Cypripedium calceolus
Cypripedium calceolus | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Order: | Asparagales |
Family: | Orchidaceae |
Subfamily: | Cypripedioideae |
Genus: | Cypripedium |
Species: | C. calceolus
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Binomial name | |
Cypripedium calceolus | |
Synonyms[1] | |
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Cypripedium calceolus is a
Taxonomy
Cypripedium comes from the
Cypripedium calceolus sensu stricto ("in the strict sense") does not occur in North America. The closely related
Description
This is the largest-flowered orchid species in Europe, growing to 60 cm tall[4] with flowers as wide as 9 cm.[5] Before it flowers, it is distinguished from other orchids by the large size and width of its ovate leaves (as big as 18 cm long, 9 cm wide),[4] which like other orchids exhibit parallel venation. Each shoot has up to four leaves and a small number (1-2) of flowers, which have long often twisted petals varying from red-brown to black (rarely green) and a slipper-shaped yellow labellum, within which red dots are visible.[4] It is a long-lived perennial[4] and spreads using horizontal stems (rhizomes).[4]
Cypripedium calceolus can be confused, when not flowering, with
Chromosome number has been given as 2n=20 but also 2n=22[6]
Distribution and habitat
It has a widespread distribution from
It is typically found in open woodland on moist
Ecology
Cypripedium calceolus is frequently associated with stands of hazel trees.[10]
It is pollinated by a number of different insect species, including at least seven species of miner bee in the genera
Cypripedium calceolus is known to primarily associate with
Conservation
Although the global conservation status of Cypripedium calceolus is least concern according to the IUCN Red List,[9] in many countries (including the UK and Denmark) it has become rare and is afforded legal protection. C. calceolus is common in Poland and Austria but in Greece it has become extinct.[4]
In Britain, it was formerly a reasonably widespread plant across northern England, particularly the limestone area of the Yorkshire Dales.[14] By the late 20th century it had declined to just a single plant in one location in the Dales. While the virtual extinction of the lady's-slipper orchid from its historical range in Britain is often blamed on uprooting by gardeners and botanists, it is also the case that its preferred habitat shrank markedly with human clearance of woodland from the limestone landscape, and the grazing of sheep will have finished it off.[15] It became a protected species in the UK in 1975 under the Conservation of Wild Creatures and Wild Plants Act,[16] but a reintroduction programme for the lady's-slipper orchid is in place,[17][18] and has led to a population of hundreds of plants as of 2003.[19]
With the help of Dutch plant breeder and wholesaler Anthura, who made the Genus and this species commercially available in garden centers, this species is successfully reintroduced in several locations in Switzerland at the request of the Swiss Orchid Foundation. Seeds from the Swiss population were used by Anthura resulting in three thousand viable plants available for the reintroduction. The locations are kept secret, but are monitored regularly.[1] Archived 2021-04-18 at the Wayback Machine
In popular culture
Cypripedium calceolus has appeared on
The Norwegian municipality of Snåsa has a Cypripedium calceolus in its coat-of-arms.
In Pavel Ivanovich Melnikov's "In the Forests", a znakharka (Russian wise woman) calls this Adam's head, Adam's grass, and Cuckoo's slippers and says it is good for every ill including driving away evil spirits.
References
- ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- ^ "University of Quebec and Montreal - Flora etc". Archived from the original on 2018-11-08. Retrieved 2018-11-08.
- ^ The Plant World - Origin of Plant Names
- ^ a b c d e f Kew Science - Cypripedium calceolus
- ^ Nature Gate - Ladys Slipper
- ^ Journal of Ecology - Cypripedium calceolus
- ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Yellow Lady's Slipper, Cypripedium calceolus
- ^ Flora of China, v 25 p 杓兰 shao lan, Cypripedium calceolus
- ^ a b IUCN Red List - Cypripedium calceolus
- ^ a b Nordic Journal of Botany - Pollination of the Lady’s slipper orchid (Cypripedium calceolus) in Scandinavia
- ^ Molecular Ecology - High specificity generally characterizes mycorrhizal association in rare lady’s slipper orchids, genus Cypripedium
- ^ Biogeography of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis
- ^ Orchid Biology - Reviews and Perspectives
- ISBN 1-85778-101-5
- ISBN 0-85661-114-X
- ^ "Caithness CWS - Caithness Field Club - Annual Bulletins - 1975 - October - Conservation".
- ^ Lady’s-Slipper Orchid Cypripedium calceolus Species Action Plan Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority Archived 2010-12-23 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Re-Introduction Project - Lady's-Slipper, Conservation in action, Britain's Orchids, A guide to the identification and ecology of the wild orchids of Britain and Ireland, David Lang and Natural England". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2019-11-18.
- ^ Phillip Cribb (July 2003). "Orchid Research Newsletter No. 42". Archived from the original on 2008-05-07. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
- ^ Google Images
External links
Media related to Cypripedium calceolus at Wikimedia Commons