São Tomé and Príncipe

Edit links
Coordinates: 0°19′N 6°36′E / 0.317°N 6.600°E / 0.317; 6.600
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Culture of São Tomé and Príncipe
)
For the islands of the sovereign state, see São Tomé Island and Príncipe. For other uses, see São Tomé (disambiguation) and Principe (disambiguation).

Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe
República Democrática de
São Tomé e Príncipe (Portuguese)
Motto: "Unidade, Disciplina, Trabalho" (Portuguese)
"Unity, Discipline, Labour"
Anthem: 
Prime Minister
Patrice Trovoada
LegislatureNational Assembly
Independence
• from Portugal
12 July 1975
+239
ISO 3166 codeST
Internet TLD.st

São Tomé and Príncipe (

Prince"), officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe (Portuguese: República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe), is an island country in the Gulf of Guinea, the western equatorial coast of Central Africa
.

It consists of two archipelagos around the two main islands of São Tomé and Príncipe, about 150 km (93.21 mi) apart and about 250 and 225 km (155 and 140 mi) off the northwestern coast of Gabon. With a population of 201,800 (2018 official estimate),[10] São Tomé and Príncipe is the second-smallest and second-least populous African sovereign state after Seychelles. It is also the smallest Romance-speaking country outside of Europe in terms of population and area.

The islands were uninhabited until their discovery in 1470 by

V-Dem Democracy indices São Tomé and Príncipe is ranked 56th electoral democracy worldwide and 5th electoral democracy in Africa.[11] São Tomé and Príncipe is a developing economy with a medium Human Development Index
.

The people of São Tomé and Príncipe are predominantly of African and mestiço descent, with most practicing Christianity. The legacy of Portuguese rule is also visible in the country's culture, customs, and music, which fuse European and African influences. São Tomé and Príncipe is a founding member state of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries.

History

Main article: History of São Tomé and Príncipe
Map of São Tomé by Johannes Vingboons (1665)

The islands making up São Tomé and Príncipe were formed around approximately 30 million years ago due to volcanic activity in deep water along the

Cameroon Line. Over time, interactions with seawater and periods of eruption have engendered a wide variety of different igneous and volcanic rocks on the islands with complex assemblages of minerals
.

Arrival of Europeans

The islands of São Tomé and Príncipe were uninhabited when the Portuguese arrived sometime around 1470. The first Europeans to put ashore were

Pêro Escobar
. Portuguese navigators explored the islands and decided that they would be good locations for bases to trade with the mainland.

The dates of European arrival are sometimes given as 21 December (St Thomas's Day) 1471, for São Tomé; and 17 January (St Antony's Day) 1472, for Príncipe, though other sources cite different years around that time. Príncipe was initially named Santo Antão ("Saint Anthony"), changing its name in 1502 to Ilha do Príncipe ("Prince's Island"), in reference to the Prince of Portugal to whom duties on the island's sugar crop were paid.

The first successful settlement of São Tomé was established in 1493 by Álvaro Caminha, who received the land as a grant from the crown.[12] Príncipe was settled in 1500 under a similar arrangement. Attracting settlers proved difficult, however, and most of the earliest inhabitants were "undesirables" sent from Portugal, mostly Sephardic Jews.[13] 2,000 Jewish children, eight years old and under, were taken from the Iberian peninsula for work on the sugar plantations.[14] In time, these settlers found the volcanic soil of the region suitable for agriculture, especially the growing of sugar.

Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe

Main article: Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe

By 1515, São Tomé and Príncipe had become slave depots for the coastal slave trade centered at Elmina.[15]

The cultivation of sugar was a labour-intensive process and the Portuguese began to enslave large numbers of Africans from the continent. In the sugar boom's early stages, property on the islands had little value, with farming for local consumption while the economy relied mainly on the transit of slaves, though already many foodstuffs were imported.[16] When the local landowner Álvaro Borges died in 1504, his cleared land and domesticated animals were sold for only 13,000 réis, about the price of three slaves.[17] According to Valentim Fernandes around 1506, São Tomé had more sugarcane fields than Madeira "from which they already produce molasses,"[18] but the island lacked facilities for industrial sugar production.[16]

São Sebastião Museum in São Tomé

Economic development in the 16th century

São Tomé would only become economically noteworthy with the introduction of a water-powered sugar mill in 1515, which soon led to the mass cultivation of sugar:[19] "The fields are expanding and the sugar mills, too. At this time, only two sugar mills are here and another three are being built, counting the mill of the contractors, which is large. Similarly, the necessary conditions exist, such as streams and timber, to be able to build many more. And the [sugar] canes are the biggest I have ever seen in my life."[citation needed] Sugar plantations were organized with slave labor, and by the mid-16th century, the Portuguese settlers had turned the islands into Africa's foremost exporter of sugar.[20]

Slaves in São Tomé were bought from the Slave Coast of West Africa, the Niger Delta, the island of Fernando Po, and later from the Kongo and Angola.[21] In the 16th century, the enslaved were imported from and exported to Portugal, Elmina, the Kingdom of Kongo, Angola, and the Spanish Americas. In 1510, reportedly 10,000 to 12,000 slaves were imported by Portugal.[22] In 1516, São Tomé received 4,072 slaves with the purpose of re-exportation.[22] From 1519 to 1540, the island was the center of the slave trade between Elmina and the Niger Delta.[23] Throughout the early to mid-sixteenth century, São Tomé traded in slaves intermittently with Angola and the Kingdom of Kongo.[24] In 1525 São Tomé began trafficking slaves to the Spanish Americas, mainly to the Caribbean and Brazil.[25] From 1532 to 1536, São Tomé sent an annual average of 342 slaves to the Antilles.[26] Prior to 1580, the island accounted for 75 percent of Brazil's imports, mainly slaves.[26] The slave trade remained a cornerstone of São Tomé's economy until after 1600.

