Cyclone Gafilo

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Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Gafilo
Cyclone Gafilo near its record peak intensity while approaching Madagascar on 6 March
Meteorological history
Formed1 March 2004
Extratropical15 March 2004
Dissipated18 March 2004
Very intense tropical cyclone
10-minute sustained (MFR)
Highest winds230 km/h (145 mph)
Lowest pressure895 hPa (mbar); 26.43 inHg
(Record low in the South-West Indian Ocean, Third-lowest in Southern Hemisphere)
Category 5-equivalent tropical cyclone
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds260 km/h (160 mph)
Lowest pressure898 hPa (mbar); 26.52 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities363
Missing+181
Damage$250 million (2004 USD)
Areas affectedMadagascar
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the 2003–04 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season

Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Gafilo was both the

South-West Indian Ocean and the most intense tropical cyclone worldwide in 2004. Being unusually large and intense, Gafilo was the deadliest and most destructive cyclone of the 2003–04 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season. According to the EM-DAT International Disaster Database, Gafilo killed at least 363 people.[1] Gafilo also caused about $250 million (2004 USD) damages in Madagascar
, which makes it one of the most devastating storms to hit the country on reliable record.

Forming south of Diego Garcia, it intensified into a moderate tropical storm on 3 March. One day later, Gafilo became a tropical cyclone, and it ultimately intensified into a very intense tropical cyclone on 6 March, prior to making landfall over Madagascar early on the next day. After crossing the island, Gafilo emerged into the Mozambique Channel and made landfall over Madagascar again on 9 March. After a three-day loop overland, the system arrived at the Indian Ocean on 13 March, and it transitioned into a subtropical depression on 14 March. Gafilo then became extratropical on the next day and weakened, before dissipating on 18 March.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

A disturbance formed south of

Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale late on 3 March.[4]
The complete pattern of the cyclone from 4 to 8 March as it moved through the south western Indian Ocean has been recorded by the TRMM through its satellite imagery. TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) is a joint mission between NASA and the Japanese space agency JAXA.[5]

Tropical Cyclone Gafilo on 3 March

Although dry air significantly reduced deep convection on 4 March, MFR upgraded Gafilo to a tropical cyclone due to a banding

Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale on 5 March, as MFR also upgraded Gafilo to an intense tropical cyclone late on the same day.[7] On 6 March, besides warm sea surface temperature above 29 °C, the atypical third outflow channel from the west made conditions for the cyclone more favourable.[8] Therefore, MFR upgraded Gafilo to a very intense tropical cyclone with a very well-defined circular and warm 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi) diameter eye at 06Z, when it also reached category 5 strength on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.[9] At 12Z, Gafilo attained its peak intensity by the ten-minute maximum sustained winds reaching 125 knots (232 km/h; 144 mph) and the atmospheric pressure decreasing to 895 hPa (26.4 inHg), although microwave imagery showed that the eyewall replacement cycle had begun.[10]

Shortly after slightly weakening due to land interaction, Gafilo made landfall in the vicinity of

Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale at the same time in their best track data.[14]

Late on 9 March, Gafilo made landfall north of Morombe, Madagascar, and the system started to make a three-day clockwise loop over the south part of Madagascar.[11] For the system further weakened after landfall, JTWC analysed that Gafilo dissipated overland late on 11 March, as well as MFR issued a final warning on the overland depression which began to track southeastwards early on 12 March. Surprisingly, MFR began to issue warnings again on the completely disorganised system at noon on 12 March, as the residual centre was expected to go back overseas. Late on the same day, JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on the overland remnants, because of improved deep convection over the low-level circulation centre, poleward outflow and weak vertical wind shear.[15]

Early on 13 March, Gafilo arrived at the

subtropical ridge located to the southwest, the extratropical depression slowed and turned northwestwards on 16 March.[18]
After slowly weakening, the system completely dissipated on 18 March.

Impact

Madagascar

Destroyed coastline of Mahajanga, Madagascar

Gafilo caused strong winds and torrential rainfall over

Tôlanaro on the same day. During its three-day loop overland, Gafilo brought 238 mm (9.4 in) at Morondava on 11 March.[11]

As Elita had already struck Madagascar one month ago, damage from Gafilo created extreme devastation in the country. The National Rescue Council in Antananarivo reported 237 dead, 181 missing, 879 injured, and 304,000 homeless (174,000 in Antalaha alone). More than 20,000 homes were destroyed, as well as 413 public buildings and 3,400 schools were damaged, including 1,400 schools completely destroyed. The United Nations estimated that there were 700,000 disaster-stricken people, 280,000 of which needed urgent assistance.[11]

Despite being located 300 km (190 mi) north of Gafilo's centre, the wreck of the ferry 'Samson' still happened on the night of 7 March, offshore the northwestern port of

Comoros Islands at the time of its sinking.[19][20]

In Antalaha, food prices shot up by 35%, and the harbour was badly damaged and non-operational. Roads and bridges connecting the city to outlying villages were inaccessible, and electricity, water and telephone lines were cut.[21] Overall in Madagascar, the main damage caused by Gafilo was the subsequent flooding of vast areas in the north, northwest and southwest; Where extensive, the flooding caused serious damage to vanilla, rice and banana crops. In many places, the crops were expected to be totally lost.[11]

