziz in the hinterland also added,[47] although after 1905 Sultan pretender El Rogui (Bou Hmara) carried out a defusing policy in the area that favoured Spain.[48] The French occupation of Oujda in 1907 compromised the Melillan trade with that city,[49] and the enduring instability in the Rif still threatened Melilla.[50] Between 1909 and 1945, the modernista (Art Nouveau) style was prevalent in local architecture, making Melilla's streets a "true museum of modernista-style architecture", second only to Barcelona, mainly stemming from the work of architect Enrique Nieto.[51]
Mining companies began to enter the hinterland of Melilla by 1908.
In 1910, the Spaniards restarted the mines and undertook harbor works at Mar Chica, but hostilities broke out again in 1911. On 22 July 1921, the Berbers under the leadership of
A royal decree pursuing the creation of an ayuntamiento in Melilla was signed on 13 December 1918 but the regulation did not come into force, and thus the existing government body, the junta de arbitrios, remained in force.[42]
A "junta municipal" with a rather civil composition was created in 1927; on 10 April 1930, an ayuntamiento featuring the same membership as the junta was created,[54] equalling to the same municipal regime as the rest of Spain on 14 April 1931, with the arrival of the first democratically elected municipal corporation on the wake of the proclamation of the Second Republic.[55]
The city was used as one of the staging grounds for the July 1936 military coup d'état that started the Spanish Civil War.
In the context of the passing of the Ley de Extranjería in 1986, and following social mobilization from the Berber community, conditions for citizenship acquisition were flexibilised and allowed for the naturalisation of a substantial number of inhabitants, until then born in Melilla but without Spanish citizenship.[56]
Recent developments
In 1995, Melilla (until then just another municipality of the Province of Málaga) became an "autonomous city",[57] as the Statute of Autonomy of Melilla was passed.
On 6 November 2007, King
Melilla (and Ceuta) declared the Muslim holiday of Eid al-Adha, or Feast of the Sacrifice, an official public holiday from 2010 onward. It is the first time a non-Christian religious festival has been officially celebrated in Spain since the Reconquista.[59][60]
In 2018, Morocco decided to close the customs office near Melilla, in operation since the mid-19th century, without consulting the counterparty.[61] The customs office was expected to reopen in January 2023.[62]
Melilla was the location of the last public statue in Spain to commemorate Francisco Franco. Spain's Historical Memory Law, passed in 2007, included provision to the removal of artefacts which celebrated the Franco regime from all public buildings and spaces. The statue of Francisco Franco remained on the Cuesta de la Florentina until its final removal in 2021.[63][64]
Geography
Location
Melilla is in northwest Africa, on the shores of the
The Moroccan settlement of Beni Ansar lies immediately south of Melilla. The nearest Moroccan city is Nador, and the ports of Melilla and Nador are within the same bay; nearby is the Bou Areg Lagoon.[65]
Climate
Melilla has a warm Mediterranean climate on the border with a hot Semi-arid climate, influenced by its proximity to the sea, rendering much cooler summers and more precipitation than inland areas deeper into Africa. The climate, in general, is similar to the southern coast of peninsular Spain and the northern coast of Morocco, with relatively small temperature differences between seasons. Minimum temperatures have never been below 0 °C (32 °F) during 1991-2020 period, and only 2.2 days per year have maximum temperature above 35 °C (95 °F).[66]
Climate data for Melilla, altitude: 52 m (1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 27.0 (80.6) |
34.2 (93.6) |
29.6 (85.3) |
30.6 (87.1) |
33.0 (91.4) |
37.0 (98.6) |
41.8 (107.2) |
40.0 (104.0) |
36.0 (96.8) |
35.0 (95.0) |
34.0 (93.2) |
30.6 (87.1) |
41.8 (107.2) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 21.5 (70.7) |
22.0 (71.6) |
23.8 (74.8) |
25.2 (77.4) |
28.9 (84.0) |
31.4 (88.5) |
35.6 (96.1) |
35.0 (95.0) |
31.7 (89.1) |
29.0 (84.2) |
26.3 (79.3) |
22.4 (72.3) |
36.5 (97.7) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 16.9 (62.4) |
17.1 (62.8) |
18.5 (65.3) |
20.2 (68.4) |
22.9 (73.2) |
26.0 (78.8) |
29.0 (84.2) |
29.6 (85.3) |
27.0 (80.6) |
23.8 (74.8) |
20.2 (68.4) |
17.8 (64.0) |
22.4 (72.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.6 (56.5) |
13.9 (57.0) |
15.3 (59.5) |
16.9 (62.4) |
19.6 (67.3) |
22.7 (72.9) |
25.6 (78.1) |
26.3 (79.3) |
23.8 (74.8) |
20.6 (69.1) |
