Cyprinidae

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with Cyprididae, a family of freshwater ostracods.

Cyprinidae
Temporal range: Eocene - Holocene
The
common carp
, Cyprinus carpio
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Cypriniformes
Superfamily:
Cyprinoidea
Family: Cyprinidae
Rafinesque, 1815
Type genus
Cyprinus
Subfamilies

and see text

Cyprinidae is a family of freshwater fish commonly called the carp or minnow family, including the carps, the true minnows, and their relatives the barbs and barbels, among others. Cyprinidae is the largest and most diverse fish family, and the largest vertebrate animal family overall, with about 3,000 species; only 1,270 of these remain extant, divided into about 200 valid genera.[1][2] Cyprinids range from about 12 mm (0.5 in) in size to the 3 m (9.8 ft) giant barb (Catlocarpio siamensis).[3] By genus and species count, the family makes up more than two-thirds of the ostariophysian order Cypriniformes.[1][2][4] The family name is derived from the Greek word kyprînos (κυπρῖνος 'carp').

Biology and ecology

Cyprinids are stomachless, or agastric, fish with toothless jaws. Even so, food can be effectively chewed by the

bivalves
.

Hearing is a well-developed sense in the cyprinids since they have the

pneumatic duct
is retained in adult stages and the fish are able to gulp air to fill the gas bladder, or they can dispose of excess gas to the gut.

Giant barbs (Catlocarpio siamensis) are the largest members of this family.

Cyprinids are native to

golden mahseer (Tor putitora) and mangar (Luciobarbus esocinus).[5][6] The largest North American species is the Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius), which can reach up to 1.8 m (5.9 ft) in length.[7] Conversely, many species are smaller than 5 cm (2 in). The smallest known fish is Paedocypris progenetica, reaching 10.3 mm (0.41 in) at the longest.[8]

All fish in this family are egg-layers and most do not guard their eggs; however, a few species build nests and/or guard the eggs. The bitterlings of subfamily Acheilognathinae are notable for depositing their eggs in bivalve molluscs, where the young develop until able to fend for themselves.

Cyprinids contain the first and only known example of androgenesis in a vertebrate, in the

allopolyploid complex.[9]

Most cyprinids feed mainly on

moderlieschen, are opportunistic predators that will eat larvae of the common frog
in artificial circumstances.

Some cyprinids, such as the

filter feeders
. For this reason, cyprinids are often introduced as a management tool to control various factors in the aquatic environment, such as aquatic vegetation and diseases transmitted by snails.

Unlike most fish species, cyprinids generally increase in abundance in

eutrophic lakes. Here, they contribute towards positive feedback as they are efficient at eating the zooplankton
that would otherwise graze on the algae, reducing its abundance.

Relationship with humans

Wild capture of cyprinids by species in million tonnes, 1950–2009, as reported by the FAO[10]

Food

Cyprinids are highly important food fish; they are

land-locked countries in particular, cyprinids are often the major species of fish eaten because they make the largest part of biomass in most water types except for fast-flowing rivers. In Eastern Europe, they are often prepared with traditional methods such as drying and salting. The prevalence of inexpensive frozen fish products made this less important now than it was in earlier times. Nonetheless, in certain places, they remain popular for food, as well as recreational fishing, for ornamental use, and have been deliberately stocked in ponds and lakes for centuries for this reason.[11]

Sport

Cyprinids are popular for angling especially for

match fishing
(due to their dominance in biomass and numbers) and fishing for common carp because of its size and strength.

As pest control

Several cyprinids have been introduced to waters outside their natural ranges to provide food, sport, or biological control for some pest species. The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) are the most important of these, for example in Florida.

As a pest species

Carp in particular can stir up sediment, reducing the clarity of the water and making plant growth difficult.[12][13]

In America and Australia, such as the

Mississippi Basin, they have become invasive species
that compete with native fishes or disrupt the environment.