The power dynamics of São Tomé in the 16th century were surprisingly diverse with the participation of free mulatto[s] and black citizens in governance. Voluntary colonists shunned São Tomé for its disease and food shortages, so the Portuguese crown deported convicts to the island and encouraged interracial relationships to secure the colony. Slavery was also not permanent, as demonstrated through the 1515 royal decree granting the manumission of African wives of white settlers and their mixed-race children.[27] In 1517, another decree freed the male slaves who had originally arrived on the island with the first colonists.[27] After 1520, a royal charter allowed for property-owning, married, free mulattos to hold public offices.[27] This was followed by a decree in 1546 establishing civil equality between these qualified mulattos and the white settlers,[27] allowing free mulattos and black citizens opportunities for upward mobility and participation in local politics and business. Social divisions led to frequent disputes within the colony's town councils and with the governor and bishop,[28] with constant political unstability.

Capture of São Tomé by Cornelis Jol of the Dutch West India Company in 1641.

At first, slavery in São Tomé was less strict. In the mid-16th century, an anonymous Portuguese pilot noted that the slaves were employed as couples, built their own accommodations, and worked autonomously once a week on the cultivation of their own food supply.

Maroon people developed settlements in the interior known as macambos.[31]

Slave rebellions

The first signs of slave rebellion began in the 1530s, when the maroon gangs organized to attack plantations, some of which were abandoned.[31] A formal complaint was lodged by local Portuguese authorities in 1531 lamenting that too many settlers and black citizens were being killed in the attacks, and that the island would be lost if the problem remained unresolved.[31] In a 1533 'bush war', a 'bush captain' led militia units to suppress the maroons.[31] A significant event in the maroon fight for freedom occurred in 1549, when two men claiming to be free-born were taken in from the macambos by a wealthy mulatto planter named Ana de Chaves.[31] With the support of de Chaves, the two men petitioned the king to be declared free, and the request was approved. The largest population of maroons coincided with the sugar boom of the mid-16th century, as the plantations teemed with slaves.[31] Between 1587 and 1590, many of the runaway slaves were defeated in another bush war.[32] By 1593, the governor declared the maroon forces almost completely extinguished.[33] Nevertheless, maroon populations kept settlers away from the southern and western regions.

The greatest slave revolt occurred in July 1595, when the government was weakened by disputes between the bishop and the governor. A native slave named Amador recruited 5000 slaves to raid and destroy plantations, sugar mills, and settler houses.[32] Amador's rebellion made three raids on the town and destroyed 60 of the island's 85 sugar mills, but they were defeated by the militia after three weeks. Two hundred slaves were killed in combat, and Amador and the other rebel leaders were executed, while the rest of the slaves were granted amnesty and returned to their plantation. Smaller slave rebellions followed in the 17th and 18th centuries.

São Tomé and Príncipe in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries

Eventually, competition from sugar-producing colonies in the Western Hemisphere began to hurt the islands. The large enslaved population also proved difficult to control, with Portugal unable to invest many resources in the effort. Sugar cultivation thus declined over the next 100 years, and by the mid-17th century, São Tomé had become primarily a transit point for ships engaged in the slave trade between continental Africa and the Americas.

Railroad in São Tomé and Príncipe circa 1919

In the early 19th century, two new cash crops, coffee and cocoa, were introduced. The rich volcanic soils proved well suited to the new crops, and soon extensive plantations (known as roças), owned by Portuguese companies or absentee landlords, occupied almost all of the good farmland.[citation needed] By 1908, São Tomé had become the world's largest producer of cocoa, which remains the country's most important crop.

The roças system, which gave the plantation managers a high degree of authority, led to abuses against the African farm workers. Although Portugal officially abolished slavery in 1876, the practice of forced paid labour continued. Scientific American documented in words and pictures the continued use of slaves in São Tomé in its 13 March 1897 issue.[citation needed]

Observations of the

general theory of relativity
.

In the early 20th century, an internationally publicized controversy arose over charges that

Batepá Massacre
" remains officially observed by the government.

Independence (1975)

The Our Lady of Grace Cathedral of São Tomé

By the late 1950s, when other emerging nations across the African continent demanded their independence, a small group of São Toméans formed the

Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe (MLSTP), which eventually established its base in nearby Gabon. Picking up momentum in the 1960s, events moved quickly after the overthrow of the Caetano
dictatorship in Portugal in April 1974.

The new Portuguese regime was committed to the dissolution of its overseas colonies. In November 1974, its representatives met with the MLSTP in Algiers and worked out an agreement for the transfer of sovereignty. After a period of transitional government, São Tomé and Príncipe achieved independence on 12 July 1975, choosing as the first president the MLSTP Secretary General Manuel Pinto da Costa.

