Culture of New York City
The city is the birthplace of many cultural movements, including the Harlem Renaissance in literature and visual art; abstract expressionism (also known as the New York School) in painting; and hip hop,[10] punk, salsa, freestyle, Tin Pan Alley, certain forms of jazz, and (along with Philadelphia) disco in music. New York has been considered the dance capital of the world.[11][12][13] The city is also frequently the setting for novels, movies (see List of films set in New York City), and television programs. New York Fashion Week is one of the world's preeminent fashion events and is afforded extensive coverage by the media.[14][15] New York has also frequently been ranked the top
Pace
One of the most common traits attributed to New York is its fast pace,[18][19] which spawned the term "New York minute".[20] Journalist Walt Whitman characterized New York's streets as being traversed by "hurrying, feverish, electric crowds".[21]
Department of Cultural Affairs
The Department of Cultural Affairs (DCLA), a branch of the
Arts
Music
Beginning with the rise of popular sheet music in the early 20th century, New York's Broadway musical theater and Tin Pan Alley's songcraft, New York became a major center for the American music industry.[24] Since then the city has served as an important center for many different musical topics and genres.
New York's status as a center for European classical music can be traced way back to the early 19th century. The New York Philharmonic, formed in 1842, did much to help establish the city's musical reputation. The first two major New York composers were William Fry and George Frederick Bristow, who in 1854 famously criticized the Philharmonic for choosing European composers over American ones.[25] Bristow was committed to developing an American classical music tradition. His most important work was the Rip Van Winkle opera, which most influentially used an American folktale rather than European imitations.[25]
The best-known New York composer, indeed, the best-known American classical composer of any kind, was
The
Beginning in the 1940s, New York was the center of a
Other New York based singer-songwriters began to emerge, using the urban landscape as their canvass, a backdrop for lyrics in the confessional style of poets like
Disco music developed from the funk, soul and jazz of the 1960s, becoming a distinct genre of music, eschewing the raw sound of a four piece garage band and embracing a new technology that employed driving synthesizers with booming a bass drum that defined the disco sound with a steady quarter note beat, or Four on the floor (music). It was not unusual for producers to contract local symphony and philharmonic orchestras as well as session musicians to further refine the sound. Disco, a musical idiom that was strongly associated with minorities (primarily black and gay audiences), became a phenomenon in dance clubs and discothèques in the 1970s. Many of the major disco nightclubs were in New York, including Paradise Garage, Danceteria and Studio 54, attracting notable followers from the art world, such as Andy Warhol, the fashion industry like Karl Lagerfeld, as well as socialites, musicians and intellectuals. This tradition continued in the 1980s with Area, Danceteria, and Limelight.[31]
In the 1970s, punk rock emerged in New York's downtown music scene with seminal bands such as the New York Dolls, Ramones and Patti Smith. Anthrax and KISS were the best known heavy metal and glam rock performers from the city. The downtown scene developed into the "new wave" style of rock music at downtown clubs like CBGB's. The 1970s were also when the Salsa and Latin Jazz movements grew and branched out to the world. Labels such as the "Fania All Stars", musicians like Tito Puente and Celia Cruz and Ralph Mercado, the creator of the RM&M record label, all contributed to stars like Hector LaVoe, Ruben Blades and many others. The New Yorican Sound, differed somewhat from Salsa that came from Puerto Rico, it was being sung by Puerto Rican Americans from New York and had the swagger of the Big Apple.
New York is also one of only five cities in the United States with permanent professional resident companies in all of the major performing arts disciplines: The
With nearly 8 million people riding the city's subway system each day, New York's transit network is also a major venue for musicians. Each week, more than 100 musicians and ensembles – ranging in genre from classical to Cajun, bluegrass, African, South American and jazz – give over 150 performances sanctioned by New York Transit at 25 locations throughout the subway system.[32]
Visual art
The 1913 Armory Show in New York, an exhibition which brought European modernist artists' work to the U.S., both shocked the public and influenced art making in the United States for the remainder of the twentieth century. The exhibition had a twofold effect of communicating to American artists that artmaking was about expression, not only aesthetics or realism, and at the same time showing that Europe had abandoned its conservative model of ranking artists according to a strict academic hierarchy. This encouraged American artists to find a personal voice, and a modernist movement, responding to American civilization, emerged in New York. Alfred Stieglitz (1864–1946), photographer, Charles Demuth (1883–1935) and Marsden Hartley (1877–1943), both painters, helped establish an American viewpoint in the fine arts. Stieglitz promoted cubists and abstract painters at his 291 Gallery on 5th Avenue. The Museum of Modern Art, founded in 1929, became a showcase for American and international contemporary art. By the end of World War II, Paris had declined as the world's art center while New York emerged as the center of contemporary fine art in both the United States and the world.
