Culture of Slovenia

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Traditional clothing and headgear of folk group in Kranj
Praetorian Palace in the 19th century
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Slovene culture is the culture of the Slovenes, a south Slavic ethnic group. It is incredibly diverse for the country's small size, spanning the southern portion of Central Europe, being the melting pot of Slavic, Germanic and Romance cultures while encompassing parts of the Eastern Alps, the Pannonian Basin, the Balkan Peninsula and the Mediterranean.

Throughout history, the territory of

UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The Freising manuscripts
comprised the first Latin-script continuous text in a Slavic language. Created in the late 10th century, it is also one of the oldest known Slovene documents.

The ancestors of Slovenes were Slavic inhabitants of the Slovenia and southern Austria, called Carantanians. They were the first Slavic people in history to form a principality, which was aptly named Carantania, and had an enduring cultural impact on the regions it encompassed.

Carantania was one of the first Slavic regions to be Christianized, and Slovenia’s national culture is deeply rooted in Christianity. While Roman Catholicism is the predominant Christian faith in Slovenia, the country is also home to sizeable Orthodox and Protestant communities.

Dance

Slovenian dancers at the National Gallery in 2019

Ballet

Academy for Theatre, Radio, Film, and Television (AGRFT) of the University of Ljubljana
.

Modern dance

In the 1930s in Ljubljana was founded a Mary Wigman dance school by her student Meta Vidmar.

Folk dance

Folk dances in Slovenia include polka, waltz, kolo and many regional specifics.

Festivals, book fairs, and other events

Main article: Festivals of Slovenia

A number of music, theater, film, book, and children's festivals takes place in Slovenia each year. In 2012, Maribor was the European Capital of Culture.

Music Festivals

Music festivals include the Ljubljana Summer Festival and Lent Festival. Historically, among the most popular music festivals was the

Iron curtain from the West to the Slovenian and then Yugoslav audience. In Titoist Yugoslavia, Jazz festival Ljubljana right after World War II has begun the long tradition of Jazz festivals in Slovenia.[1]

Comedy Festivals

The best-known stand-up comedy festival is the Punch Festival in Ljubljana.

Children's Festivals

The children's festival celebrating the Pipi Longstocking character is the Pikin festival in Velenje.

Book Festivals

The book festivals include domestic Slovene book fair and foreign books Frankfurt po Frankfurtu Festival.

Film

Film actors

Slovene film actors and actresses historically include

Heritage (1986), Primož Trubar (1985), and My Dad, The Socialist Kulak (1987). Many of these were directed by Matjaž Klopčič. He also performed in television and radio dramas.[3] Altogether, Bibič played over 150 theatres and over 30 film roles.[3]

Film directors

Film in Slovenia historically includes

Filip Robar - Dorin, Jan Cvitkovič, Damjan Kozole, Janez Lapajne, Marko Okorn, and Marko Naberšnik are among the representatives of the so-called "Renaissance of Slovenian cinema". Slovene screenwriters, who are not film directors, include Saša Vuga and Miha Mazzini. Women film directors include Polona Sepe, Hanna A. W. Slak, and Maja Weiss.[4]

Documentaries

Most notable documentaries made by Slovenian directors include the humanitarian films by Tomo Križnar on the Nuba people.

Film criticism

Slovene film critics include Silvan Furlan, the founder of the Slovenian Cinematheque,[5] Zdenko Vrdlovec, Marcel Štefančič Jr., and Simon Popek.

Literary fiction, poetry, essays, and criticism

Main article: Slovene literature

Around the year 1000, the Freising manuscripts were written, which are the first Latin-script continuous text in a Slavic language and the oldest document in Slovene.

Slovene writing in the Middle Ages was heavily influenced by Austrians and the German language, as they were continuously joined with them in various states.

Literature written in

other Protestant Reformers, that formed the modern Slovene language out of the dialects of three central parts of Duchy of Carniola (Kranjska); Upper Carniola (Gorenjska), Inner Carniola (Notranjska) and Lower Carniola
(Dolenjska).

Poetry in Slovene achieved its highest level with the

literary magazines
that publish prose, poetry, essays, and local literary criticism.

Children's literature and poetry

Music

Main article: Music of Slovenia

Classical music

Music of Slovenia historically includes numerous musicians and composers, such as the Renaissance composer Jacobus Gallus (1550–1591), who greatly influenced Central European classical music, and the Baroque composer Joannes Baptista Dolar (ca. 1620–1673).

