Cycas
Cycas Temporal range:
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A large cycas under development | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Gymnospermae |
Division: | Cycadophyta |
Class: | Cycadopsida |
Order: | Cycadales |
Suborder: | Cycadineae |
Family: | Cycadaceae Pers.[2] |
Genus: | Cycas L.[1] |
Type species | |
C. circinalis[1] L.[1]
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Synonyms[3] | |
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Cycas is a genus of cycad, and the only genus in the family Cycadaceae. About 113 species are accepted, which are native to the Indo-Pacific, East Africa and Madagascar.[3] Cycas circinalis, a species endemic to India, was the first cycad species to be described in western literature, and is the type species of the genus.[not verified in body] The best-known Cycas species is Cycas revoluta.[not verified in body]
Range
The genus is
Evolution
Cycas is thought to have a deep split from all other living cycads, with estimates of the timing of the split ranging from the
Morphology
The plants are
The
Reproduction
Cycas take about 10 years to reach sexual maturity, after years of exclusive vegetative growth, which occurs by bulbils arising at the base of the trunk.[citation needed]
Conservation status
Cycas species are threatened worldwide and almost all the species are listed in the IUCN Red List. Cycas beddomei is the only species of the genus Cycas listed in Appendix I of CITES. All other members of Cycadaceae are listed under Appendix II.[10] Cycas rumphii and Cycas pectinata have the most widespread distribution.
Phylogeny
Phylogeny of Cycas[11][12] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Other species:
- Cycas aenigma Hill & Lindström
- Cycas apoa Hill
- Cycas arnhemica Hill
- Cycas badensis Hill
- Cycas bglswamyi Pant ex Agrawal, Akhtar & R.C.Srivast.
- Cycas brunnea Hill
- Cycas campestris Hill
- Cycas candida Hill
- Cycas cantafolia Jutta, Chew & Saw
- Cycas changjiangensis Liu
- Cycas chenii Gong & Zhou
- Cycas collina Hill, Nguyên & Lôc
- Cycas cupida Forster
- Cycas darshii Srivastava & Jana
- Cycas desolata Forster
- Cycas dharmrajii Singh
- Cycas distans P.I.Forst. & B.Gray
- Cycas divyadarshanii Khuraijam & Rita Singh
- Cycas elephantipes Lindström & Hill
- Cycas falcata Hill
- Cycas flabellata Agoo, Madulid & Callado
- Cycas fugax Hill, Nguyên & Lôc
- Cycas furfuracea W.Fitzg.
- Cycas glauca Miquel
- Cycas hoabinhensis Lôc & Nguyên
- Cycas inermis Oudem.
- Cycas javana (Miquel) de Laubenfels
- Cycas lacrimans Lindström & Hill
- Cycas lane-poolei
- Cycas laotica Nguyên & Nguyên
- Cycas litoralis Hill
- Cycas mindanaensis Agoo, Madulid & Callado
- Cycas miquelii Warburg
- Cycas montana Lindström & Hill
- Cycas nayagarhensis Rita Singh, Radha & Khuraijam
- Cycas nathorstii Schuster
- Cycas orixensis (Haines) Rita Singh & Khuraijam
- Cycas pachypoda Hill
- Cycas panzhihuaensis Zhou & Yang
- Cycas papuana von Mueller
- Cycas pectinata
- Cycas pranburiensis Yang et al.
- Cycas pruinosa Maconochie
- Cycas sainathii Srivastava
- Cycas sancti-lasallei Agoo & Madulid
- Cycas saxatilis Hill & Lindström
- Cycas scratchleyana von Mueller
- Cycas seemannii A.Braun
- Cycas seshachalamensis Rao et al.
- Cycas sexseminifera Wei
- Cycas shanyaensis Fu
- Cycas sundaica Miquel ex Lindström & Hill
- Cycas terryana Forster
- Cycas tuckeri Hill
- Cycas xipholepis Hill
- Cycas yorkiana Hill
- Cycas yunnanensis Cheng, Fu & Cheng
- Cycas zambalensis Madulid & Agoo
- Cycas zeylanica (Schuster) Lindström & Hill
References
- ^ a b c Hill, Ken; Leonie Stanberg; Dennis Stevenson. "The Cycad Pages". Genus Cycas. Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney. Archived from the original on 2021-03-01. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
- ISBN 978-3-540-51794-8.
- ^ a b "Cycas L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
- ^ "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP)". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
- S2CID 206535984.
- ^ S2CID 259137975.
- PMID 28875075.
- S2CID 251947260.
- PMID 34520529.
- ^ "Appendices I, II and III". Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. 21 May 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
- S2CID 232282918.
- )
External links
- de Laubenfels, D.J.; Adema, F. (1998). "A taxonomic revision of the genera Cycas and Epicycas Gen. Nov. (Cycadaceae)". Blumea. 43: 351–400.
- Hill, K.D.(1998–2004) The Cycad Pages, Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney. http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/PlantNet/cycad/index.html Archived 2021-03-29 at the Wayback Machine
- Virtual Cycad Encyclopedia edited by the Palm & Cycad Societies of Florida
- David, J. de Laubenfels, Cycas Taxonomy
- Hill, K.D.; Stevenson, Dennis W.; Osborne, Roy (2004). "The World List of Cycads". The Botanical Review. 70 (2): 274–298. S2CID 36921733.
- Lindstrom, Anders J.; Hill, Ken D. (2007). "The genus Cycas (Cycadaceae) in India". Telopea. 11 (4): 463–488. .
- Singh, R & JS Khuraijam (2013-) Cycads of India. http://www.cycadsofindia.in/ Archived 2021-01-18 at the Wayback Machine
- Singh, R.; Radha, P.; Khuraijam, J.S. (2015). "A new species, a new combination and a new subsection of Cycas from Odisha, northern Eastern Ghats of India". Asian Journal of Conservation Biology. 4 (1): 3–14.
- Singh, R.; Radha, P. (2006). "Cycas annaikalensis, A new species of Cycas from the Malabar Coast, Western Ghats, India". Brittonia. 58 (2): 119–123. S2CID 32241023.
- Terrence Walters & Roy Osborne (eds.) (2004), Cycad Classification: Concepts and Recommendations, CABI publishing, ISBN 0-85199-741-4