Cyprinus carpio is a major pest species in Australia impacting freshwater environments, amenity, and the agricultural economy, devastating biodiversity by decimating native fish populations where they first became established as a major pest in the wild in the 1960s. In the major river system of eastern Australia, the Murray-Darling Basin, they constitute 80-90 per cent of fish biomass.[14]

In 2016 the federal government announced A$15.2 million to fund the National Carp Control Plan to investigate using

Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (carp virus) as a biological control agent while minimising impacts on industry and environment should a carp virus release go ahead. Despite initial, favourable assessment,[15][16][17] in 2020 this plan was found to be unlikely to work due to the high fecundity of the fish.[18]

Aquarium fish

Numerous cyprinids have become popular and important within the aquarium and fishpond hobbies, most famously the goldfish, which was bred in China from the Prussian carp (Carassius (auratus) gibelio). First imported into Europe around 1728, it was originally much-fancied by the Chinese nobility as early as 1150 AD and, after it arrived there in 1502, also in Japan. In addition to the goldfish, the common carp was bred in Japan into the colorful ornamental variety known as koi — or more accurately nishikigoi (錦鯉), as koi (鯉) simply means "common carp" in Japanese — from the 18th century until today.

Other popular aquarium cyprinids include

aquarists, other than goldfish and koi, include the cherry barb, Harlequin rasbora, pearl danios, rainbow sharks, tiger barbs, and the White Cloud Mountain minnow
.

One particular species of these small and undemanding danionines is the

model species for studying developmental genetics of vertebrates, in particular fish.[20]

Threatened families

extinct. In particular, the cyprinids of the subfamily Leuciscinae from southwestern North America have been hit hard by pollution and unsustainable water use in the early to mid-20th century; most globally extinct cypriniform
species are in fact leuciscinid cyprinids from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.

Systematics

The massive diversity of cyprinids has so far made it difficult to resolve their

genera are incertae sedis, too equivocal in their traits and/or too little-studied to permit assignment to a particular subfamily with any certainty.[21][22][23]

Part of the solution seems that the delicate rasborines are the core group, consisting of minor lineages that have not shifted far from their evolutionary niche, or have coevolved for millions of years. These are among the most basal lineages of living cyprinids. Other "rasborines" are apparently distributed across the diverse lineages of the family.[22]

The validity and circumscription of proposed subfamilies like the

large-headed carps (Hypophthalmichthyinae) with Xenocypris, though, seems quite in error. More likely, the latter are part of the Cultrinae.[22]

The entirely

typical carps (Cyprinus) as these are from Garra (which is placed in the Labeoninae by most who accept the latter as distinct) and thus might form another as yet unnamed subfamily. However, as noted above, how various minor lineages tie into this has not yet been resolved; therefore, such a radical move, though reasonable, is probably premature.[21][24]

The

Alpide orogeny that vastly changed the topography of that region in the late Paleogene, when their divergence presumably occurred.[23]

A DNA-based analysis of these fish places the Rasborinae as the basal lineage with the Cyprininae as a sister clade to the Leuciscinae.[25] The subfamilies Acheilognathinae, Gobioninae, and Leuciscinae are monophyletic.

Subfamilies and genera

Rainbow shark, Epalzeorhynchos frenatum, a somewhat aggressive aquarium fish
Acheilognathus longipinnis: Acheilognathinae
Danioninae
Pseudogobio esocinus , Gobioninae
Silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix: Xenocyprinae, alternatively Hypophthalmichthyinae
Rohu, Labeo rohita, of the disputed Labeoninae
The tench, Tinca tinca, is of unclear affiliations and often placed in a subfamily of its own.