During the medieval era, secular music was as popular as church music, including wandering

Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, music was used to proselytize. The first Slovenian hymnal, Eni Psalmi, was published in 1567. This period saw the rise of musicians like Jacobus Gallus and George Slatkonia.[6]

In 1701,

Academia Philharmonicorum Labacensis, as one of the oldest such institutions in Europe, based on Italian models.[7]

Composers of Slovenian

Lieder and art songs include Emil Adamič (1877–1936), Fran Gerbič (1840–1917), Alojz Geržinič (1915–2008), Benjamin Ipavec (1829–1908), Davorin Jenko (1835–1914), Anton Lajovic (1878–1960), Kamilo Mašek (1831–1859), Josip Pavčič (1870–1949), Zorko Prelovec (1887–1939), and Lucijan Marija Škerjanc
(1900–1973).

In the early 20th century,

Ivo Petrić, who also conducted the Slavko Osterc Ensemble. Jakob Jež, Darijan Božič, Lojze Lebič, and Vinko Globokar have since composed enduring works, especially Globokar's L'Armonia
, an opera.

Modern composers include Uroš Rojko, Tomaž Svete, Brina Jež-Brezavšček, Božidar Kantušer, and Aldo Kumar. Kumar's Sonata z igro 12 (A sonata with a play 12), a set of variations on a rising chromatic scale, is particularly notable.

Opera

The

Slovene National Opera and Ballet Theatre
serves as the national opera and ballet house.

Film music

The composer of

film scoress for 170 films was Bojan Adamič (1912–1995).[8]

Folk music

Vocal

Harmony singing is a deep-rooted tradition in Slovenia, and is at least three-part singing (four voices), while in some regions even up to eight-part singing (nine voices). Slovenian folk songs, thus, usually resounds soft and harmonious, and are very seldom in a minor.

Instrumental

Traditional Slovenian folk music is performed on Styrian harmonica (the oldest type of accordion), fiddle, clarinet,

zithers, flute, and by brass bands of alpine type. In eastern Slovenia, fiddle and cimbalon bands are called velike goslarije
.

Slovenian country music

Folk musician Lojze Slak

From 1952 on, the

Oberkrainer
music, which the Avsenik Ensemble popularized, is always a strong candidate for the country (folk) music awards in Slovenia and Austria.

Many musicians followed Avsenik's steps, one of the most famous being Lojze Slak.

Slovenska popevka

A similarly high standing in Slovene culture, like the Sanremo Music Festival, has had in Italian culture, was attributed to the Slovenska popevka, a specific genre of popular Slovene music.[9]

Popular music

Among pop, rock, industrial, and indie musicians, the most popular in Slovenia include

Laibach, an early 1980s industrial music group, and most recently the Slovenian pop a cappella band Perpetuum Jazzile
.

Pop, rock, metal, and indie music

Other popular bands, most largely unknown outside the country, include

Zaklonišče Prepeva, Psycho-Path, Dekadent (black metal) and Buldožer (progressive rock), and most recently Perpetuum Jazzile with more than 12 million views combined for the two a cappella "Africa" performance videos since their publishing on YouTube in May 2009 until September 2011,[10][11] earning them kudos from the song's co-writer, David Paich.[12]

Singer-songwriters

Slovenian post-WWII singer-songwriters include

former Yugoslavia,[13] Tomaž Domicelj, Marko Brecelj, Andrej Šifrer, Eva Sršen, Neca Falk, and Jani Kovačič. After 1990, Adi Smolar, Iztok Mlakar, Vita Mavrič, Vlado Kreslin, Zoran Predin, Peter Lovšin, and Magnifico
have been popular in Slovenia, as well.

World music

In the 1970s, Bratko Bibič's band Begnagrad is considered one of the direct influences on modern world music. Bibič's unique accordion style, often solo, with no accompaniment, has also made him a solo star.

Punk rock

Slovenia was the center for punk rock in Titoist Yugoslavia. The most famous representatives of this genre were Pankrti, Niet, Lublanski Psi, Čao Pičke, Via Ofenziva, Tožibabe, and Otroci Socializma.

Techno and tech-house

Slovenia has also produced two renowned DJs: DJ Umek and Valentino Kanzyani. Specialising in a frantic brand of party techno and tech-house, the pair co-founded the label Recycled Loops as well as having many releases on labels such as Novamute, Primate, Intec, and Bassethound Records.

Theatre

Slovenia has a strong tradition of live theatre. Both professional and amateur theatre are financially supported by the government. Professional theatre in Slovenia runs in a repertory system; the majority of professional theatres employ an ensemble of actors, and produce a season with four to twelve plays. The plays stay on repertory for a minimum of one season, but often, shows continue playing for a few years. There are four national theatres in Slovenia:

Maribor National Drama Theatre
, Slovene National Opera in Ljubljana and Slovene National Theatre in Nova Gorica. In addition, there are other nationally funded repertory theatres Mestno Gledalisce Ljubljansko (City Theatre Ljubljana), Mladinsko Gledalisce Ljubljana, Presernovo gledalisce Kranj, Slovensko Ljudsko Gledalisce Celje, Mestno gledalisce Ptuj, Anton Podbevsek Teater Novo Mesto, Gledalisce Koper, Gledalisce Glej, and Mini Teater. Lastly, Slovenia also has two national repertory theatres dedicated to producing puppetry; Lutkovno gledalisce Ljubljana and Lutkovno gledalisce Maribor.