In 1990, São Tomé became one of the first African countries to undergo democratic reform, and changes to the constitution—including the legalization of opposition political parties—led to elections in 1991 that were non-violent, free, and transparent. Miguel Trovoada, a former prime minister who had been in exile since 1986, returned as an independent candidate and was elected president. Trovoada was re-elected in São Tomé's second multiparty presidential election in 1996.

The

National Assembly
, with the MLSTP becoming an important and vocal minority party. Municipal elections followed in late 1992, in which the MLSTP won a majority of seats on five of seven regional councils. In early legislative elections in October 1994, the MLSTP won a plurality of seats in the assembly. It regained an outright majority of seats in the November 1998 elections.

21st century

In the 2001 presidential elections the candidate backed by the Independent Democratic Action party, Fradique de Menezes, was elected in the first round and inaugurated on 3 September.[34] Parliamentary elections were held in March 2002. For the next four years, a series of short-lived opposition-led governments was formed.[citation needed]

In July 2003 the army seized power for one week, complaining of corruption and that forthcoming oil revenues would not be divided fairly. An accord was negotiated under which President de Menezes was returned to office.[35] In March 2006, the cohabitation period ended, when a propresidential coalition won enough seats in National Assembly elections to form a new government.[36]

In the 30 July 2006 presidential election, Fradique de Menezes easily won a second five-year term in office, defeating two other candidates Patrice Trovoada (son of former President Miguel Trovoada) and independent Nilo Guimarães.[37] Local elections, the first since 1992, took place on 27 August 2006 and were dominated by members of the ruling coalition.[38] On 12 February 2009, a coup d'état was attempted to overthrow President Fradique de Menezes. The plotters were imprisoned, but later received a pardon from President de Menezes.[39]

Patrice Emery Trovoada has been Prime Minister since 2014 and he is the leader of the Independent Democratic Action party (ADI).[41] In December 2018, Jorge Bom Jesus, the leader of the Movimento de Libertação de São Tomé e Príncipe-Partido Social Democráta (MLSTP-PSD), was sworn in as new prime minister.[42]

In September 2021, the candidate of the centre-right opposition Independent Democratic Action (ADI),

an attempted coup d'état,[45] after Patrice Trovoada was appointed Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe by Carlos Vila Nova.[46]

Geography

Main article: Geography of São Tomé and Príncipe
The Pico Cão Grande is a landmark needle-shaped volcanic plug peak in São Tomé and Príncipe

The two islands that make up what is called São Tomé and Príncipe were formed 30 million years ago during the

Cameroon Line. The volcanic soils[47][48] of basalts and phonolites
, dating to 3 million years, have been used for plantation crops since colonial times.

The islands of São Tomé and Príncipe, situated in the equatorial Atlantic and Gulf of Guinea about 300 and 250 km (190 and 160 mi), respectively, off the northwest coast of Gabon, constitute Africa's second-smallest country.[49][50] Both are part of the Cameroon volcanic mountain line, which also includes the islands of Annobón to the southwest, Bioko to the northeast (both part of Equatorial Guinea), and Mount Cameroon on the coast of Gulf of Guinea. São Tomé is 50 km (30 mi) long and 30 km (20 mi) wide and the more mountainous of the two islands. Its peaks reach 2,024 m (6,640 ft) –

Pico de Príncipe. Swift streams radiating down the mountains through lush forest and cropland to the sea cross both islands. The Equator lies immediately south of São Tomé Island, passing through the islet Ilhéu das Rolas
.

The Pico Cão Grande (Great Dog Peak) is a landmark volcanic plug peak, at 0°7′0″N 6°34′00″E / 0.11667°N 6.56667°E / 0.11667; 6.56667 in southern São Tomé. It rises over 300 m (1,000 ft) above the surrounding terrain and the summit is 663 m (2,175 ft) above sea level.

Climate

relief.[51]

At sea level, the climate is tropical—hot and humid with average yearly temperatures of about 26 °C (78.8 °F) and little daily variation. The temperature rarely rises beyond 32 °C (89.6 °F). At the interior's higher elevations, the average yearly temperature is 20 °C (68 °F), and nights are generally cool. Annual rainfall varies from 7,000 mm (275.6 in) in the highland cloud forests to 800 mm (31.5 in) in the northern lowlands. The rainy season is from October to May.[51]

Ilhéu das Rolas

Biodiversity

Main article: Wildlife of São Tomé and Príncipe

The country's territory is part of the

São Tomé, Príncipe, and Annobón moist lowland forests ecoregion.[52] It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.64/10, ranking it 68th globally out of 172 countries.[53]
São Tomé and Príncipe does not have a large number of native mammals (although the São Tomé shrew and several bat species are endemic). The islands are home to a larger number of endemic birds and plants, including the world's smallest ibis (the São Tomé ibis), the world's largest sunbird (the giant sunbird), the rare São Tomé fiscal, and several giant species of Begonia. São Tomé and Príncipe is an important marine turtle-nesting site, including the
hawksbill turtles
(Eretmochelys imbricata).