17.0 (62.6) |
14.6 (58.3) |
19.2 (66.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.3 (50.5) |
10.8 (51.4) |
12.1 (53.8) |
13.6 (56.5) |
16.3 (61.3) |
19.4 (66.9) |
22.2 (72.0) |
23.1 (73.6) |
20.7 (69.3) |
17.4 (63.3) |
13.8 (56.8) |
11.4 (52.5) |
15.9 (60.6) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | 6.2 (43.2) |
6.9 (44.4) |
7.8 (46.0) |
9.9 (49.8) |
12.0 (53.6) |
15.8 (60.4) |
19.0 (66.2) |
20.1 (68.2) |
17.2 (63.0) |
13.3 (55.9) |
9.3 (48.7) |
7.4 (45.3) |
5.6 (42.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | 0.4 (32.7) |
2.8 (37.0) |
3.4 (38.1) |
6.0 (42.8) |
9.4 (48.9) |
12.4 (54.3) |
16.0 (60.8) |
14.6 (58.3) |
13.6 (56.5) |
9.4 (48.9) |
5.0 (41.0) |
4.0 (39.2) |
0.4 (32.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 55.3 (2.18) |
48.2 (1.90) |
43.6 (1.72) |
37.7 (1.48) |
15.2 (0.60) |
7.2 (0.28) |
0.5 (0.02) |
3.8 (0.15) |
18.9 (0.74) |
42.6 (1.68) |
53.3 (2.10) |
48.2 (1.90) |
374.5 (14.75) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6.1 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.5 | 2.3 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 2.6 | 4.7 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 43 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
73.1 | 72.9 | 72.8 | 70.8 | 68.5 | 68 | 67 | 69.8 | 73.6 | 75.7 | 74.5 | 74.4 | 71.8 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 188.9 | 184.8 | 203.3 | 226.2 | 269.9 | 295.7 | 304.2 | 278.6 | 220.1 | 203.4 | 183 | 176 | 2,734.1 |
Source 1: | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Infoclimat [68] |
Climate data for Melilla 47 m (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 27.0 (80.6) |
34.2 (93.6) |
29.6 (85.3) |
30.6 (87.1) |
33.0 (91.4) |
37.0 (98.6) |
41.8 (107.2) |
40.0 (104.0) |
36.0 (96.8) |
35.0 (95.0) |
34.0 (93.2) |
30.6 (87.1) |
41.8 (107.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 16.7 (62.1) |
17.0 (62.6) |
18.5 (65.3) |
20.1 (68.2) |
22.5 (72.5) |
25.8 (78.4) |
28.9 (84.0) |
29.4 (84.9) |
27.1 (80.8) |
23.7 (74.7) |
20.3 (68.5) |
17.8 (64.0) |
22.3 (72.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.3 (55.9) |
13.8 (56.8) |
15.2 (59.4) |
16.6 (61.9) |
19.1 (66.4) |
22.4 (72.3) |
25.3 (77.5) |
25.9 (78.6) |
23.8 (74.8) |
20.4 (68.7) |
17.0 (62.6) |
14.6 (58.3) |
18.9 (66.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 9.9 (49.8) |
10.6 (51.1) |
11.9 (53.4) |
13.2 (55.8) |
15.7 (60.3) |
19.0 (66.2) |
21.7 (71.1) |
22.4 (72.3) |
20.5 (68.9) |
17.2 (63.0) |
13.7 (56.7) |
11.2 (52.2) |
15.6 (60.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | 0.4 (32.7) |
2.8 (37.0) |
3.4 (38.1) |
6.0 (42.8) |
9.4 (48.9) |
12.4 (54.3) |
16.0 (60.8) |
14.6 (58.3) |
13.6 (56.5) |
9.4 (48.9) |
5.0 (41.0) |
4.0 (39.2) |
0.4 (32.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 58 (2.3) |
57 (2.2) |
44 (1.7) |
36 (1.4) |
20 (0.8) |
7 (0.3) |
1 (0.0) |
4 (0.2) |
16 (0.6) |
40 (1.6) |
57 (2.2) |
50 (2.0) |
391 (15.4) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 44 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
72 | 74 | 73 | 69 | 67 | 67 | 66 | 69 | 72 | 75 | 74 | 73 | 71 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 184 | 170 | 192 | 220 | 258 | 279 | 289 | 268 | 210 | 194 | 176 | 168 | 2,607 |
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[69] |
Government and administration
Self-government institutions
The government bodies stipulated in the Statute of Autonomy are the
The president of Melilla (who, often addressed as Mayor-President, also exerts the roles of Mayor, president of the Assembly, president of the Council of Government and representative of the city)
The Council of Government is the traditional collegiate executive body for parliamentary systems. Unlike the municipal government boards in the standard ayuntamientos, the members of the Council of Government (including the vice-presidents) do not need to be members of the assembly.[74]
Melilla is the city in Spain with the highest proportion of postal voting;[75] vote buying (via mail-in ballots) is widely reported to be a common practice in the poor neighborhoods of Melilla.[75] Court cases in this matter had involved the PP, the CPM and the PSOE.[75]
On 15 June 2019, following the May 2019 Melilla Assembly election, the regionalist and left-leaning party of Muslim and Amazigh persuasion Coalition for Melilla (CPM, 8 seats), the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE, 4 seats) and Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs, 1 seat) voted in favour of the Cs' candidate (Eduardo de Castro) as the Presidency of the Autonomous City,[76][77] ousting Juan José Imbroda, from the People's Party (PP, 10 seats), who had been in office since 2000.