Moreover,

diarrhoea could have occurred immediately, while outbreaks of cholera were expected to be seen within the coming 6–8 weeks.[21][22]

Other islands

Damage was minimal to other islands in the South-west Indian Ocean, but

La Réunion within 48 hours, and 159 mm (6.3 in) was recorded at the Seychelles on 4 March. At a point 160 km (99 mi) south of Gafilo, ten-minute maximum sustained winds were 49 knots with a peak gust of 66 knots recorded at Tromelin Island. During 7 and 8 March, precipitation at Mayotte was recorded between 100 and 275 mm (3.9 and 10.8 in).[23]

Aftermath

Following the passage of Gafilo, the Malagasy government passed Inter-ministerial Order 17939/2004 in September 2004, which cleared the way for export of new and existing stocks of

Vohémar and Antalaha.[27]

Records

With ten-minute maximum sustained winds of 125 knots (232 km/h; 144 mph) (later equaled by Hellen in 2014 and Eunice in 2015, and surpassed by Fantala in 2016, with 10-min sustained winds of 135 knots (250 km/h; 155 mph)) and an atmospheric pressure of 895 hPa (26.4 inHg), Gafilo became the most intense tropical cyclone in the South-West Indian Ocean since reliable records began to be kept. In addition, Gafilo was the only tropical cyclone in the basin having an atmospheric pressure below 900 hPa (27 inHg) since Chris–Damia in 1982. Gafilo made landfall over Madagascar early on 7 March as a very intense tropical cyclone with ten-minute maximum sustained winds of 120 knots (220 km/h; 140 mph) and an atmospheric pressure of 905 hPa (26.7 inHg), becoming the strongest storm to make landfall over Madagascar, and even Africa, on record, tied with Hary for both of those records in 2002.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "At least 5 killed when cyclone hits Madagascar". UPI. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  2. ^ "Advisories on 2 March 2004" (TXT). Mtarchive Data Server. Iowa State University of Science and Technology.
  3. ISBN 2951166583
    .
  4. ^ "Advisories on 3 March 2004" (TXT). Mtarchive Data Server. Iowa State University of Science and Technology.
  5. ^ GC501. "Earth Observatory imagery". NASA. Retrieved 8 March 2004.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ "Advisories on 4 March 2004". Mtarchive Data Server. Iowa State University of Science and Technology. Archived from the original (TXT) on 25 May 2020.
  7. ^ "Advisories on 5 March 2004" (TXT). Mtarchive Data Server. Iowa State University of Science and Technology.
  8. ISBN 2951166583
    .
  9. ^ "Advisories on 6 March 2004" (TXT). Mtarchive Data Server. Iowa State University of Science and Technology.
  10. ISBN 2951166583
    .
  11. ^
    ISBN 2951166583
    .
  12. ^ "Advisories on 7 March 2004" (TXT). Mtarchive Data Server. Iowa State University of Science and Technology.
  13. ^ "Advisories on 8 March 2004" (TXT). Mtarchive Data Server. Iowa State University of Science and Technology.
  14. ^ "Advisories on 9 March 2004" (TXT). Mtarchive Data Server. Iowa State University of Science and Technology.
  15. ^ "Advisories on 12 March 2004". Mtarchive Data Server. Iowa State University of Science and Technology. Archived from the original (TXT) on 24 June 2013.
  16. ^ "Advisories on 13 March 2004" (TXT). Mtarchive Data Server. Iowa State University of Science and Technology.[permanent dead link]
  17. ^ "Advisories on 14 March 2004" (TXT). Mtarchive Data Server. Iowa State University of Science and Technology.
  18. ^ "Advisories on 15 March 2004" (TXT). Mtarchive Data Server. Iowa State University of Science and Technology.
  19. ^ "Madagascar storm death toll rises". BBC News. 10 March 2004.
  20. ISBN 2951166583
    .
  21. ^ a b International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (17 March 2004). "Madagascar: Cyclone Gafilo" (PDF). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  22. ^ International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (25 February 2005). "Madagascar: Cyclone Gafilo, Final Report, Appeal 08/04". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  23. ISBN 2951166583
    .
  24. ^ Patel, E.R. (December 2007). "Logging of Rare Rosewood and Palisandre (Dalbergia spp.) within Marojejy National Park, Madagascar" (PDF). Madagascar Conservation & Development. 2 (1): 103–112. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2012.
  25. ^ a b "Investigation into the illegal felling, transport and export of precious wood in SAVA region Madagascar" (PDF). Global Witness. August 2009. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
  26. ^ "Marojejy National Parks – News Updates". Marojejy National Park. November 2009. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
  27. ^ a b Gerety, Rowan Moore (16 December 2009). "Major international banks, shipping companies, and consumers play key role in Madagascar's logging crisis". WildMadagascar.org. Retrieved 29 January 2010.

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyclone Gafilo.
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