Cyclone Gavin

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Severe Tropical Cyclone Gavin
USD)
Areas affectedTuvalu, Wallis and Futuna, Fiji, New Zealand
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Part of the 1996–97 South Pacific cyclone season

Severe Tropical Cyclone Gavin was the most intense tropical cyclone to affect Fiji, since Cyclone Oscar of the 1982–83 cyclone season and was the first of three tropical cyclones to affect the island nations of Tuvalu and Wallis and Futuna during the 1996–97 season. The system that was to become Gavin was first identified during March 2, as a weak tropical depression that had developed within the monsoon trough of low pressure. Over the next two days the depression gradually developed further, before it was named Gavin by RSMC Nadi early on March 4 as it had developed into a tropical cyclone.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

At the start of March 1997, the

Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale (SSHS).[5][3]

Early on March 5, RSMC Nadi reported that Gavin had become a category 3 severe tropical cyclone after the system had developed an eye.[7][3] During that day two troughs of low pressure combined to steer the system to the southeast as it passed about 50 km (30 mi) to the southwest of Niulakita, Tuvalu with estimated 10-minute sustained wind speeds of about 155 km/h (96 mph).[5][1] After Gavin had intensified throughout that day, RSMC Nadi reported at 1800 UTC, that the system had become a category 4 severe tropical cyclone, while the JTWC reported that the cyclone had reached its initial peak intensity with 1-minute sustained winds of 215 km/h (134 mph), which made it equivalent to a category 4 hurricane on the SSHWS.[3] Early on March 6, RSMC Nadi reported that Gavin was moving towards Fiji and had reached its peak intensity as a category 4 severe tropical cyclone, with 10-minute sustained winds of 185 km/h (115 mph).[5][1] Later that day the system passed about 215 km (135 mi) to the west of the French territory of Futuna, before it started to weaken as it passed about 95 km (60 mi) to the northwest of Labasa on the Fijian Island of Vanua Levu.[5]

Preparations and impact

Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Fiji
Highest-known totals
Precipitation Storm Location Ref.
Rank mm in
1 1,139 44.84 Wally (1980) Sakisa [8]
2 1,040 40.94 Kina (1992-93) Monasavu dam [9]
3 913 35.94 04F (2016) Monasavu dam [10]
4 755 29.72 Bebe (1972) Naseuvou [11]
5 744 29.29 Ana (2021) Dreketilailai [12]
6 697 27.44 Gavin (1985) Monasavu dam [13]
7 615 24.21 Gavin (1997) Monasavu dam [14]
8 545 21.46 June (1997) Matei [15]
9 535 21.06
14F (2016)
 Nadarivatu [16]
10 529 20.83 Evan (2012) Monasavu dam [17]

Severe Tropical Cyclone Gavin was responsible for at least 18 deaths as it affected Fiji and parts of Polynesia, before it was

retired from the tropical cyclone naming lists.[18]

Tuvalu

Gavin was the first of three tropical cyclones to affect Tuvalu during the 1996-97 cyclone season, with Cyclones

island nation, hurricane warnings were issued for Niulakita and Nukulaelae, while gale or storm warnings were issued for the rest of Tuvalu.[5] During the next day these warnings were gradually revised once it became clearer that Gavin was moving towards the southeast and away from the island nation, before all warnings were cancelled by 0600 UTC on March 6.[5] After both Gavin and Hina had affected the island nation within a week off each other, a damage assessment team noted that it was difficult to assess damage done by Gavin alone and estimated the total damage from both cyclones at US$2.23 million, (AU$2.14 million).[nb 1][5][19] Both cyclones caused severe coastal erosion and destruction to food crops, on the southern islands of Niulakita and Nukulaelae, while damage in northern and central islands was confined mostly to houses.[5] The cyclones waves, storm surge and strong winds both caused a severe amount of coastal erosion on all of the country's nine atolls, with about 6.7% of the land washed into the sea.[22] It was later estimated that the three cyclones had been responsible for about 50 hectares (120 acres) of land disappearing into the sea.[5][23]

Wallis and Futuna

Early on March 5, the FMS issued a tropical cyclone alert for the

French Overseas Territory, as Gavin was moving slowly towards the east — southeast and heading towards the islands.[5] Later that day as Gavin turned and started to move southwards the FMSupgraded the alert to a gale warning for Futuna, but due to the turn to the south it was felt that a warning for Wallis Island wasn't needed.[5] The alert for Wallis was subsequently cancelled early the next day while the Gale Warning was maintained for Futuna, as that island was still expected to be within the extent of gale-force winds during that day.[5] The gale warning for Futuna was cancelled later that day, after Gavin had moved well to the southwest of the island and moving further away.[5] Most of the damage on the French territory was confined to the exposed northeast coastal parts of Futuna, where a heavy swell caused sea flooding at high tide and several food crops were damaged by the wind.[5] This heavy swell resulted in some roads and public networks, being partially destroyed and some traditional houses being damaged.[5] On Wallis Island, only a small amount of damage was reported, with some traditional houses and food crops flooded on the north coast by seawater at high tide.[5]

Fiji

During March 4, the FMSissued a tropical cyclone alert for Rotuma, as it was possible that Gavin could produce gale-force winds or pass over the island within 48 hours.[5] However the alert was cancelled during the next day, after the cyclone had passed about 260 km (160 mi) to the northeast of the island and was no longer expected to produce any damage or gale-force winds on the island.[5] As they cancelled the alert for Rotuma, the FMSissued an alert for Fiji as it was apparent that Gavin was moving southwards towards the archipelago, before they started to issue various gale and storm warnings for Fiji during March 6.[5] Over the next two days, the FMSissued various gale, storm and hurricane warnings for Fiji, as the system passed through the archipelago, before all warnings for Fiji were cancelled during March 8, after it had become apparent that gales were no longer affecting any part of Fiji.[5]