In the years after World War II, a group of young New York artists known as the New York School formed the first truly original school of painting in America that exerted a major influence on foreign artists: abstract expressionism. Among the movement's leaders were Jackson Pollock (1912–1956), Willem de Kooning (1904–1997), and Mark Rothko (1903–1970). The abstract expressionists abandoned formal composition and representation of real objects to concentrate on instinctual arrangements of space and color and to demonstrate the effects of the physical action of painting on the canvas.[33][34]
New York's vibrant visual art scene in the 1950s and 1960s also defined the American pop art movement. Members of this next artistic generation favored a different form of abstraction: works of mixed media. Among them were Jasper Johns (1930– ), who used photos, newsprint, and discarded objects in his compositions. Pop artists, such as Andy Warhol (1930–1987), Larry Rivers (1923–2002), and Roy Lichtenstein (1923–1997), reproduced, with satiric care, everyday objects and images of American popular culture—Coca-Cola bottles, soup cans, comic strips.
Today New York is a global center for the international art market. The Upper East Side has many art galleries,
Enriching and countering this mainstream commercial movement is the constant flux of underground movements, such as hip-hop art and graffiti, which engendered such artists as Keith Haring and Jean-Michel Basquiat, and continue to add visual texture and life to the atmosphere of the city.
Long Island City, Queens is a rapidly flourishing art scene in New York, serving as home to the largest concentration of arts institutions outside of Manhattan. Its abundance of industrial warehouses provide ample studio and exhibition space for many renowned artists, museums and galleries.
Public art
New York has a law that requires no less than 1% of the first twenty million dollars of a building project, plus no less than one half of 1% of the amount exceeding twenty million dollars be allocated for art work in any public building that is owned by the city. The maximum allocation for any site is $400,000.
Many major artists have created public works in the city, including Jeff Koons, Louise Bourgeois, Nam June Paik, and Jim Power the "Mosaic Man." Anish Kapoor's Sky Mirror, a highly reflective stainless steel dish nearly three stories tall, was on view at Rockefeller Center in September and October 2006.
In 2005 Christo and Jeanne-Claude installed The Gates, a site-specific art project inspired by traditional Japanese torii gates. The installation consisted of 7,503 metal "gates" along 23 miles (37 km) of pathways in Central Park. From each gate hung a flag-shaped piece of saffron-colored nylon fabric.
The subway system also hosts several public art projects, including intricate tile mosaics and station signage.
Subversive public art trends have also coursed through New York. Toward the end of the 1960s the modern American
Film
New York's film industry is smaller than that of
New York was an epicenter of filmmaking in the earliest days of the American film industry, but the better year-round weather of Hollywood eventually saw California becoming the home of American cinema. The Kaufman-Astoria film studio in Queens, built during the silent film era, was used by the Marx Brothers and W. C. Fields. As cinema moved west, much of the motion picture infrastructure in New York was used for the burgeoning television industry. Kaufman-Astoria eventually became the set for The Cosby Show and Sesame Street.
New York has undergone a renaissance in film-making with 276 independent and studio films in production in the city in 2006, an increase from 202 in 2004 and 180 in 2003.[41] More than a third of professional actors in the United States are based in New York.[17]
One of the filmmakers most associated with New York is
While major studio productions are based in Hollywood, New York has become a capital of independent film. The city is home to a number of important film festivals, including the Tribeca Film Festival, the
The oldest
New York's municipally owned broadcast television service, NYC Media, creates original programming that includes Emmy Award-winning shows like Blue Print New York and Cool in Your Code, as well as coverage of New York City government. Other popular programs on NYC TV include music shows; New York Noise showcases music videos of local, underground, and indie rock musicians as well as coverage of major music-related events in the city like the WFMU Record Fair, interviews of New York icons (like The Ramones and Klaus Nomi), and comedian hosts (like Eugene Mirman, Rob Huebel, and Aziz Ansari). The Bridge, similarly, chronicles old school hip hop. The channel has won 14 New York Emmys and 14 National Telly awards.
