Culture of Thailand
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The culture of Thailand is a unique blend of various influences that have evolved over time.[1] Local customs, animist beliefs, Buddhist traditions, and regional ethnic and cultural practices have all played a role in shaping Thai culture.[2][3][4][5] Thainess, which refers to the distinctive qualities that define the national identity of Thailand, is evident in the country's history, customs, and traditions.[6][7] While Buddhism remains the dominant religion in Thailand with more than 40,000 temples,[8] Islam, Christianity, and other faiths are also practiced.[9]
Thailand's historical and cultural heritage has been shaped by interactions with neighboring cultures
Thailand's cultural influence extends beyond its borders, shaping neighboring countries' television programming, dance, films, art, fashion, music, and cuisine.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] The country's 5F cultural policy, which promotes food, films, fashion, fighting, and festivals, is aimed at becoming an important cultural export to drive economic development and generate income for the countries.[29][30][31][32] Thai cuisine has become an integral part of restaurant menus worldwide,[33] while Muay Thai, a traditional Thai martial art, has gained global popularity as a combat sport.[34] Traditional festivals such as Songkran and Loy Krathong have also attracted tourists from around the world.[35]
Visual arts
Ceramics
The
During the
Painting
Prehistoric painting can be observed in the form of
Traditional Thai paintings often depict scenes from Buddhist mythology, literature, history, or daily life, blending
In the 19th century, Thai artists under
Contemporary Thai painting builds upon the experimentation and incorporation of Western techniques that began in the 19th century. Today, many Thai painters continue to explore new techniques and styles, resulting in a diverse range of approaches and aesthetics. For example, Navin Rawanchaikul's paintings incorporate pop art influences and bright colors, while Natee Utarit's surreal and sometimes disturbing images comment on contemporary society. Jirapat Tatsanasomboon draws inspiration from Thai folklore and mythology to create intricate and fantastical works. Meanwhile, Sakarin Krue-On's abstract works explore the relationship between art and nature, and Chatchai Puipia's paintings combine figurative and abstract elements to examine the human condition.
Architecture
Traditional Thai houses are usually constructed of natural materials such as bamboo or wood, and elevated on stilts to protect against floods and pests. The steeply gabled roofs facilitate efficient rainwater drainage. Designs vary depending on location, climate, and function, while also emphasizing natural materials and airy designs to create environmentally suitable habitats with good ventilation. The houses often feature high roofs and shaded areas like roof terraces and patio planters.[54]
In contemporary Thai architecture, there has been a fusion of traditional Thai and modern styles. The Sanctuary of Truth and Wat Rong Khun are two popular examples of this fusion. The Sanctuary of Truth is a wooden temple that showcases intricate carvings and sculptures, while Wat Rong Khun is a unique temple designed entirely in white with glass and mirror mosaics.
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Wat Phra Borommathat Chaiya Ratcha Worawihan, Surat Thani.
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Wat Phra Sing, Chiang Mai
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Wat Sirindhorn Wararam Phu Phrao, Ubon Ratchathani
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Phra Thinang Chakri Maha Prasat, Bangkok.
Literature
During the
Poetry
Thai poetry, includes forms such as
Folklore
Performing arts
Dance
Thai classical dance has several main types of dance including Rabam, Ram, Fon/Sueng/
Thai classical dance has had a profound influence on neighboring countries such as Cambodia, Myanmar, and Laos. It is widely regarded as a highly refined and sophisticated art form, with intricate movements, ornate costumes, and complex choreography.[18][60]
Music
The
Thai popular music, also known as
, and rap. These genres often incorporate instruments like the guitar, keyboard, drum, and synthesizer and are frequently sung in standard Thai or English.-
From upper left to lower right: ranat ek, ranat thum, ranat thong, and ranat lek.
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From top to bottom: chongnong, no, khaen, pi so, teng, and rerai.
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From upper left to lower right: bando, krap phuang, khong mong, ching, chap, and krap sepha (two instruments shown).
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From left to right: pi chawa, pi chanai, khlui, pi o, pi nai, pi nok.
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From left to right: khong mong (on stand); and adaptations of khong mong: khong khu (on floor), khong rabeng, and khong wong.
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From left to right: taphon, klong khaek, klong malayu, poengmang, thon, klong that, rammana, klong chatri.
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From left to right: phin namtao, krachappi, and chakhe.
Theatre
Traditional Thai theatre includes various forms such as Khon (masked dance-drama), Nang (which encompasses shadow play, including Nang yai and Nang talung), Lakhon (classical dance-drama), Likay (folk theatre), Manora (classical dance-drama), and Hun (puppetry). Each of these forms has its own unique style, costume, and music.