Politics

Main articles: Politics of São Tomé and Príncipe and Elections in São Tomé and Príncipe
Presidential Palace of São Tomé e Príncipe

The president of the republic is elected to a five-year term by direct universal suffrage and a secret ballot, and must gain an outright majority to be elected. The president may hold up to two consecutive terms. The prime minister is appointed by the president, and the 14 members of the cabinet are chosen by the prime minister.

The

National Assembly
, the supreme organ of the state and the highest legislative body, is made up of 55 members, who are elected for a four-year term and meet semiannually. Justice is administered at the highest level by the Supreme Court. The judiciary is independent under the current constitution.

São Tomé and Príncipe has functioned under a multiparty system since 1990. With regard to human rights, there are guarantees on freedom of speech and the freedom to form opposition political parties. São Tomé and Príncipe finished 11th out of the African countries measured by the Ibrahim Index of African Governance in 2010, a comprehensive reflection of the levels of governance in Africa.[54]

São Tomé and Príncipe is considered a

free country, with very high freedom of speech, high political freedom and average economic freedom. São Tomé and Príncipe has an average level of corruption, although in recent years this level has been decreasing.[55] In tourism terms, the risk is low, equivalent to the risk of visiting France.[56]

Foreign relations

Further information: Foreign relations of São Tomé and Príncipe

São Tomé and Príncipe has embassies in Angola,

People's Republic of China in 2016. It also has a permanent mission to the UN in New York City
and an International Diplomatic Correspondent Office.

São Tomé and Príncipe is a founding member state of the

Lusophone nations across four continents, where Portuguese
is an official language.

The countries with the best relations with São Tomé and Príncipe are Portugal and Angola.

Portugal

Main article: Portugal–São Tomé and Príncipe relations

Portugal has historical ties with São Tomé and Príncipe, from the period of colonization by the Portuguese. Portugal is the largest investor in São Tomé and Príncipe, investing millions of euros in the economy of São Tomé and Príncipe. São Tomé and Príncipe maintains an embassy in Lisbon, a consulate in Porto and one in Coimbra. Portugal maintains an embassy in São Tomé.[citation needed] Portugal and São Tomé and Príncipe signed an agreement, in which Portugal undertakes to patrol the coastal area of São Tomé and Príncipe, protecting it mainly from pirates. The Portuguese military ship NRP Zaire and some Portuguese patrol boats are permanently stationed on the coast of São Tomé and Príncipe.[57] The economy of São Tomé and Príncipe is closely linked to that of Portugal, with Portugal accounting for more than 50% of exports from São Tomé and Príncipe. Portugal has also helped to develop education in São Tomé and Príncipe, financially helping to build and maintain the Public University of São Tomé and Príncipe.[58][57] The Portuguese President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa visited São Tomé and Príncipe in 2018 to demonstrate the strong economic and cultural ties between Portugal and São Tomé and Príncipe.[59]

In September 2022, Portugal and São Tomé and Príncipe signed a new cooperation agreement for defence, bolstering training and maritime security.[60]

Angola

Angola is a major business partner mainly in the area of natural energy resources; Angola is the major supplier of oil and natural gas to São Tomé and Príncipe. In addition, hundreds of Angolan tourists visit São Tomé and Príncipe every year, contributing to the local economy. There is a relatively large community of Angolans in São Tomé and Príncipe. São Tomé and Príncipe maintains an embassy in Luanda and Angola maintains an embassy in São Tomé.[61]

Santomean personnel undergo medical training with US Naval corpsmen

United States

Main article: São Tomé and Príncipe–United States relations

The

military base on the island of São Tomé. São Tomé and Príncipe accepted the construction of the base, but the plan was canceled due to US political and financial issues. In 1992, the US federal government broadcaster, Voice of America, and the government of São Tomé signed a long-term agreement to establish a relay broadcasting station in São Tomé. Voice of America currently broadcasts to much of Africa from this facility.[4]

Others

Thousands of tourists from Cape Verde visit São Tomé and Príncipe, helping the local economy. Relations between Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe have improved over the years.[citation needed]

In recent years, Poland and Germany have been increasing commercial ties with São Tomé and Príncipe, buying more and more cocoa and other products from São Tomé and Príncipe.[citation needed]

India also has very good relations with São Tomé and Príncipe, investing thousands of euros annually in the agricultural sector.[citation needed]

Brazil has contributed to improving the health and education system in São Tomé and Príncipe. Brazilian television channels and films are the most watched in São Tomé and Príncipe.[58]

Neighboring

Republic of Congo are important partners in São Tomé and Príncipe; many companies in these countries have establishments and businesses in São Tomé and Príncipe. Because these countries speak French, the language has become important in the business sector (together with Portuguese), in São Tomé and Príncipe.[61]

Since 2013, China has invested in some road and seaport projects but investments have been stalling in recent years.[citation needed]

Military

Further information:
Military of São Tomé and Príncipe
Coat of arms of São Tomé and Príncipe

São Tomé and Príncipe's military is small and consists of four branches: the Army (Exército), Coast Guard (Guarda Costeira also called "Navy"), Presidential Guard (Guarda Presidencial), and the National Guard.[62]

In 2017, São Tomé and Príncipe signed the United Nations Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[63]

Administrative divisions

Main articles: Districts of São Tomé and Príncipe and Autonomous Region of Príncipe