Stage performance
Dance
The early 20th century saw the emergence of
New York has also historically been a center for African-American modern dance. Alvin Ailey, a student of Lester Horton (and later Martha Graham), spent several years working in both concert and theatre dance. In 1958 Ailey and a group of young African-American dancers formed the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater. Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater performs annually at City Center Theater in New York. Ailey drew upon his memories of Texas, the blues, spirituals and gospel as inspiration. Bill T. Jones, winner of a MacArthur "Genius" Award in 1994, choreographed for the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, among others. Another significant African-American dancer, Pearl Primus, made her debut on February 24, 1943, at the 92nd Street Y as a social-protest dancer. Her concerns and expression fit into the landscape of the ongoing Harlem renaissance and gained much public support, and was immediately graced with attention after her first professional solo debut. Her dances were inspired by revolutionary African-American choreographer Katherine Dunham. Primus became known for her singular ability to jump very high while dancing. She focused on matters such as oppression, racial prejudice, and violence.
New York was the birthplace of other dance forms, as well.
Theatre
The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theatre productions, and in the 1880s New York theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street began to showcase a new stage form that came to be known as the Broadway musical. Strongly influenced by the feelings of immigrants to the city, these productions used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition.[citation needed]
Many musicals in New York became seminal national cultural events, like the controversial 1937 staging of
Many New York playwrights, including Elia Kazan and Arthur Miller, became icons in American theater.
Professional
Concurrently with Yiddish theatre was the development of
Today the 39 largest theatres (with more than 500 seats) in New York are collectively known as "
Smaller theatres, termed
The subways of New York are also occasional venues for beauty pageants and guerrilla theater. The MTA's annual Miss Subways contest ran from 1941 to 1976 and again in 2004 (under the revised name "Ms Subways"). Past Miss Subways winners include Eleanor Nash, an FBI clerk described by her poster that hung in subway cars in 1960 as "young, beautiful and expert with a rifle." The 2004 Ms Subways winner, Caroline Sanchez-Bernat, was an actress who played a role in Sunday Brunch 4. The 35-minute piece of performance art was a full enactment of a Sunday brunch — including crisp white tablecloth, spinach salad appetizer and attentive waiter in black tuxedo — performed aboard a southbound A train in 2000. With subway riders looking on, the actors chatted amiably about Christmas, exchanged gifts and signed for a package delivered by a United Parcel Service delivery man who entered the scene at the West 34th Street stop.
Theatre companies
- Circle Repertory Company
- Classic Stage Company
- Great Jones Repertory Company
- Ma-Yi Theater Company
- No.11 Productions
- Pick Up Performance Company
- Roundabout Theatre Company
Stand-up comedy
New York is considered by many to be the heart of
Literature
Novels
Several important movements originated in New York. One of the first American writers to gain critical acclaim in Europe, Washington Irving, was a New Yorker whose History of New York (1809) became a cultural touchstone for Victorian New York. Diedrich Knickerbocker, an old-fashioned Dutch New Yorker in Irvin's satire of chatty and officious logistical history, made "Knickerbocker" a bye-word for quaint Dutch-descended New Yorkers, with their old-fashioned ways and their long-stemmed pipers and knee-breeches long after the fashion had turned to trousers. This served as the inspiration for the New York Knicks's moniker, whose corporate name is the "New York Knickerbockers."
The Harlem Renaissance established the African-American literary canon in the United States. The zenith of this "flowering of Negro literature," as James Weldon Johnson called it, was between 1924, when Opportunity magazine hosted a party for black writers where many white publishers were in attendance, and the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the start of the Great Depression. African-Americans of the northward Great Migration and African and Caribbean immigrants converged in Harlem, which became the most famous center of Negro life in the United States at that time. A militant black editor indicated in 1920 that "the intrinsic standard of Beauty and aesthetics does not rest in the white race" and that "a new racial love, respect, and consciousness may be created." The work of black Harlem writers sought to challenge the pervading racism of the larger white community and often promoted progressive or socialist politics and racial integration. No singular style emerged; instead there was a mix ranging from the celebration of Pan-Africanism, "high-culture" and "street culture," to new experimental forms in literature like modernism, to Classical music and improvisational jazz that inspired the new form of jazz poetry.