Entertainment
Cinema
Thailand has a thriving
Some of the most celebrated Thai
Television series
Lakorn is a term used in Thailand to refer to
Animation
Comics
Video games
Religion
Thailand allows freedom of religion unless it threatens the security of the state. The government recognizes
Buddhism in Thailand is strongly influenced by traditional beliefs regarding ancestral and natural spirits, that have been incorporated into Buddhist cosmology. Most Thai people install spirit houses (Thai: ศาลพระภูมิ; RTGS: san phra phum), miniature houses outside their dwellings, where they believe household spirits live.[69] They present offerings of food and drink to these spirits to keep them happy. If these spirits aren't happy, it is believed that they will inhabit the household and cause chaos. These spirit houses can be found in public places and on the streets of Thailand, where the public make offerings.[70]
Prior to the rise of Theravada Buddhism, both Indian Brahminical religion and Mahayana Buddhism were present in Thailand. Influences from both these traditions can still be seen in present-day
Marriage
Thai Buddhist marriage ceremonies are generally divided into two parts: a Buddhist component, which includes the recitation of prayers and the offering of food and other gifts to monks and images of the Buddha, and a non-Buddhist component rooted in folk traditions, which centers on the couple's families.
In former times, it was unknown for
In modern times, these prohibitions have been significantly relaxed. It is not uncommon for a visit to a temple to be made on the same day as the non-Buddhist portions of a wedding, or even for the wedding to take place within the temple. While a division is still commonly observed between the "religious" and "secular" portions of a wedding service, it may be as simple as the monks present for the Buddhist ceremony departing to take lunch once their role is complete.
The Thai bride price system is known as the sin sot (Thai: สินสอด; RTGS: sin sot). It roughly translates to "bride price".[72] The groom will be expected to pay a sum of money to the family, to compensate them for the loss of a daughter and to demonstrate that the groom is financially capable of taking care of their daughter. Bride prices of 50,000 to 300,000 baht have been documented, but bride prices can sometimes run into the tens of millions of baht.[72] In many cases, the bride price is purely symbolic and will be returned to the bride and groom after the wedding has taken place. Whether the practice of sin sot is a tradition or a scam has been debated by critics. One observed, "All that talk of face and argument for cherished tradition? It's a thinly veiled con. Behind that gobbledygook, it's the same old forces of the material world and about the parents getting enough cash to buy a new pickup, pay outstanding debts or acquire something to elevate their status."[73] Actually, in the Thai culture the sin sot is an essential part of the marriage and no man would refuse it to the bride's family.[74]
Funerals
Traditionally,
Etiquette
A notable
Thai culture values serenity and avoids conflict and sudden displays of anger. Visitors should take care not to create conflict and handle disagreements with a smile, without assigning blame. The concept of sanuk emphasizes that life should be fun, and Thais often display positive emotions in social interactions. Respect for hierarchy is essential, and the custom of bun khun highlights indebtedness to parents, guardians, teachers, and caretakers. It involves slow-acting accounting of an exchange based on locally interpreted scales and measures.[81] The bidet shower is common in Thai toilets,[82] as evidenced by an uproar by parliamentarians when it was disclosed that the new parliament building was not equipped with bum guns.[83]
Thai customs regarding monks prohibit physical contact between them and women, leading to various methods being employed to avoid accidental contact. Women make offerings by placing them at the feet of the monk, on a cloth or table, and blessings are applied using the end of a candle or stick. Laypersons are expected to sit or stand with their heads lower than the monk's. Feet should be pointed away from Buddha images in temples, and footwear should be removed before entering homes or sacred areas.[citation needed]
Thai dining etiquette has also been influenced by the introduction of the
National anthem and respect for the flag and king
Thailand has a daily
Clothing
Traditional
Traditional Thai clothing is called chut thai (
Uniforms
Thailand is a uniform-wearing society.[87] From elementary school to university, school uniforms in Thailand are the norm, with few exceptions.[88] Teachers at elementary and secondary levels wear uniforms, usually once a week. All civil servants up to ministerial level have uniforms appropriate to their organization and rank and wear them regularly.[89]
Cuisine
Thai cuisine has evolved over time due to influences from various cultures.
Thai cuisine can be broadly categorized into four types of dishes: Tom (boiled dishes), Yam (spicy salads), Tam (pounded foods), and Kaeng (curries).
