Cyatheaceae

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Cyatheaceae
Temporal range: Late Jurassic–Recent
Cyathea glauca
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: Polypodiophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Cyatheales
Family: Cyatheaceae
Kaulf.
Genera
Synonyms
  • Alsophilaceae Presl 1847
  • Hymenophyllopsidaceae Pichi-Sermolli 1970

The Cyatheaceae are a

ferns, the scaly tree ferns, one of eight families in the order Cyatheales in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).[1] Alternatively, the family may defined much more broadly (Cyatheaceae sensu lato) as the only family in the Cyatheales, with the PPG I family treated as the subfamily Cyatheoideae.[2] The narrower circumscription
is used in this article.

The family includes the world's tallest tree ferns, which reach heights up to 20 m. They are also very ancient plants, appearing in the

monilophytes.[3]

The Cyatheaceae usually have a single, erect or creeping

pinnately or bipinnately compound, with deeply pinnately lobed leaflets. The large leaves are covered in scales and hairs, and bear sori (spore clusters) on their undersides.[4] The sori are often covered by a flap of tissue called an indusium, a useful characteristic for classifying the Cyatheaceae. Some indusia are cup-shaped (cyatheoid), while others are hood-shaped (hemitelioid), enclose the sorus (sphaeropteroid), or scaly. Like most ferns, members of the Cyatheaceae are homosporous. Cyatheaceae are found in both New and Old World tropical wet montane forests and cloud forests, with some species extending into south-temperate regions.[3] Most Cyatheaceae are terrestrial, with one being a facultative epiphyte
and others having a creeping habit.

Cyatheaceae can be distinguished from arborescent

spores.[5]
In the Cyatheaceae, the sori occur away from the margins of the pinnules, and are elongate or rounded.

Taxonomy

As of 2019[update], two different circumscriptions of the family Cyatheaceae are used, as summarized in the table below. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family is one of eight in the order Cyatheales, and has three genera.[1] In the classification of Christenhusz & Chase (2014), the family is the only one in the order Cytheales, the families of PPG I being reduced to subfamilies. It then has 13–14 genera.[2] The sensu stricto circumscription of PPG I is used here.

PPG I (2016) Christenhusz & Chase (2014)
Order Cyatheales A.B.Frank Order Cyatheales A.B.Frank
  Family Cyatheaceae Kaulf.
  Family
Thyrsopteridaceae
C.Presl		    Subfamily Thyrsopteridoideae B.K.Nayar
  Family Loxsomataceae C.Presl    Subfamily Loxsomatoideae Christenh.
  Family
Culcitaceae
Pic.Serm		    Subfamily Culcitoideae Christenh.
  Family
Plagiogyriaceae
Bowe		    Subfamily Plagiogyrioideae Christenh.
  Family
Cibotiaceae
Korall		    Subfamily Cibotioideae Nayer
  Family
Metaxyaceae
Pic.Serm.		    Subfamily Metaxyoideae B.K.Nayar
  Family Dicksoniaceae M.R.Schomb.    Subfamily Dicksonioideae Link
  Family Cyatheaceae Kaulf.    Subfamily Cyatheoideae Endl.

Genera

Since the exact number of species is not known, classification of the Cyatheaceae s.s. has had a long and controversial history, and is still undergoing revision. Three tentative clades have been developed: Alsophila, Cyathea, and Sphaeropteris. These are frequently used as genus names. Cnemidaria, Trichopteris (or Trichipteris), and Nephelea (or Nephelia) have also been suggested as genera. Initially, indusium and scale morphology were used to organize the Cyatheaceae into taxonomic ranks. Most recently, plastid DNA has been used, suggesting the Cyatheaceae should be split into four clades: Sphaeropteris, Cyathea, Alsophila, and Gymnosphaera + A. capensis. As of 2007, it remained unclear which of these groups should be considered genera and which subgenera.[3]

The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) accepts three genera, placing the Gymnosphaera clade within Alsophila:[1]

Dong and Zuo 2018[6] Nitta et al. 2022[7] and Fern Tree of life[8]

References

  1. ^
    S2CID 39980610
    .
  2. ^
    PMID 24532607
    .
  3. ^
    PMID 21636456
    . Retrieved 2019-08-22.
  4. ^ Judd, W.S., C.S. Campbell, E.A. Kellogg, P.F. Stevens, and M.J. Donoghue (Eds.) 2008. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, Third Edition. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
  5. ^ Holttum, R.E. and P.J. Edwards. 1983. The tree-ferns of Mount Roraima and neighbouring areas of the Guayana highlands with comments on the family Cyatheaceae. Kew Bulletin 38(2): 155-188.
  6. S2CID 90852235
    .
  7. PMID 36092417
    .
  8. ^ "Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL". FTOL v1.3.0. 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  • Large, M.F. and J.E. Braggins Tree Ferns. Timber Press (2004).
    ISBN 0-88192-630-2

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyatheaceae.
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