In 1977, two years after independence, the country was divided into two provinces (São Tomé Province and Príncipe Province) and six districts. Since the new constitution was adopted in 1990, the provinces have been abolished, and the districts are the only administrative subdivisions. Since 29 April 1995, the island of Príncipe has been an autonomous region, coterminous with the district of Pagué. The larger island of São Tomé is divided into six districts and Príncipe island into one:[64]

São Tomé Island

Príncipe Island

Economy

Main article: Economy of São Tomé and Príncipe

Agriculture

Since the 19th century, the economy of São Tomé and Príncipe has been based on plantation agriculture. At the time of independence, Portuguese-owned plantations occupied 90% of the cultivated area. After independence, control of these plantations passed to various state-owned agricultural enterprises. The main crop on São Tomé is cocoa, representing about 95% of agricultural exports. Other export crops include copra, palm kernels, and coffee.

Domestic food-crop production is inadequate to meet local consumption, so the country imports most of its food.[65] As of 1997, an estimated 90% of the country's food needs were met through imports.[65] Efforts have been made by the government in recent years to expand food production, and several projects have been undertaken, largely financed by foreign donors.[citation needed]

Other than agriculture, the main economic activities are fishing and a small industrial sector engaged in processing local agricultural products and producing a few basic consumer goods. The scenic islands have potential for tourism, and the government is attempting to improve its rudimentary tourist industry infrastructure. The government sector accounts for about 11% of employment.

Following independence, the country had a centrally directed economy, with most means of production owned and controlled by the state. The original constitution guaranteed a mixed economy, with privately owned cooperatives combined with publicly owned property and means of production.

Government measures

In the 1980s and 1990s, the economy of São Tomé encountered major difficulties. Economic growth stagnated, and cocoa exports dropped in both value and volume, creating large balance-of-payments deficits. Plantation land was seized, resulting in the complete collapse of cocoa production. At the same time, the international price of cocoa slumped.

Oil and gas infrastructure in Neves, São Tomé and Príncipe

In response to its economic downturn, the government undertook a series of far-reaching economic reforms. In 1987, the government implemented an International Monetary Fund structural adjustment program, and invited greater private participation in management of the parastatals, as well as in the agricultural, commercial, banking, and tourism sectors. The focus of economic reform since the early 1990s has been widespread privatization, especially of the state-run agricultural and industrial sectors.

The São Toméan government has traditionally obtained foreign assistance from various donors, including the UN Development Programme, the World Bank, the European Union, Portugal, Taiwan, and the African Development Bank. In April 2000, in association with the Banco Central de São Tomé e Príncipe, the IMF approved a poverty-reduction and growth facility for São Tomé aimed at reducing inflation to 3% for 2001, raising ideal growth to 4%, and reducing the fiscal deficit.

In late 2000, São Tomé qualified for significant debt reduction under the IMF–World Bank's

Heavily Indebted Poor Countries
initiative. The reduction is being reevaluated by the IMF, due to the attempted coup d'état in July 2003 and subsequent emergency spending. Following the truce, the IMF decided to send a mission to São Tomé to evaluate the macroeconomic state of the country. This evaluation is ongoing, reportedly pending oil legislation to determine how the government will manage incoming oil revenues, which are still poorly defined, but in any case expected to change the economic situation dramatically.

In parallel, some efforts have been made to incentivize private tourism initiatives, but their scope remains limited.[66]

São Tomé also hosts a broadcasting station of the American International Broadcasting Bureau for the Voice of America[67] at Pinheira.[68]

Portugal remains one of São Tomé's major trading partners, particularly as a source of imports. Food, manufactured articles, machinery, and transportation equipment are imported primarily from the EU.

Economic challenges

In the past few years, the economy of São Tomé and Príncipe has grown, driven by

foreign investments, but mainly grew due to government spending driven by foreign loans. Gross domestic product (GDP) grew at an average rate of 5.5% between 2009 and 2017, but has slowed since 2014. The slowdown in economic growth was caused by lower government spending due to decreased foreign loans and decreased revenue government tax.[69]

Palm Tree Plantations in Ribeira Peixe

The biggest challenges for the economy of São Tomé and Príncipe are a limited workforce, the fact that São Tomé and Príncipe is an archipelago, a small domestic market, climatic fluctuations, global warming, scarce diplomatic resources and poverty.[69]

For long-term economic growth, the government is trying to stimulate various sectors of the economy, diversify the economy, cut government spending and encourage private sector and foreign investment.[70]

Positive aspects

São Tomé and Príncipe outperforms the sub-Saharan Africa average on the

infant mortality rate has decreased dramatically and the vast majority of the population already has access to piped water and access to electricity.[71]

In terms of business, the government of São Tomé and Príncipe has passed several laws that facilitate the creation of private businesses and foreign investments. Between 2015 and 2019 the number of businesses and small businesses increased greatly.[quantify] This has led to a decrease in unemployment, an increase in exports, and the creation of several manufacturers. In the coming years significant economic improvements are expected.[70]

Tourism

The tourism sector has great potential to be a way of diversifying the country's economy. This sector has been expanding with the increase of foreign investment. Large resorts have been built on the beaches of São Tomé and Príncipe.[71]