Thai desserts are also popular and feature a variety of sweet treats, such as
Thai cuisine also features a range of sauces and condiments, such as
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Khanom tokyo
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Khanom wun
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Kuai tiao nuea
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Chaokuai
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Thad khai
Drinks
Language
Names
Thai people typically have one or occasionally more short nicknames (Thai: ชื่อเล่น playing name) that they use with friends and family. These nicknames are overwhelmingly one syllable and were traditionally based on animals, fruits, colors, and nature. Nowadays, Thai nicknames tend to be more complex, with an increase in syllables and the addition of foreign influences.[99]
Sports
Holidays
Important holidays in Thai culture include Songkran, the traditional Thai New Year festival, which is celebrated annually from April 13th to 15th. The festival falls at the end of the dry season and during the hot season in Thailand, and in some parts of Thailand, it can last up to a week. The festival's water throwing tradition stemmed from the cleansing rite of washing Buddha images and lightly sprinkling scented water on the hands of elderly people. Small amounts of scented talcum powder were also used in the annual rite. In recent decades, water fights have become increasingly industrialized with the use of hoses, barrels, squirt guns, water-filled surgical tubing, and copious amounts of powder. The festival also includes various activities such as offering merit to relics, pouring water on elders, building sand pagodas, and participating in contests and parades, including the Nang Songkran or Miss Songkran contest.[103][104]
Loy Krathong is another important festival celebrated on the full moon of the 12th lunar month, which usually falls in November. Loy means to float and a Krathong is a handmade small bowl traditionally made from banana leaves and a section of banana tree trunk. The bowl is decorated with folded (origami) banana leaves, flowers, candles, and incense sticks. During the Loy Krathong night, the moon shines brightly, and the river looks calm. It is a scenic beauty with Krathongs floating on the river. Fireworks are lit as a part of celebration and the act of worship.[105] Yipeng, also known as the Lantern Festival, is another festival celebrated in Northern Thailand around the same time as Loy Krathong. During Yipeng, people release floating lanterns into the sky and make wishes as the lanterns rise into the night. Both Loy Krathong and Yipeng are celebrations of light and symbolize letting go of negative emotions and starting anew.[106]
National Elephant Day or Chang Thai Day is a holiday in Thailand, held on March 13, which celebrates the cultural and historical significance of the elephant in Thailand.
National symbols
The
Other national symbols of Thailand include the
Unofficial symbols of Thailand include the
-
Thai flag
-
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Sala Thai
World sites and Intangible cultural heritage
Thailand has several UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the
Thailand also has several sites on the Tentative List for UNESCO recognition, including
Thailand has submitted several elements of its
Pastimes
Reading and Internet
Eighty-eight percent of Thai people read books and spend an average of 28 minutes per day doing so, according to a poll[131] conducted by the Thai Publishers and Booksellers Association (PUBAT) and Chulalongkorn University's Faculty of Economics and Research Centre for Social and Business Development.
A total of 3,432 Thais aged 15–69 in 12 provinces, including Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Songkhla, Nakhon Si Thamarat, Nakhon Ratchsima, and Khon Kaen, were interviewed from December 2014 to January 2015. While 88% of Thai respondents said they read books, 12% said they did not. They cited as reasons lack of time, bad eyesight, and dislike of reading.
Averaged over the entire population, Thais spend 28 minutes a day reading books. The reading sub-set of the population averages 46 minutes a day. Of this group, those aged under 20 spend the most time reading books, 56 minutes a day. That figure shrinks as people age until they reach 61, when people tend to get back into reading.
By comparison, 71% of Thais use the Internet almost every day for an average of 92 minutes. Those who spend most time on the Internet are people under 20, on average 224 minutes a day, while those over 61 spend ten minutes a day on-line.
In 2013 the Thai National Statistical Office conducted a reading survey[132] that found that Thais aged over six spent an average of 37 minutes a day reading. The survey was not focused specifically on reading books, but also reading journals, the Internet, tablet computers, and smart phones.
See also
- Betel Chewing In Thailand
- Buddhist temples in Thailand
- Cinema of Thailand
- Folklore of Thailand
- Ghosts in Thai culture
- List of museums in Thailand
- Media of Thailand
- Ministry of Culture (Thailand)
- Phya Anuman Rajadhon
- Racism in Thailand
- Royal Flags of Thailand
- Thai Buddhist sculpture
- Thai temple art and architecture
- Thailand National Artist
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Works cited
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Further reading
- Peansiri Vongvipanond (27 Sep 2009). "Linguistic Perspectives of Thai Culture". This paper was presented to a workshop of teachers of social science organized by the University of New Orleans (Summer 1994). Thai Language Audio Resource Center. Archived from the original on 2012-11-20. Retrieved 2013-01-05.