Melilla also maintains a local police force known as Policia Local de Melilla (Ciudad Autonoma de Melilla - Policia Local)
Administrative subdivisions
Melilla is subdivided into eight districts (distritos), which are further subdivided into neighbourhoods (barrios):
- 1st
- Barrio de Medina Sidonia.
- Barrio del General Larrea.
- Barrio de Ataque Seco.
- 2nd
- Barrio Héroes de España.
- Barrio del General Gómez Jordana.
- Barrio Príncipe de Asturias.
- 3rd
- Barrio del Carmen.
- 4th
- Barrio Polígono Residencial La Paz.
- Barrio Hebreo-Tiro Nacional.
- 5th
- Barrio de Cristóbal Colón.
- Barrio de Cabrerizas.
- Barrio de Batería Jota.
- Barrio de Hernán Cortes y Las Palmeras.
- Barrio de Reina Regente.
- 6th
- Barrio de Concepción Arenal.
- Barrio Isaac Peral (Tesorillo).
- 7th
- Barrio del General Real.
- Polígono Industrial SEPES.
- Polígono Industrial Las Margaritas.
- Parque Empresarial La Frontera.
- 8th
- Barrio de la Libertad.
- Barrio del Hipódromo.
- Barrio de Alfonso XIII.
- Barrio Industrial.
- Barrio Virgen de la Victoria.
- Barrio de la Constitución.
- Barrio de los Pinares.
- Barrio de la Cañada de Hidum
Economy
The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the autonomous community was 1.6 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 0.1% of Spanish economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 19,900 euros or 66% of the EU27 average in the same year. Melilla was the NUTS2 region with the lowest GDP per capita in Spain.[78]
Melilla does not participate in the
The principal industry is fishing. Cross-border commerce (legal or smuggled) and Spanish and European grants and wages are the other income sources.
Melilla is regularly connected to the Iberian peninsula by air and sea traffic and is also economically connected to Morocco: most of its fruit and vegetables are imported across the border. Moroccans in the city's hinterland are attracted to it: 36,000 Moroccans cross the border daily to work, shop or trade goods.[83] The port of Melilla offers several daily connections to Almería and Málaga. Melilla Airport offers daily flights to Almería, Málaga and Madrid. Spanish operators Air Europa and Iberia operate in Melilla's airport.
Many people travelling between Europe and Morocco use the ferry links to Melilla, both for passengers and for freight. Because of this, the port and related companies form an important economic driver for the city.[83]
Tourism
In order to boost growth and as a measure to promote tourism in the Autonomous City of Melilla, the Tourist Board has developed a Regulatory Decree for bonuses for Tourist Packages to Melilla.