The mid-20th century saw the emergence of
Parallel and counter to these mainstream groups have been such New York-centered underground movements as the
Over the years many literary institutions have developed in the city, including PEN America, the largest of the international literary organization's centers. The PEN America plays an important role in New York's literary community and is active in defending free speech, the promotion of literature, and the fostering of international literary fellowship. Literary journals, including The Paris Review, The New York Review of Books, n+1, The New Criterion, and New York Quarterly are also important in the city's literary scene.
Contemporary writers based in the city, many of whom live in the
While the state has an official
Comic books
The American comic book was invented in New York in the early 1930s as a way to cheaply repackage and resell newspaper comic strips, which also experienced their major period of creative growth and development in New York papers in the first decades of the 20th century. Immigrant culture in the city was the central topic and inspiration for comics from the days of Hogan's Alley, the Yellow Kid, The Katzenjammer Kids and beyond. Virtually all creators and workers employed in the early comic book industry were based in New York, from publishers to artists, many of them coming from immigrant Jewish families in the Lower East Side and Brooklyn.
It can be argued that
Marvel Comics became famous for breaking with convention and setting their stories explicitly in a "real" New York, giving recognizable addresses for the homes of their major characters. Peter Parker, Spider-Man, lived with his Aunt May in Forest Hills, Queens. The Baxter Building, long-time home of the Fantastic Four, was located at 42nd and Madison Avenue. In 2007, the City of New York declared April 30 May 6 "Spider-Man Week" in honor of the release of Spider-Man 3. Both of the previous Spider-Man movies made heavy use of New York as a backdrop and included crowd scenes filled with "stereotypical New Yorkers."
New York also served as an inspiration and home for much of America's non-superhero comic books, famously starting with cartoonist and Brooklyn native Will Eisner's many depictions of everyday life among poor, working-class and immigrant New Yorkers. Today New York's alternative comics scene is thriving, including native New Yorkers Art Spiegelman, Ben Katchor and Dean Haspiel, graduates of the School of Visual Arts cartooning program (the first accredited cartooning program in the country) and many others.
Meanwhile, New York's comic book history has worked its way into other facets of New York culture, from the Pop Art of Roy Lichtenstein to the recent literary production of Brooklyn-based Jonathan Lethem and Dave Eggers.
Museums
The Metropolitan Museum of Art is one of the world's largest and most important art museums, and is located on the eastern edge of Central Park. It also comprises a building complex known as "The Cloisters" in Fort Tryon Park at the north end of Manhattan Island overlooking the Hudson River which features medieval art. The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is often considered a rival to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Brooklyn Museum is the second largest art museum in New York and one of the largest in the United States. One of the premier art institutions in the world, its permanent collection includes more than one-and-a-half million objects, from ancient Egyptian masterpieces to contemporary art, and the art of many other cultures.
There are many smaller important galleries and art museums in the city. Among these is the Frick Collection, one of the preeminent small art museums in the United States, with a very high-quality collection of old master paintings housed in 16 galleries within the former mansion of steel magnate Henry Clay Frick. The collection features some of the best-known paintings by major European artists, as well as numerous works of sculpture and porcelain. It also has furniture, enamel, and carpets.
The
Founded in 1969 by a group of
The
In recent years New York has seen a major building boom among its cultural institutions.
In 2006 more than 60 arts institutions spread across the five boroughs, from smaller community organizations like the
Inventions
New York City, like any other city across the United States and the world, has changed with its own unique inventions, among which are:
- Air conditioning
- Club sandwiches
- Jell-O
- Oreos
Cultural diversity
Demographics
Select Holy Days Officially Observed in New York City | ||
Holy Day | Culture | Month (2006) |
Eid al-Adha | Muslim | January |
Asian Lunar New Year | East Asia | January |
Ash Wednesday | Christian | March |
Purim | Jewish | March |
Nowruz | Iranian | March |
Passover | Jewish | April |
Good Friday | Christian | April |
Shavuot | Jewish | June |
Feast of Assumption | Catholic | August |
Rosh Hashanah | Jewish | September |
Yom Kippur | Jewish | September |
Succoth | Jewish | October |
Diwali | Hindu | October |
Eid ul-Fitr |
Muslim | October |
All Saints' Day | Catholic | November |
Eid al-Adha | Muslim | December |
To some observers, New York, with its large immigrant population, seems more of an international city than something specifically "American". But to others, the city's very openness to newcomers makes it the archetype of a "nation of immigrants". The term "melting pot" derives from the play The Melting Pot, by Israel Zangwill, who in 1908 adapted Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet to a setting in the Lower East Side, where droves of immigrants from diverse European nations in the early 1900s learned to live together in tenements and row houses for the first time. In 2000, 36% of the city's population was foreign-born. Among American cities this proportion was higher only in Los Angeles and Miami.[47] While the immigrant communities in those cities are dominated by a few nationalities, in New York no single country or region of origin dominates. The seven largest countries of origin are the Dominican Republic, China, Jamaica, Russia, Italy, Poland and India.