The 5th Edition of Fishes of the World sets out the following subfamilies:[26]

Flame chub Hemitremia flammea, one of the chubs in the Leuciscinae)
Ide, Leuciscus idus , one of the Eurasian daces
Notropis hypselopterus, a small and colorful shiner of the Leuciscinae
Rhynchocypris oxycephalus, a minnow
related to some North American daces
Sarmarutilus rubilio, a European roach

Subfamily Leuciscinae

Trigonostigma somphongsi, a rasbora, a relative of the blue danio above
Black carp, Mylopharyngodon piceus: Squaliobarbinae

Incertae sedis

Hemigrammocypris rasborella, of uncertain relationship:
Possibly related to Aphyocypris.

With such a large and diverse family the taxonomy and phylogenies are always being worked on so alternative classifications are being created as new information is discovered, for example:[37]

Phylogeny

Phylogeny of living Cyprinoidei[37][38] with clade names from van der Laan 2017.[39]

Subfamily Probarbinae

Subfamily Labeoninae

Subfamily Torinae

Subfamily Smiliogastrinae

Subfamily Cyprininae [incl. Barbinae]

Subfamily

Danioninae

Subfamily

Leptobarbinae

Flame chub Hemitremia flammea, one of the chubs in the Leuciscinae)
Ide, Leuciscus idus , one of the Eurasian daces
Notropis hypselopterus, a small and colorful shiner of the Leuciscinae
Rhynchocypris oxycephalus, a minnow
related to some North American daces
Sarmarutilus rubilio, a European roach
Trigonostigma somphongsi, a rasbora, a relative of the blue danio above
Black carp, Mylopharyngodon piceus: Squaliobarbinae

Subfamily Xenocypridinae [incl. Cultrinae & Squaliobarbinae]

Subfamily Tincinae

Subfamily

bitterlings
)

Subfamily Gobioninae

Subfamily

Tanichthyinae

Subfamily Leuciscinae [incl. Alburninae]

Incertae sedis

Hemigrammocypris rasborella, of uncertain relationship:
Possibly related to Aphyocypris.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2015). "Cyprinidae" in FishBase. July 2015 version.
  2. ^ a b Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Cyprinidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  3. ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2015). "Catlocarpio siamensis" in FishBase. March 2015 version.
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  5. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2017). "Tor putitora" in FishBase. March 2017 version.
  6. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2017). "Luciobarbus esocinus" in FishBase. March 2017 version.
  7. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2015). "Ptychocheilus lucius" in FishBase. March 2015 version.
  8. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2015). "Paedocypris progenetica" in FishBase. March 2015 version.
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  10. ^ Based on data sourced from the FishStat database
  11. ^ MacMahon, Alexander Francis Magri (1946). Fishlore: British Freshwater Fishes. Pelican Books. Vol. 161. Penguin Books. pp. 149–152.
  12. ^ Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission (3 August 2005). "Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758)". Archived from the original on 18 August 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2007.
  13. ^ Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (2006). "Exotic Freshwater Fishes". Archived from the original on 8 February 2007. Retrieved 5 March 2007.
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  16. ^ Kilvert, Nick; Thomas, Kerrin (1 May 2016). "Herpes virus to be used in fight against carp in Murray River, Christopher Pyne says". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016.
  17. ^ "Carp herpesvirus". Managing Water Ecosystems - CSIRO. 2018-04-26. Retrieved 2020-11-09.
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  19. ^ Riehl, R.; Baensch, H. (1996). Aquarium Atlas Volume 1. Voyageur Press. p. 410.
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  28. ^ a b c d e f g h Kottelat, M. (2013). "The Fishes of the Inland Waters of Southeast Asia: A Catalogue and Core Bibliography of the Fishes Known to Occur in Freshwaters, Mangroves and Estuaries" (PDF). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology (Supplement No. 27): 1–663. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2013.
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  31. ^ a b Britz, Ralf; Kottelat, Maurice; Tan, Heok (1 December 2011). "Fangfangia spinicleithralis, a new genus and species of miniature cyprinid fish from the peat swamp forests of Borneo (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)". Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters. 22 (4): 327–335.
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External links

Media related to Cyprinidae at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Cyprinidae at Wikispecies

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