Cyrillic script
This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2023) |
Cyrillic script | |
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Script type | |
Time period | Earliest variants exist c. 893[1] – c. 940 |
Direction | Left-to-right |
Official script | 7 sovereign states Co-official script in: 6[h] sovereign states and 2* disputed territories |
Languages | See Early Cyrillic script
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Child systems | Old Permic script |
Sister systems | |
ISO 15924 | |
Unicode range |
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Names: Belarusian: кірыліца, Bulgarian: кирилица [ˈkirilit͡sɐ], Macedonian: кирилица [kiˈrilit͡sa], Russian: кириллица [kʲɪˈrʲilʲɪtsə], Serbian: ћирилица, Ukrainian: кирилиця [keˈrɪɫet͡sʲɐ] | |
The Cyrillic script (, and used by many other minority languages.
As of 2019[update], around 250 million people in Eurasia use Cyrillic as the official script for their national languages, with
The
Etymology
This section possibly contains original research. (February 2024) |
Since the script was conceived and popularised by the Slavic followers of Cyril and Methodius, rather than by Cyril and Methodius themselves, its name denotes homage rather than authorship. In contrast to the Greek and Latin alphabets, the name "Cyrillic" identifies neither the place of origin (Bulgaria), nor the original language it was used for (Slavonic).
In Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian, and Ukrainian, the translation of the word alphabet is azbuka, derived from the old names of the first two letters of most Cyrillic alphabets (just as the term alphabet came from the first two Greek letters alpha and beta). In Czech and Slovak, which have never used Cyrillic, the word "azbuka" simply refers to the Cyrillic script and contrasts with the term "abeceda", which refers to the local Latin script and is composed of the names of the first letters (A, B, C, and D). In Russian, syllabaries, especially the Japanese kana, are commonly referred to as 'syllabic azbukas' rather than 'syllabic scripts'.
History
History of the alphabet | ||
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The Cyrillic script was created during the First Bulgarian Empire.[13] Modern scholars believe that the Early Cyrillic alphabet was created at the Preslav Literary School, the most important early literary and cultural center of the First Bulgarian Empire and of all Slavs:
Unlike the Churchmen in Ohrid, Preslav scholars were much more dependent upon Greek models and quickly abandoned the Glagolitic scripts in favor of an adaptation of the Greek uncial to the needs of Slavic, which is now known as the Cyrillic alphabet.[10]
A number of prominent Bulgarian writers and scholars worked at the school, including
Cyrillic spread among other Slavic peoples, as well as among non-Slavic
Cyrillic and Glagolitic were used for the
The literature produced in Old Church Slavonic soon spread north from Bulgaria and became the lingua franca of the Balkans and Eastern Europe.[18][19][20][21][22]
Bosnian Cyrillic, widely known as Bosančica
With the orthographic reform of Saint
In 1708–10, the Cyrillic script used in Russia was heavily reformed by
The alphabet used for the modern Church Slavonic language in Eastern Orthodox and
Letters
Cyrillic script spread throughout the East Slavic and some South Slavic territories, being adopted for writing local languages, such as Old East Slavic. Its adaptation to local languages produced a number of Cyrillic alphabets, discussed below.
А | Б | В | Г | Д | Є | Ж | Ꙃ[30] |
Ꙁ | И | І | К | Л | М | Н | О | П | Р | С | Т | Ꙋ | ОУ[31] | Ф |
Х | Ѡ | Ц | Ч | Ш | Щ | Ъ | ЪІ[32] | Ь | Ѣ | Ꙗ |
Ѥ |
Ю | Ѫ | Ѭ | Ѧ | Ѩ | Ѯ | Ѱ | Ѳ | Ѵ | Ҁ[33] |
Capital and lowercase letters were not distinguished in old manuscripts.