Independent, small producers are also active in Slovenia, including physical theatre (e.g., Betontanc), street theatre (e.g., Ana Monró Theatre), theatre sports championship Impro League, and improvisational theatre (e.g., IGLU Theatre).

History

First theatrical performances in Slovenia date all the way back to the 18th century. Between 1715 and 1727, Passion procession play was performed in the town of Skofja Loka. However, the first play written and performed in Slovene is Županova Micka by Anton Tomaž Linhart, which premiered on 28 December 1789. The play was very influential in the formation of national cultural and linguistic identity. Slovenia at the time was not a sovereign country, and Slovene was not recognized as a language. The majority of literary works and business transactions were conducted in German, and Slovene playwriting, as well as discussions regarding the nature of Slovene identity, were closely connected with the formation of theatre. In 1879 a Dramatic Society was formed in Ljubljana as a formal attempt to professionalize and institutionalize theatre and playwriting in Slovenia. Between 1879 and 1941, there are several initiatives leading towards the professionalization of Slovene theatre; the first theatre venue is opened in Ljubljana before the end of 19.century, and the Drama Society operates as a kind of three-pronged organization under one umbrella. There are research and international dialogue forming a sort of institute-like branch, there is an early drama school educating performers, and a repertory theatre with a year-long full season. Between 1920 and 1941, the government tries to suppress the theatre, which springs back to life after 1941, when Slovenia joins Yugoslavia. In 1952 additional seven professional repertory theatres are founded by the national government and large municipalities who both provide ongoing long-term funding. The late 50's, 60's and 70's mark the time of a new wave of experimental, independent theatre in Slovenia.

Visual arts, architecture and design

Main article: Art of Slovenia
The Sower (1907), by the Impressionist painter and musician Ivan Grohar, became a metaphor for the Slovenes[14][15] and was a reflection of the transition from a rural to an urban culture.[16]

Slovenia's visual arts, architecture, and design are shaped by a number of architects, designers, painters, sculptors, photographers, graphics artists, as well as comics, illustration, and conceptual artists. The most prestigious institutions exhibiting works of Slovene visual artists are the

Museum of Modern Art
.

Architecture

Main article: Architecture of Slovenia

Slovenia, like most of Central Europe, boasts architectural styles from many periods and styles, specifically those connected to Austrian, Venetian and Hungarian historical states. Modern architecture in Slovenia was introduced by Max Fabiani, and in the mid-war period further by Jože Plečnik, whose works in Slovene capital Ljubljana received UNESCO recognition and shaped towns even outside of Slovenia, and Ivan Vurnik.[17] In the second half of the 20th century, the national and universal styles were merged by the architects Edvard Ravnikar and Marko Mušič.

Comics and animation

Milko Bambič is known for the first Slovene comic strip Little Negro Bu-ci-bu,[18] an allegory of Mussolini's career,[18] and as the creator of the Three Hearts (Tri srca) brand, still used today by Radenska. After WW II, both the comics and animated advertisements drawn by Miki Muster gained popularity in Slovenia.

Animation

The first Slovenian animated feature film was the 1998

computer made animations are the 2003 Perkmandeljc and the 2008 Čikorja an' kafe, both made by Dušan Kastelic
.

Conceptual art

A number of conceptual visual art groups were formed, including OHO, Group 69, and IRWIN. Nowadays, the Slovene visual arts are diverse, based on tradition, reflect the influence of neighbouring nations, and are intertwined with modern European movements.[19]

Design

The most known among Slovene interior designers is the designer of

MOMA
in New York City.

Elan SCX is one of the best industrial design items that changed the world ski industry. They were designed by the internationally known Slovenian Elan company. Elan skis were depicted, even before Elan SCX, in the 1985 James Bond, film series part A View to a Kill with Roger Moore. In the romantic comedy film Working Girl, Katharine Parker (Sigourney Weaver) was depicted as skiing on the RC ELAN model skis and poles.

Graphics

During World War II, numerous graphics were created by

Academy of Visual Arts
in Ljubljana.