Cyclone Gavin was the most destructive cyclone to affect Fiji since Cyclone Kina and became the most intense tropical cyclone on record to affect Fiji, after the meteorological station on Yasawa recorded a minimum pressure of 937 hPa (30 inHg).[5] Heavy rain associated with Gavin caused serious flooding in Labasa and western parts of Viti Levu and caused serious flooding of the Nadi and Ba rivers.[5] Major destruction of sugar cane and other food crops also occurred while at least 18 deaths were attributed to Gavin.[5] This included 10 people lost at sea when a fishing vessel, the Wasawasa I, sank, and another 8 deaths caused by landslides, electrocution, and drowning.[5] The total damage bill was estimated at US$23.7 million (AU$30.1 million, FJ$33.4 million).[5] However, despite devastating several parts of Fiji, Gavins turn to the southwest just before it moved through the island nation spared Fijis two main populated islands of Vanua Levu and Viti Levu the full brunt of the cyclone.[5]


New Zealand

After it moved out of the tropics, Gavin moved southwards and affected New Zealand between March 11–13 with high seas, heavy rain gale-force winds and wind gusts of up to 130 km/h (81 mph).[5][24][25] As a result of the heavy rain, some flooding was reported in parts of the Northland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty and Gisborne, which led to road closures.[25]


Notes

  1. Australian Dollars and was converted to USD via the Oanda Corporation website.[21]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Hanstrum, Barry N; Reader, Grahame; Bate, Peter W (September 3, 1999). "The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season 1996–97" (PDF). Australian Meteorological Magazine. 48 (3): 197–210. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
  2. ^
    ISSN 2107-0830
    .
  3. ^ a b c d "1997 Tropical Cyclone Gavin (1997061S08171)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
  4. ^ a b Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert March 3, 1997 03z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. March 3, 1997. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Kersemakers, Mark (April 4, 1998). Tropical Cyclone Report: 96/7: Tropical Cyclone Gavin: March 2 — 11, 1997 (PDF) (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 26, 2022. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
  6. ^ Tropical Cyclone 31P Advisory March 3, 1997 09z (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. March 3, 1997. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
  7. ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Tropical Cyclone 31P (Gavin) warnings". United States Navy, United States Airforce. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
  8. ^ Campbell, John R (1984). Dealing with disaster: hurricane response in Fiji. p. 55. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2014. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
  9. ^ Prasad, Rajendra (February 19, 1993). Tropical Cyclone Kina, December 26, 1992 – January 5, 1993 (Tropical Cyclone Report 92/1). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 26, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
  10. ^ Climate Services Division (January 10, 2017). Fiji Islands Climate Summary December 2016 Volume 33 Issue 12 (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 8, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  11. ^ Krishna, Ram (January 4, 1981). Publication No. 2: Tropical Cyclones in Fiji: November 1969 – April 1980 (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. p. 3-5.
  12. ^ Fiji Islands Climate Summary January 2021 Volume 34 Issue 1 (PDF) (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. February 8, 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 7, 2021. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
  13. ^ Prasad, Rajendra (April 11, 1985). Preliminary Report: Tropical Cyclone Gavin (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service.
  14. ^ Terry, James P; Raj, Rishi (1999). "Island Environment and Landscape Responses to 1997 Tropical Cyclones in Fiji". Pacific Science. 53 (3). University of Hawai'i Press: 257–272. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  15. ^ Preliminary Report on Tropical Cyclone "June" — May 3 - 5, 1997 (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. May 27, 1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 21, 2014. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
  16. ^ "April 2016". Fiji Climate Summary. Vol. 37, no. 4. Fiji Meteorological Service. May 6, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 12, 2024. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
  17. ^ Fiji Islands Climate Summary December 2012 (Report). Vol. 33. Fiji Meteorological Service. January 7, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 8, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
  18. ^ RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (2023). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2023 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
  19. ^ a b Prasad, Vikash R (March 4, 1998). Tropical Cyclone Hina: March 13 - 16, 1997 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report: 96/8). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
  20. ^ "Country Risk Profile: Tuvalu" (PDF). The Pacific Catastrophe Risk Assessment and Financing Initiative. September 2011. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2013. Retrieved August 7, 2013.
  21. ^ "Historical Exchange Rates". Oanda Corporation. 2013. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
  22. ^ McKenzie, Emily; Prasad, Biman; Kaloumaira, Atu (April 2005). Tool One: Guidelines for estimating the economic impact of natural disasters (PDF). USP Solutions, University of the South Pacific, South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (Economic Impact of Natural Disasters on Development in the Pacific: Volume 2: Economic Assessment Tools). The Australian Agency for International Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  23. ^ Barkham, Patrick. "That Sinking Feeling". Sunday Herald Sun. p. Sunday Magazine; Z14. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  24. ^ "Learning Centre: Notable Weather Events Archive: 1997 Autumn". Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited. Archived from the original on 11 November 2004. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
  25. ^ a b New Zealand Historic Weather Events Catalog. "March 1997 North Island Ex-tropical Cyclone Gavin ( 1997-03-11 )". NIWA. Retrieved 28 January 2015.

External links

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