Yeri (Ы) was originally a
The letters also had numeric values, based not on Cyrillic alphabetical order, but inherited from the letters' Greek ancestors.[citation needed]
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
А | В | Г | Д | Є (Е) | Ѕ (Ꙃ, Ꙅ) | З (Ꙁ) | И | Ѳ |
10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 |
І (Ї) | К | Л | М | Н | Ѯ (Ч) | Ѻ (О) | П | Ч (Ҁ) |
100 | 200 | 300 | 400 | 500 | 600 | 700 | 800 | 900 |
Р | С | Т | Ѵ (Ѵ, Оу, Ꙋ) | Ф | Х | Ѱ | Ѡ (Ѿ, Ꙍ) | Ц (Ѧ) |
The early Cyrillic alphabet is difficult to represent on computers. Many of the letterforms differed from those of modern Cyrillic, varied a great deal in
The Unicode 5.1 standard, released on 4 April 2008, greatly improved computer support for the early Cyrillic and the modern
Currency signs
Some
- The Ukrainian He(г).
- The Russian ruble sign (₽) from the majuscule Р.
- The Kyrgyzstani somsign (⃀) from the majuscule С (es)
- The Kazakhstani tenge sign (₸) from Т
- The Mongolian tögrög sign (₮) from Т
Letterforms and type design
The development of Cyrillic
Lowercase forms
Cyrillic
Cyrillic typefaces, as well as Latin ones, have roman and italic forms (practically all popular modern computer fonts include parallel sets of Latin and Cyrillic letters, where many glyphs, uppercase as well as lowercase, are shared by both). However, the native typeface terminology in most Slavic languages (for example, in Russian) does not use the words "roman" and "italic" in this sense.[i] Instead, the nomenclature follows German naming patterns:[citation needed]
- Roman type is called pryamoy shrift ("upright type") – compare with Normalschrift ("regular type") in German
- Italic type is called kursiv ("cursive") or kursivniy shrift ("cursive type") – from the German word Kursive, meaning italic typefaces and not cursive writing
- Cursive handwriting is rukopisniy shrift ("handwritten type") – in German: Kurrentschrift or Laufschrift, both meaning literally 'running type'
- A (mechanically) sloped oblique type of sans-serif faces is naklonniy shrift ("sloped" or "slanted type").
- A boldfaced type is called poluzhirniy shrift ("semi-bold type"), because there existed fully boldfaced shapes that have been out of use since the beginning of the 20th century.
Italic and cursive forms
Similarly to Latin typefaces, italic and cursive forms of many Cyrillic letters (typically lowercase; uppercase only for handwritten or stylish types) are very different from their upright roman types. In certain cases, the correspondence between uppercase and lowercase glyphs does not coincide in Latin and Cyrillic types: for example, italic Cyrillic ⟨т⟩ is the lowercase counterpart of ⟨Т⟩ not of ⟨М⟩.
upright | а | б | в | г | д | е | ё | ж | з | и | й | к | л | м | н | о | п | р | с | т | у | ф | х | ц | ч | ш | щ | ъ | ы | ь | э | ю | я |
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italic | а | б | в | г | д | е | ё | ж | з | и | й | к | л | м | н | о | п | р | с | т | у | ф | х | ц | ч | ш | щ | ъ | ы | ь | э | ю | я |
Note: in some typefaces or styles, ⟨д⟩, i.e. the lowercase italic Cyrillic ⟨д⟩, may look like Latin ⟨g⟩, and ⟨т⟩, i.e. lowercase italic Cyrillic ⟨т⟩, may look like small-capital italic ⟨T⟩.