Resort Pestana Equador, São Tomé and Príncipe

Transport

The main ports in the country are in the city of São Tomé and Neves, both on the island of São Tomé, which were very degraded before being modernized in 2014. Close to the city of São Tomé, the international airport was expanded and modernized. The telephone system and the road network are good by African standards. Cellphones are widely used and improving. The Internet service is available and has been widely installed in urban areas.[71][70]

Petroleum exploration

In 2001, São Tomé and Nigeria reached an agreement on joint exploration for petroleum in waters claimed by the two countries of the

ChevronTexaco, ExxonMobil, and Dangote Group, were announced in April 2004,[72] with São Tomé to take in 40% of the $123 million bid, and Nigeria the other 60%. Bids on other blocks were still under consideration in October 2004. São Tomé has received more than $2 million from the bank to develop its petroleum sector.[73]

Banking

Banco Internacional de São Tomé e Príncipe

Banco Central de Sāo Tomé e Príncipe is the central bank, responsible for monetary policy and bank supervision. Six banks are in the country; the largest and oldest is Banco Internacional de São Tomé e Príncipe, which is a subsidiary of Portugal's government-owned Caixa Geral de Depósitos. It had a monopoly on commercial banking until a change in the banking law in 2003 led to the entry of several other banks.

Business partners

In 2018, exports from São Tomé and Príncipe totaled 24 million euros, an increase of 118% in 5 years, as in 2013 exports from São Tomé and Príncipe totaled only 11 million euros. Half of São Tomé and Príncipe's exports are cocoa beans. One fifth of exports are electrical machines. Other considerable exports are parts of airplanes, cars, iron, plastics and agricultural products (pepper, oils, nuts and beef).[74][75]

The main destinations for exports from São Tomé and Príncipe are Europe, where the Netherlands (19%), Portugal (14%), Poland (13%), France (7%) and Germany (6%) stand out. Others important buyers are Singapore, Japan, Brazil and the United States.[74]

The most important import partners of Sao Tome and Principe (2018)
The most important import partners of São Tomé and Príncipe (2018)

In the last 10 years, the countries in which the value of exports increased the most were Portugal, Poland, Brazil and the Netherlands. There was a sharp decrease in exports from São Tomé and Príncipe to Angola, Mexico and India.[74]

In 2018, imports to São Tomé and Príncipe totalled 161 million dollars. Since 2013, imports have been decreasing, albeit at a slow pace, since in 2013 imports totalled 167 million euros. A fifth of imports to São Tomé and Príncipe corresponded to refined oil (mainly from Angola). Other important imports, in order of importance, were cars, rice, cereals, wine, electronic equipment, chemicals, clothing, meat, medical equipment, and wood.[74]

About 51%, more than half of the imports of São Tomé and Príncipe come from Portugal. A fifth of imports come from Angola, about 6% come from China, 4% from the United States, 4% from Brazil, 2% from Gabon and 2% from France.[74]

In the last 10 years, the value of imports increased most from the countries of Portugal, Angola and China. There was a sharp decrease in imports from Thailand, Italy and Nigeria.[74]

São Tomé and Príncipe imports mostly machines, mainly electric generators and computers, and food, mainly wine, wheat, rice, milk, and soy oil, from Portugal. In addition, São Tomé and Príncipe also imports considerable quantities of cars, soap, and iron from Portugal. Portugal mainly buys scrap material, copper, cocoa, and clothing.[76][75]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of São Tomé and Príncipe
Santomeans on the beach, Lobata District
São Tomé and Príncipe's population in thousands between 1961 and 2003
A scene of Santomean Tchioli, Auto de Floripes Festival

The total population was estimated at 201,800 in May 2018 by the government agency.[10] About 193,380 people live on São Tomé and 8,420 on Príncipe. The natural population increase is about 4,000 people per year.

Nearly all citizens are descended from people from different countries taken to the islands by the Portuguese from 1470 onwards. In the 1970s, two significant population movements occurred — the exodus of most of the 4,000 Portuguese residents and the influx of several hundred São Tomé refugees from Angola.

Ethnic groups

Distinct ethnic groups on São Tomé and Príncipe include:

  • Luso-Africans, or "mixed-blood", are descendants of Portuguese colonists and African slaves brought to the islands during the early years of settlement from Benin, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Angola (these people also are known as filhos da terra or "children of the land").
  • Angolares are reputedly descendants of Angolan slaves who survived a 1540 shipwreck and now earn their livelihood fishing.
  • Forros are descendants of freed slaves when slavery was abolished.
  • Serviçais are contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde, living temporarily on the islands.
  • Tongas are children of serviçais born on the islands.
  • Europeans, primarily Portuguese
  • Asians, mostly Chinese, including Macanese people of mixed Portuguese and Chinese descent from Macau

Languages

Languages in São Tomé and Príncipe
Languages percent
Portuguese
 
 98.4%
Forro
 
 36.2%
Angolar
 
 6.6%
Lunguié
 
 1%
Cabo Verdean Creole
 
 8.5%
French
 
 6.8%
English
 
 4.9%
Other
 
 2.4%
Further information:
Portuguese creoles are also spoken: Forro, a creole language (36.2%), Cape Verdean Creole (8.5%), Angolar (6.6%), and Principense (1%). French (6.8%) and English
(4.9%) are foreign languages taught in schools.