The cultural diversity of New York can be seen in the range of official city holidays. With the growth of New York's South Asian community, Diwali, the Hindu Festival of Lights, was added to the calendar in 2022-2023.[48]
As in many major cities, immigrants to New York often congregate in
New York has a larger
Festivals and parades
New York, with its many ethnic communities and cultural venues, has a large number of major parades and street festivals.
The Village Halloween Parade is an annual holiday parade and street pageant presented the night of every Halloween (October 31) in Greenwich Village. Stretching more than a mile, this cultural event draws two million spectators, fifty thousand costumed participants, dancers, artists and circus performers, dozens of floats bearing live bands and other musical and performing acts, and a worldwide television audience of one hundred million.
The
Other major parades include the annual
A major component of
Sports
New York is home to the headquarters of the National Football League,[51] Major League Baseball,[52] the National Basketball Association,[53] the National Hockey League,[54] and Major League Soccer.[55] The New York metropolitan area hosts the most sports teams in these five professional leagues. Five of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, Citi Field, and Barclays Center) are located in the New York metropolitan area.[56]
New York has been described as the "Capital of Baseball".
The city's two current MLB teams are the
The city is represented in the NFL by the New York Giants and the New York Jets, although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford, New Jersey,[66] which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014.[67]
The New York Rangers represent the city in the NHL.[68] The New York Islanders, who originally played in Nassau County on Long Island,[69] and moved to the Barclays Center in 2015.[70] Also within the metropolitan area are the New Jersey Devils, who play in nearby Newark, New Jersey.[71]
The city's NBA teams include the Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks, while the city's Women's National Basketball Association team is the New York Liberty. The first national college-level basketball championship, the National Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city.[72]
In soccer, New York is represented by
Queens is host of the
Many sports are associated with New York's immigrant communities.
In popular culture
Because of its sheer size and cultural influence, New York has been the subject of many different, and often contradictory, portrayals in mass media. From the sophisticated and worldly metropolis seen in many Woody Allen films, to the hellish and chaotic urban jungle depicted in such movies as Martin Scorsese's Taxi Driver, New York has served as the backdrop for virtually every conceivable viewpoint on big city life.
In the early years of film, New York was characterized as urbane and sophisticated. By the city's crisis period in the 1970s and early 1980s, however, films like
See also
References
- ^ a b Julia Goicichea (August 16, 2017). "Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers". The Culture Trip. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
- ^ a b Rosenberg, Eli (June 24, 2016). "Stonewall Inn Named National Monument, a First for the Gay Rights Movement". The New York Times. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
- ^ "Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
- ^ Will Gleason (March 11, 2019). "Citing its diversity and culture, NYC was voted best city in the world in new global survey". TimeOut. Retrieved May 19, 2019.
After compiling the thoughts of over 30,000 people, both from our NYC readership and half-a-world away, New York was voted the greatest city on the planet for 2019. In a hint as to why this happened, and why now, it also lead the categories of most diverse metropolis and best culture.
- ^ "Introduction to Chapter 14: New York City (NYC) Culture". The Weissman Center for International Business Baruch College/CUNY 2011. Archived from the original on May 5, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2018.
- ISBN 978-0-8478-0990-5. Retrieved July 1, 2018.
- ^ Lubin, Gus (February 15, 2017). "Queens has more languages than anywhere in the world—here's where they're found". Business Insider. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
- ^ McGraw, Peter; Warner, Joel (April 2, 2014). "Was Stand-Up Comedy Invented by a Black Vaudevillian?". Slate Magazine. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
- ^ "Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 19, 2019.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-85242-243-1.