The Tourist package consists of the application of discounts on return tickets by plane or boat provided that they include accommodation during the stay in Melilla in one of the types of tourist accommodation or at the home of a resident of the city and do not exceed, between the round trip dates, ten days.[84]
Water supply
Melilla's water supply primarily came from a network of dug wells (which by the turn of the 21st century suffered from overexploitation and had also experienced a degradation of the water quality and the intrusion of
Funded by the European Regional Development Fund and the Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadalquivir , works for the expansion of the plant's production capabilities up to 30,000 m3 (39,000 cu yd) a day started by September 2020.[91]
Architecture
The dome of the Chapel of Santiago, built in the mid-16th century by Miguel de Perea with help from Sancho de Escalante, is a rare instance of Gothic architecture in the African continent.[92]
Parallel to the urban development of Melilla in the early 20th century, the new architectural style of modernismo (irradiated from Barcelona and associated to the bourgeois class) was imported to the city, granting it a modernista architectural character, primarily through the works of the prolific Catalan architect Enrique Nieto.[93]
Accordingly, Melilla has the second most important concentration of Modernista works in Spain after Barcelona.[93] Nieto was in charge of designing the main Synagogue, the Central Mosque and various Catholic Churches.[94]
-
Dome of the Chapel of Santiago
-
Modernista building, former headquarters of El Telegrama del Rif newspaper.
-
Local synagogue
-
Melilla's central mosque
Demographics
Religion
Melilla has been praised as an example of multiculturalism, being a small city in which one can find Christians, Muslims, Jews, Hindus, and Buddhists represented. There is a small, autonomous, and commercially important Hindu community present in Melilla, which has fallen over the past decades as its members move to the Spanish mainland and numbers about 100 members today.[95]
Judaism
Percentagewise, Melilla may be the most
Christianity
According to the Spanish Center for Sociological Research,
The Roman Catholic churches in Melilla belong to the
Islam
Language
Melilla features a diglossia, with Spanish first and official language and Tarifit as the second language, with limited written codification, and usage restricted to family and domestic relations and oral speech.[9]
The population can be thus divided into monolingual Spanish speakers of European ethnic origin (without competence in any other language than those formally taught at school); those descended from Tamazight-speaking parents, usually bilingual in Spanish and Tamazight; and Moroccan immigrants and cross-border workers, with a generally dominant Tamazight language (with some also competent in Arabic) and a L2 competence in Spanish.
The first attempt to legislate a degree of recognition for Berber in Melilla was in 1994, in the context of the elaboration of the Statute of Autonomy, by mentioning the promotion of the linguistic and cultural pluralism (without explicitly mentioning the Berber language). The initiative went nowhere, voted down by PP and PSOE.[103] Reasons cited for not recognizing Tamazight are related to the argument that the variety is not standardized.[104]
Border security
Defence and Civil Guard
The defence of the enclave is the responsibility of the Spanish Armed Forces' General Command of Melilla.[105] The Spanish Army's combat components of the command include:
- 52nd Regulares Infantry Regiment;
- 1st Tercio Gran Capitán Regiment of the Spanish Legion;
- 10th 'Alcántara' Cavalry Regiment[106] equipped with Leopard 2 main battle tanks and Pizarro infantry fighting vehicles;[107][108]
- 32nd Mixed Artillery Regiment with Grupo de Artillería de Campaña I/32 equipped with 155/52mm towed howitzers and Grupo de Artillería Antiaérea II/32 equipped with 35/90 SKYDOR/35/90 GDF-007 anti-aircraft guns;[109][110][111] and,
- 8th Engineer Regiment
The command also includes its headquarters battalion as well as logistics elements.[105]
In addition to the defence of Melilla, the garrison is also responsible for
The Civil Guard is responsible for border security and protects both the territory's fortified land border against frequent, and sometimes significant, migrant incursions.[115][116]
Trans-border relations
Melilla forms a sort of trans-border urban conurbation with limited integration together with the neighbouring Moroccan settlements, located at one of the ends of a linear succession of
The asymmetry, as reflected for example in the provision of healthcare, has fostered situations such as the large-scale use of the Melillan health services by Moroccan citizens, with Melilla attending a number of urgencies more than four times the standard for its population in 2018.