Religion

Main article: Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe

Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe [77]

  Catholic Church (71.9%)
  Other Christian (10.2%)
  Other or Non-Religious (17.9%)

The majority of residents belong to the local branch of the

Evangelical Protestants exist, as well as a small but growing Muslim
population.

Nossa Senhora do Rosário Church, in Santo António
Casa da Cultura, São Tomé and Príncipe

Health

See Health in São Tomé and Príncipe

Education

Among sub-Saharan African countries, São Tomé and Príncipe has one of the highest literacy rates.[78] According to The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency as of 2018, 92.8% of the population age 15 and over can read and write in São Tomé and Príncipe were respectively literate.[78] The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI)[79] finds that Sao Tome and Principe is fulfilling only 83.8% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to education based on the country's level of income.[80] HRMI breaks down the right to education by looking at the rights to both primary education and secondary education. While taking into consideration Sao Tome and Principe's income level, the nation is achieving 90.4% of what should be possible based on its resources (income) for primary education but only 77.2% for secondary education.[80]

Education in São Tomé and Príncipe is compulsory for six years.[81] Primary school enrollment and attendance rates were unavailable for São Tomé and Príncipe as of 2001.[81]

The educational system has a shortage of classrooms, insufficiently trained and underpaid teachers, inadequate textbooks and materials, high rates of repetition, poor educational planning and management, and a lack of community involvement in school management.[81] Domestic financing of the school system is lacking, leaving the system highly dependent on foreign financing.[81]

Tertiary institutions are the National Lyceum and the University of São Tomé and Príncipe.

Culture

São Toméan

Portuguese
influences.

Media

Main article:
Media of São Tomé and Príncipe

Music

Further information: Music of São Tomé and Príncipe

São Toméans are known for ússua and socopé rhythms, while Príncipe is home to the dêxa beat. Portuguese ballroom may have played an integral part in the development of these rhythms and their associated dances.[citation needed]

''Tchiloli'' is a musical dance performance that tells a dramatic story. The danço-Congo is similarly a combination of music, dance, and theatre. Morna is a music genre from the islands and Cesária Évora was known as the Queen of Morna.[citation needed]

Literature

Main article: Literature of São Tomé and Príncipe
Further information:
Alda Espirito Santo, Olinda Beja and Conceição Lima
.

Cuisine

Further information: Cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe

omelettes are popular.[83]