- ^ "capital". Dictionary.com. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
- ^ "Free To Dance – About The Film". Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
- ^ "Group Visits". Alvin Ailey Dance Foundation, Inc. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
- ISBN 978-1-136-47536-8. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
- ISBN 978-2-940411-58-0. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
- ^ "New York retakes Top Global Fashion Capital Title from London, edging past Paris". Languagemonitor.com. Archived from the original on April 23, 2014. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
- ^ a b c Center for an Urban Future (December 2005). "Creative New York" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 28, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2015.
- ^ Kelsy Chauvin (March 15, 2019). "15 Things NOT to Do in New York City". Fodor's. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
There are more than 8.6 million citizens of New York City, and they're pretty much all in a hurry. They're also shrewd, outspoken, and proudly able to survive in a metropolis that tends to punish the meek. The buzzing subway system alone is a symbol of how this city works: part ballet, part battlefield. Residents and visitors alike can see why New York is considered the greatest city in the world.
- ^ Poliak, Shira. "Adjusting To New York City". Sun Sentinel. Archived from the original on December 3, 2015. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
Additionally, the fast-paced lifestyle of New York City demands adjusting.
- ^ "Dictionary – Full Definition of NEW YORK MINUTE". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved May 19, 2019.
- ISBN 978-0-8232-7425-3. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
- ^ Gotham Gazette (January 2007). "Arts Funding, Transformed". Retrieved February 19, 2007.
- ^ New York City Department of Cultural Affairs. "FY07 Budget for the Department of Cultural Affairs". Archived from the original on November 15, 2006. Retrieved February 14, 2007.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-85828-421-7., pgs. 1–65
- ^ ISBN 0-8160-3493-1.
- ISBN 0-8160-3493-1., p 122.
- ^ "500 Greatest Albums of All Time". Rolling Stone. May 31, 2012. Retrieved May 21, 2019.
- ^ Saal, Hubert (July 14, 1969). " The Girl's-Letting Go". Newsweek, pp. 68,71.
- ^ JoniMitchell.com Library: The Girls—Letting Go: Newsweek, July 14, 1969 [1] Archived June 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ JoniMitchell.com Library: The Girls—Letting Go: Newsweek, July 14, 1969, Original Article pdf [2] Archived August 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 978-0-415-24269-1.
- ^ Metropolitan Transportation Authority (2007). "Music Under New York". Retrieved July 15, 2016.
- ISBN 0813536049.
- ISBN 0967799414.
- ^ "Upper East Side Art Galleries". uppereast.com. Archived from the original on January 26, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2015.
- ^ "Best Uptown art galleries". Time Out New York.
- ^ "Stylish Traveler: Chelsea Girls" Archived May 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Travel + Leisure, September 2005. Accessed May 14, 2007. "With more than 200 galleries, Chelsea has plenty of variety."
- ^ "City Planning Begins Public Review for West Chelsea Rezoning to Permit Housing Development and Create Mechanism for Preserving and Creating Access to the High Line" Archived June 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, New York City Department of City Planning press release dated December 20, 2004. Accessed May 29, 2007. "Some 200 galleries have opened their doors in recent years, making West Chelsea a destination for art lovers from around the City and the world."
- ^ a b "A History of Graffiti in Its Own Words". New York Magazine. July 10, 2006. Retrieved February 19, 2007.
- ^ Mayor's Office of Film, Theatre, and Broadcasting. "New York City Film Statistics". Archived from the original on February 17, 2007. Retrieved February 19, 2007.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Mayor's Office of Film, Theatre and Broadcasting (January 18, 2007). "New York City sets Record in 2006 for Highest Number of Film Production Days Ever". Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2007.
- ^ a b National Public Radio (October 14, 2002). "Present at the Creation". Archived from the original on July 14, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2007.
- ^ "Vaudeville - Define Vaudeville at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com.
- ^ Joel Adria. "tara brodin – company". tarabrodin.com.
- ^ People's Poetry. The 9/11 poem can be read here [3] Archived August 19, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ a b c The New York Times (August 6, 2006). "Build Your Dream, Hold Your Breath". The New York Times. Retrieved February 18, 2007.
- ^ U.S. Census Bureau. "Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2005". Archived from the original on October 15, 2006. Retrieved August 31, 2006.