Illustration

In 1917 Hinko Smrekar illustrated the notable Fran Levstik's Martin Krpan book about the Slovene folk hero. The children's books illustrators include a number of women illustrators, such as Marlenka Stupica, Marija Lucija Stupica, Ančka Gošnik Godec, Marjanca Jemec Božič, and Jelka Reichman.

Many generations of children have been educated by the technical and science illustrations created by Božo Kos and published in Slovenian children's magazines, such as Ciciban.

Recently, Lila Prap's illustrations gained popularity in Japan, where children's cartoons based on her illustrations have been televised.

Painting

Historically, painting and sculpture in Slovenia were in the late 18th and the 19th century marked by

Impressionist artists include Matej Sternen, Matija Jama, Rihard Jakopič, Ivan Grohar, whose The Sower (Slovene: Sejalec) was depicted on the €0.05 Slovenian euro coins, and Franc Berneker, who introduced impressionism to Slovenia. Espressionist painters include Veno Pilon and Tone Kralj, whose picture book, reprinted thirteen times, is now the most recognizable image of the folk hero Martin Krpan.[20]

Photography

The sculpture of the poet Valentin Vodnik (1758–1819) was created by Alojz Gangl in 1889 as part of Vodnik Monument, the first Slovene national monument.

In 1841,

Janez Puhar (1814–1864) invented a process for photography on glass, recognized on 17 June 1852 in Paris by the Académie Nationale Agricole, Manufacturière et Commerciale.[21] Gojmir Anton Kos was a notable realist
painter and photographer between First World War and WW II.

The first photographer from Slovenia whose work was published by

National Geographic magazine is Arne Hodalič[22]

Sculpture

The renewal of Slovene sculpture begun with

Slovenian National Opera and Ballet Theatre building.[23]

References

  1. ^ Ljubljana Jazz Festival Archived 23 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine, an official site (in English)
  2. ^ Museum of Slovene Film Actors, Divača, official website.
  3. ^ a b "Umrl je Polde Bibič, starosta slovenskega igralskega ceha". Prvi interaktivni multimedijski portal, MMC RTV Slovenija (in Slovenian). 13 July 2012.
  4. ^ Furlan, S. (1994) Filmografija slovenskih celovečernih filmov: 1931 – 1993. Slovenski gledališki in filmski muzej. Ljubljana.
  5. ^ filmarchives-online.eu on Slovenian Cinematheque
  6. ^ Oto Luthar The Land Between: A History of Slovenia
  7. ^ George J. Buelow (2004) A history of baroque music, p.701
  8. ISBN 961-91080-2-7. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 20 May 2006.
  9. ^ Slovenska popevka: velik poudarek na pevcih in skladateljih, pesniki bolj v oklepaju. Enkrat še zapoj: 50 let Slovenske popevke Vladimirja Frantarja pri celjski Mohorjevi družbi., Delo, 5. September 2012.
  10. ^ Perpetuum Jazzile: Africa. YouTube. Accessed on 10 June 2010.
  11. ^ Amazing choir (Perpetuum Jazzile) uses their hands to simulate storm. YouTube. Accessed on 10 June 2010.
  12. ^ "Perpetuum Jazzile Official Web Site". 7 July 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
  13. ^ Pripotovanje hrepenenca — Tomaž Pengov, kantavtor, Mladina, 3 March 2007
  14. ^ Smrekar, Andrej. "Slovenska moderna" [Slovene Early Modernism] (in Slovenian). National Gallery of Slovenia. Archived from the original on 26 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
  15. ^ Naglič, Miha (6 June 2008). "Je človek še Sejalec" [Is a Man Still a Sower]. Gorenjski glas (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
  16. ^ "Pogled na ...: Ivan Grohar, Sejalec" [A Look on...: Ivan Grohar, The Sower] (in Slovenian). RTV Slovenija. 4 December 2007.
  17. ISSN 1854-6544
    .
  18. ^ a b "Slovenia's comic scene looks backward in time..." Wieninternational.at. Vienna: Compress VerlagsgesmbH & Co KG. 8 October 2011. Archived from the original on 23 February 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  19. ^ "Razstava UZNLB v Bruslju – NLB". Nlb.si. Archived from the original on 28 April 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
  20. ^ "Posta Slovenije d.o.o. : Stamp Land : Philately : Stamps : 2002 Stamps". Archived from the original on 23 July 2004. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  21. ^ "Life and work of Janez Puhar | (accessed December 13, 2009)".
  22. ^ Slovenia River Excavation, National Geographic, January 2007.
  23. ^ Kiparstvo 19. in 20. stoletja Archived 1 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine, official website of the National Gallery of Slovenia

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Culture of Slovenia.
  • Culture.si. A wiki operated by the Slovenian Ministry of Culture and the Ljudmila media lab. Accessed 9 February 2011.

See also

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