Sports

Football (soccer) is the most famous sport in São Tomé and Principe, the São Tomé and Príncipe national football team is the national association football team of São Tomé and Príncipe and is controlled by the São Toméan Football Federation. It is a member of the Confederation of African Football (CAF) and FIFA.[84]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ "Religions in Sao Tome and Principe | PEW-GRF".
  2. ^ "Nationality". The World Factbook. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  3. SSRN 1644026
    .
  4. ^ a b "Africa :: Sao Tome and Principe — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  5. ^ "Sao Tome and Principe". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook database: October 2023 (São Tomé and Príncipe)". International Monetary Fund. October 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  7. ^ "GINI index coefficient". CIA Factbook. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  8. ^ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  9. ^ "São Tomé – Definition of São Tomé". YourDictionary. Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  10. ^ a b Instituto Nacional de Estadística de São Tomé e Príncipe, as of 13 May 2018.
  11. ^ V-Dem Institute (2023). "The V-Dem Dataset". Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  12. Prosvjeta
    : 20–31.
  13. ^ "The Expulsion 1492 Chronicles, section XI: "The Vale of Tears", quoting Joseph Hacohen (1496–1577); also, section XVII, quoting 16th-century author Samuel Usque". Aish.com. 4 August 2009. Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  14. OCLC 738350824
    .
  15. ISBN 978-0-86078-513-2
    .
  16. ^
    JSTOR 23718978
    .
  17. ^ Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (hereinafter cited as TT), Corpo Cronológico, II, 15-77, inventory of the assets belonging to Álvaro Borges, 4 November 1507, a published copy of which is found in PMA, vol. V, 221–243.
  18. ^ Th. Monod, A. Teixeira da Mota, and R. Mauny, eds., Description de la Côte Occidentale d'Afrique par Valentim Fernandes (Bissau: Centro de Estudos da Guiñé Portuguesa, 1951), 11
  19. JSTOR 23718978
    .
  20. ^ "As roças vâo em crescimento e os engenhos de açticaragora somente dois e fazem-se très com o dos tratadores [conassi há grande aparelho, assi de ribeiras como de lenha, par canas, as mais façanhosas que em minha vida vi": Letter from Segura to the monarch, 15 March 1517, in Antonio Brásio, édAfricana (hereinafter referred to as
  21. doi:10.2307/216611
    .
  22. ^
    JSTOR 10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10
    .
  23. doi:10.2307/216611
    .
  24. JSTOR 10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10
    .
  25. doi:10.2307/216611
    .
  26. ^
    JSTOR 10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10
    .
  27. ^
    JSTOR 10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10
    .
  28. JSTOR 10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10
    .
  29. ^ For an English translation, see John William Blake, trans., ed., Europeans in West Africa, 1450–1560 (London, 1942), 145ff.
  30. ^
    JSTOR 10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10
    .
  31. ^
    JSTOR stable/10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10
    .
  32. ^
    JSTOR stable/10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10
    .
  33. ^ Caldeira,‘Rebelião e Outras Formas de Resistência’, 111.
  34. ^ "stp004 Fradique de Menezes new president on Sao Tomé". www.afrol.com.
  35. ^ Seibert, Gerhard (2003). "The Bloodless Coup of July 2003 in São Tomé e Príncipe". Lusotopie. 10 (1): 245–260.
  36. ^ Gerhard Seibert (2006), Comrades, Clients and Cousins: Colonialism, Socialism and Democratization in São Tomé and Príncipe, Leiden: Brill.
  37. ^ "Incumbent wins vote". The New Humanitarian. 2 August 2006.
  38. ^ "27 August 2006 Local Elections in São Tomé and Príncipe". africanelections.tripod.com.
  39. ^ Sao Tome president pardons coup plotter. Orange Botswana Portal. 7 January 2010.
  40. ^ "Sao Tome's ex-prime minister elected president in one-man race". Reuters. 8 August 2016.
  41. ^ "Sao Tome and Principe country profile". BBC News. 14 May 2018.
  42. ^ "Jorge Bom Jesus inaugurated as prime minister".
  43. ^ "Opposition candidate Carlos Vila Nova wins Sao Tome presidency: partial results". Africanews. 6 September 2021.
  44. ^ "Sao Tome opposition wins legislative vote". Africanews. n.d.
  45. ^ "Sao Tome and Principe government thwarts overnight coup attempt". Reuters. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  46. ^ Boechat, Geraldine. "Patrice Trovoada takes office as Prime minister of Sao Tome and Principe – Medafrica Times".
  47. ISBN 978-1-84162-486-0
    .
  48. ISBN 978-1-84162-216-3
    .
  49. ISBN 978-1-365-72042-0. Archived from the original
    on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  50. ISBN 978-1-84162-073-2
    .
  51. ^ a b Barros, PLNL. "Dissertação" (PDF). pp. 22–24.
  52. PMID 28608869
    .
  53. PMID 33293507
    .
  54. ^ 2010 Ibrahim Index of African Governance (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2011, retrieved 4 March 2012
  55. ^ "Sao Tome and Principe". Transparency.org. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  56. ^ "Travel Risk Map — International SOS". www.travelriskmap.com. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  57. ^ a b Portugal, Rádio e Televisão de (6 June 2016). "Portugueses em São Tomé". Portugueses em São Tomé (in Portuguese). Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  58. ^ a b "São Tomé e Príncipe cria 1ª Universidade Pública - AULP". 7 May 2017. Archived from the original on 7 May 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  59. ^ "Marcelo faz visita de Estado a S.Tomé e Príncipe entre 20 e 22 de fevereiro". Vivências Press News (in European Portuguese). 10 February 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  60. ^ "Portugal and São Tomé e Príncipe sign a new cooperation agreement for Defence" (in Portuguese).
  61. ^ a b "Geography Now - Official Site". Geography Now. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  62. ^ "Sao Tome and Principe Military 2020, CIA World Factbook". theodora.com. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
  63. ^ "Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons". United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  64. ISBN 9781349951093
    – via Google Books.
  65. ^
    ISBN 978-0-7881-4479-0. Archived
    from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  66. ^ Brígida Rocha Brito and others, Turismo em Meio Insular Africano: Potencialidades, constrangimentos e impactos, Lisbon: Gerpress, 2010 (in Portuguese)
  67. ISBN 0-8230-5926-X
  68. ISBN 0-8230-7797-7
  69. ^ a b "Overview". World Bank. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  70. ^ a b c Mendes, Xavier (2019). São Tomé e Príncipe, a colónia esquecida (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Editorial Estampa. pp. 22 23 24 26.
  71. ^ a b c "Sao Tome and Principe | Culture, History, & People". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  72. ^ "ExxonMobil Signs PSC for Exploration in Nigeria/Sao Tome JDZ".
  73. ^ Phuong Tran (1 February 2007). "São Tomé & Príncipe Still Waiting for Oil Boom". VOA News. Voice of America. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
  74. ^ a b c d e f "Sao Tome and Principe (STP) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners". oec.world. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  75. ^ a b Sousa, António (2019). A Economia das Colónias Portuguesas (in Portuguese). Vol. 2. Lisbon: Edições Gailivro. pp. 45 46.
  76. ^ "Portugal (PRT) and Sao Tome and Principe (STP) Trade". oec.world. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  77. ^ São Tomé and Principe Archived 19 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. pewforum.org.
  78. ^ a b "Literacy - The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  79. ^ "Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries". humanrightsmeasurement.org. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  80. ^ a b "Sao Tome and Principe - HRMI Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  81. ^ a b c d "São Tomé and Príncipe - Inclusion". United Nations Education, Scintific and Cultural Organization. 11 August 2021.
  82. ^ a b c The Recipes of Africa. Dyfed Lloyd Evans. pp. 174–176. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  83. ^
    ISBN 978-1-84162-216-3. Archived
    from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  84. ^ "BBC Sport – Sao Tome e Principe rocket up Fifa rankings". Bbc.co.uk. 7 March 2012. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2013.

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for São Tomé and Príncipe.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to São Tomé and Príncipe.
Look up são tomé and príncipe in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Government