- ^ Sottile, Zoe (October 20, 2022). "Diwali will be a public school holiday in New York City starting in 2023". CNN. Retrieved May 20, 2023.
- ^ MSNC (August 2, 2004). "The City that can Never Sleep". Retrieved February 16, 2007.
- ^ Association of International Marathons and Road Races(AIMS). Retrieved June 28, 2007.
- ^ "National Football League Company Information". Hoover's, Inc. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
- ^ "Major League Baseball Company Information". Hoover's, Inc. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
- ^ "National Basketball Association, Inc. Company Information". Hoover's, Inc. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
- ^ "National Hockey League Company Information". Hoover's, Inc. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
- ^ "Major League Soccer, L.L.C. Company Information". Hoovers, Inc. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
- ^ Esteban (October 27, 2011). "11 Most Expensive Stadiums In The World". Total Pro Sports. Archived from the original on August 27, 2012. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
- ^ Baseball: A Film by Ken Burns; Inning 7: The Capital of Baseball (Television Documentary). PBS. Archived from the original on October 30, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
- ^ "New York Mets – TeamReport". Chicago Tribune. May 30, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ "2000S". New York Yankees. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ "New York Yankees: Facts, History, Stats, and Resources". The free sources. Archived from the original on June 5, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ "How Mets, Colt .45s Grew Up To Beat The Bullies". Chicago Tribune. October 8, 1986. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ "Dodgers Timeline". Los Angeles Dodgers. Retrieved September 22, 2008.
- ^ "Historical Moments". Dodgers Giants. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ "Major League Baseball, Police Athletic League and the Brooklyn Cyclones to host free MLB Umpire Camp". MLB Press Release. May 30, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ "New ownership group for Staten Island Yankees talks about future plans". Silive. May 31, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
- ^ "Preparations Different for a Home-and-Home Contest". The New York Times. December 22, 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ "Owners warm up to New York/New Jersey as Super Bowl XLVIII host". NFL.com. Associated Press. May 26, 2010. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
It's the first time the league has gone to a cold-weather site that doesn't have a dome ... the NFL will wait and see how this foray into the great outdoors in winter goes. Then the league might OK another bid
- ^ Anderson, Dave (May 14, 1995). "Sports of The Times; At Boston Garden, There's Much More Gold Than Green". The New York Times. Retrieved June 17, 2008.
- ^ "Nassau Coliseum". ESPN. Archived from the original on March 9, 2013.
- ^ "Islanders Moving to Brooklyn". October 24, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
- ^ "Devils' dance with Kings in Stanley Cup Finals gives Newark a spotlight". Nj.com. May 31, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ "Postseason Overview". National Invitation Tournament. Archived from the original on July 24, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
- ^ "Man City, Yankees to own MLS club". Associated Press, Fox Sports Interactive Media. May 21, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
- ^ "Picture-perfect opening for $200M Red Bull Arena in Harrison". Associated Press. March 20, 2010.
- ^ "Champions (year by year history)". US Open. Archived from the original on June 15, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ "Boxer Johnny Tapia's 'crazy life' ends". CNN. May 31, 2012. Retrieved May 28, 2012.
- New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. Archived from the originalon September 27, 2009.
- ^ Federal Bureau of Investigation (2004). "Offense Tabluations: Crime in the United States". Archived from the original on February 14, 2007. Retrieved February 18, 2007.
Further reading
- Voorsanger, Catherine Hoover; Howat, John K., eds. (2000). Art and the empire city: New York, 1825–1861. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9780870999574.
External links
- NYC Arts and Tumblr
- City Lore
- New York City On YellowPosts
- Center for Traditional Music and Dance (CTMD)
- New York in the 70s Yoko Ono's Flickr album of Tannenbaum's images ISBN 9781590207024.
Partial list of major international cultural centers in New York City:
- Austrian Cultural Forum New York
- Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
- Instituto Cervantes-Nueva York
- New York Chinese Cultural Center
- French Institute Alliance Francaise
- Goethe-Institut New York
- Hungarian Cultural Institute
- Italian Cultural Institute
- Polish Cultural Institute
- Romanian Cultural Institute New York
- Scandinavia House
- Swiss Institute
- Tenri Cultural Institute
- The Ukrainian Museum
New York, the city of all time.