In Standard Serbian, as well as in Macedonian,[35] some italic and cursive letters are allowed to be different, to more closely resemble the handwritten letters. The regular (upright) shapes are generally standardized in small caps form.[36]
Russian | а | б | в | г | д | — | е | ж | з | и | й | — | к | л | — | м | н | — | о | п | р | с | т | — | у | ф | х | ц | ч | — | ш | щ | ъ | ы | ь | э | ю | я |
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Serbian | а | б | в | г | д | ђ | е | ж | з | и | — | ј | к | л | љ | м | н | њ | о | п | р | с | т | ћ | у | ф | х | ц | ч | џ | ш | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
faux | а | δ | в | ī | ɡ | ђ | е | ж | з | и | — | ј | к | л | љ | м | н | њ | о | ū | р | с | ш̄ | ћ | у | ф | х | ц | ч | џ | ш̱ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Notes: Depending on fonts available, the Serbian row may appear identical to the Russian row. Unicode approximations are used in the faux row to ensure it can be rendered properly across all systems.
In the Bulgarian alphabet, many lowercase letterforms may more closely resemble the cursive forms on the one hand and Latin glyphs on the other hand, e.g. by having an ascender or descender or by using rounded arcs instead of sharp corners.[37] Sometimes, uppercase letters may have a different shape as well, e.g. more triangular, Д and Л, like Greek delta Δ and lambda Λ.
default | а | б | в | г | д | е | ж | з | и | й | к | л | м | н | о | п | р | с | т | у | ф | х | ц | ч | ш | щ | ъ | ь | ю | я |
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Bulgarian | а | б | в | г | д | е | ж | з | и | й | к | л | м | н | о | п | р | с | т | у | ф | х | ц | ч | ш | щ | ъ | ь | ю | я |
faux | а | б | ϐ | ƨ | ɡ | е | жl | ȝ | u | ŭ | k | ʌ | м | н | o | n | р | с | m | у | ɸ | х | u̡ | ч | ɯ | ɯ̡ | ъ | ƅ | lo | я |
Notes: Depending on fonts available, the Bulgarian row may appear identical to the Russian row. Unicode approximations are used in the faux row to ensure it can be rendered properly across all systems; in some cases, such as ж with k-like ascender, no such approximation exists.
Accessing variant forms
Computer fonts typically default to the Central/Eastern, Russian letterforms, and require the use of OpenType Layout (OTL) features to display the Western, Bulgarian or Southern, Serbian/Macedonian forms. Depending on the choices made by the (computer) font designer, they may either be automatically activated by the local variant locl
feature for text tagged with an appropriate language code, or the author needs to opt-in by activating a stylistic set ss##
or character variant cv##
feature. These solutions only enjoy partial support and may render with default glyphs in certain software configurations, and the reader may not see the same result as the author intended.[38]
Cyrillic alphabets
Among others, Cyrillic is the standard script for writing the following languages:
Slavic languages:
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Non-Slavic languages of Russia:
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Non-Slavic languages in other countries:
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The Cyrillic script has also been used for languages of Alaska,.
The first alphabet derived from Cyrillic was
Usage of Cyrillic versus other scripts
Latin script
A number of languages written in a Cyrillic alphabet have also been written in a
Standard Serbian uses both the Cyrillic and Latin scripts. Cyrillic is nominally the official script of Serbia's administration according to the Serbian constitution;[44] however, the law does not regulate scripts in standard language, or standard language itself by any means. In practice the scripts are equal, with Latin being used more often in a less official capacity.[45]
The
Romanization
There are various systems for romanization of Cyrillic text, including transliteration to convey Cyrillic spelling in Latin letters, and transcription to convey pronunciation.
Standard Cyrillic-to-Latin transliteration systems include:
- Scientific transliteration, used in linguistics, is based on the Serbo-Croatian Latin alphabet.
- The Working Group on Romanization Systems[47] of the United Nations recommends different systems for specific languages. These are the most commonly used around the world.
- ISO 9:1995, from the International Organization for Standardization.
- American Library Association and Library of Congress Romanization tables for Slavic alphabets (ALA-LC Romanization), used in North American libraries.
- BGN/PCGN Romanization(1947), United States Board on Geographic Names & Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use).
- GOST 16876, a now defunct Soviet transliteration standard. Replaced by GOST 7.79-2000, which is based on ISO 9.