The 'fluid' trans-border relations between Melilla and its surroundings are however not free from conflict, as they are contingent upon the 'tense' trans-national relations between Morocco and Spain.[120]
Securing the border
Following the increasing influx of Algerian and sub-Saharan irregular migrants into Ceuta and Melilla in the early 1990s,[121] a process of border fortification in both cities ensued after 1995 to reduce the border's permeability,[122][123] a target attained to some degree by 1999,[121] although peak level of fortification was reached in 2005.[122]
Melilla's border with Morocco is secured by the Melilla border fence, a 6 metres (20 ft) tall double fence with watch towers; yet migrants (in groups of tens or sometimes hundreds) storm the fence and manage to cross it from time to time.[124] Since 2005, at least 14 migrants have died trying to cross the fence.[125] The Melilla migrant reception centre was built with a capacity of 480.[126] In 2020 works to remove the barbed wire from the top of the fence (meanwhile raising its height up to more than 10 metres (33 ft) in the stretches most susceptible to breaches) were commissioned to Tragsa .[127]
In June 2022, at least 23 sub-Saharan migrants and two Moroccan security personnel were killed when around 2,000 migrants stormed the border. The death toll has been estimated to be as high as 37 by certain NGOs.[128] Around 200 Spanish and Moroccan law enforcement officers and at least 76 migrants were injured. Hundreds of migrants succeeded in breaching the fence, and 133 made it across the border.[129] Widely circulated footage showed dozens of motionless migrants piled together.[130] It was the worst such incident in Melilla's history.[131] The United Nations, the African Union and a number of human rights groups condemned what they deemed excessive force used by Moroccan and Spanish border guards, although no lethal weapons were employed, and the deaths were later attributed to "mechanical asphyxiation".[132]
Morocco has been paid tens of million euros by both Spain and the European Union to outsource the EU migration control.[133] Besides the double fence in the Spanish side of the border, there is an additional 3 metres (9.8 ft) high fence entirely made of razor wire lying on the Moroccan side as well as a moat in between.[133]
Transportation
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Three roads connect Melilla and Morocco but require clearance through border checkpoints.
Sport
Melilla is a
Dispute with Morocco
The
In 1986, Spain joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). However, Melilla is not under NATO protection since Article 6 of the North Atlantic Treaty limits such coverage to Europe and North America and islands north of the Tropic of Cancer. However, French Algeria was explicitly included in the treaty upon France's entry. Legal experts have claimed that other articles of the treaty could cover Spanish territories in North Africa but this interpretation has not been tested in practice.[143] During the 2022 Madrid summit, the issue of the protection of Melilla was raised by Spain, with NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg stating: "On which territories NATO protects and Ceuta and Melilla, NATO is there to protect all Allies against any threats. At the end of the day, it will always be a political decision to invoke Article 5, but rest assured NATO is there to protect and defend all Allies".[144] On 21 December 2020, following statements made by Moroccan Prime Minister Saadeddine Othmani that Melilla is "Moroccan as the Sahara", the Spanish government summoned the Moroccan ambassador, Karima Benyaich, to convey that Spain expects all its partners to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of its territory in Africa and asked for an explanation for Othmani's words.[145]
Notable people
Twin towns – sister cities
Melilla is
- Caracas (Venezuela).[146]
- Cavite City (Philippines).[citation needed]
- Ceuta (Spain).[147]
- Toledo (Spain).[citation needed]
- Málaga (Spain).[citation needed]
- Montevideo (Uruguay).[148]
- Motril (Spain); since January 2008.[149]
- Almería (Spain).[150]
- Mantua (Italy); since September 2013.[151]
- Vélez-Málaga (Spain); since January 2014.[152]
- Antequera (Spain); as of 2016, in process.[153]
See also
- Fuerte de Cabrerizas Altas
- European enclaves in North Africa before 1830
- Melilla (Congress of Deputies constituency)
References
- Citations
- ^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.
- ^ "Contabilidad Regional de España" (PDF). www.ine.es.
- ^ "Melilla". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020.
- ^ "Melilla". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
- ^ Yahia, Jahfar Hassan (2014). Curso de lengua tamazight, nivel elemental. Caminando en la didáctica de la lengua rifeña (in Spanish and Riffian). Melilla: GEEPP Ed.
- ISBN 978-92-824-4586-0.
- Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
- ^ Trinidad 2012, p. 962.
- ^ a b Sánchez Suárez 2003, p. 190.
- ^ Trinidad 2012, pp. 961–975.
- ^ López Pardo 2015, pp. 137.
- ^ López Pardo 2015, pp. 137–138.
- ^ a b Lara Peinado 1998, p. 25.
- ^ a b Sophrone Pétridès, "Rusaddir" in Catholic Encyclopedia (New York 1912)
- ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 960
- ^ Bravo Nieto 1990, pp. 21–22.
- ^ Bravo Nieto 1990, p. 25.
- ^ Loureiro Soto 2015, p. 83.
- ^ Loureiro Soto 2015, pp. 83–84.
- ^ Bravo Nieto 1990, p. 26.
- ^ Loureiro Soto 2015, p. 85; Bravo Nieto 1990, p. 26
- ^ Ayuntamientos de España, Ayuntamiento.es, archived from the original on 1 March 2012, retrieved 7 March 2012
- ^ Bravo Nieto 1990, pp. 17, 28.
- ^ Loureiro Soto 2015, p. 127.
- ^ Loureiro Soto 2015, p. 125.
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External links
- (in Spanish) Official website
- Postal Codes Melilla