- Various informal romanizations of Cyrillic, which adapt the Cyrillic script to Latin and sometimes Greek glyphs for compatibility with small character sets.
See also Romanization of Belarusian, Bulgarian, Kyrgyz, Russian, Macedonian and Ukrainian.
Cyrillization
Representing other writing systems with Cyrillic letters is called Cyrillization.
Summary table
The Cyrillic script | |||||||
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Ԙ | Ѥ | Ѧ | Ꙙ | Ѫ | Ꙛ | Ѩ | Ꙝ |
Ѭ | Ѯ | Ѱ | Ѳ | Ѵ | Ѷ | Ꙟ |
Early scripts | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Church Slavonic | А | Б | В | Г | Д | (Ѕ) | Е | Ж | Ѕ/З | И | І | К | Л | М | Н | О | П | Р | С | Т | Оу | (Ѡ) | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы | Ѣ | Ь | Ю | Ꙗ | Ѥ | Ѧ | Ѩ | Ѫ | Ѭ | Ѯ | Ѱ | Ѳ | Ѵ | Ҁ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Most common shared letters | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common | А | Б | В | Г | Д | Е | Ж | З | И | Й | К | Л | М | Н | О | П | Р | С | Т | У | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Ш | Щ | Ь | Ю | Я | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
South Slavic languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgarian | А | Б | В | Г | Д | Дз | Е | Ж | З | И | Й | К | Л | М | Н | О | П | Р | С | Т | У | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Дж | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ь | Ю | Я | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Macedonian | А | Б | В | Г | Д | Ѓ | Ѕ | Е | Ж | З | И | Ј | К | Л | Љ | М | Н | Њ | О | П | Р | С | Т | Ќ | У | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Џ | Ш | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Serbian | А | Б | В | Г | Д | Ђ | Е | Ж | З | И | Ј | К | Л | Љ | М | Н | Њ | О | П | Р | С | Т | Ћ | У | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Џ | Ш | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Montenegrin | А | Б | В | Г | Д | Ђ | Е | Ж | З | З́ | И | Ј | К | Л | Љ | М | Н | Њ | О | П | Р | С | С́ | Т | Ћ | У | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Џ | Ш | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
East Slavic languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Russian | А | Б | В | Г | Д | Е | Ё | Ж | З | И | Й | К | Л | М | Н | О | П | Р | С | Т | У | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы | Ь | Э | Ю | Я | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Belarusian | А | Б | В | Г | Ґ | Д | Дж | Дз | Е | Ё | Ж | З | І | Й | К | Л | М | Н | О | П | Р | С | Т | У | Ў | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Ш | ’ | Ы | Ь | Э | Ю | Я | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ukrainian | А | Б | В | Г | Ґ | Д | Е | Є | Йо | Ж | З | И | І | Ї | Й | К | Л | М | Н | О | П | Р | С | Т | У | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Ш | Щ | ’ | Ь | Ю | Я | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rusyn | А | Б | В | Г | Ґ | Д | Е | Є | Ё | Ж | З | И | І | Ї | Й | К | Л | М | Н | О | П | Р | С | Т | У | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы | Ѣ | Ь | Ю | Я | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Iranian languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kurdish | А | Б | В | Г | Г' | Д | Е | Ә | Ә' | Ж | З | И | Й | К | К' | Л | М | Н | О | Ö | П | П' | Р | Р' | С | Т | Т' | У | Ф | Х | Һ | Һ' | Ч | Ч' | Ш | Щ | Ь | Э | Ԛ | Ԝ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ossetian | А | Ӕ | Б | В | Г | Гъ | Д | Дж | Дз | Е | Ё | Ж | З | И | Й | К | Къ | Л | М | Н | О | П | Пъ | Р | С | Т | Тъ | У | Ф | Х | Хъ | Ц | Цъ | Ч | Чъ | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы | Ь | Э | Ю | Я | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tajik | А | Б | В | Г | Ғ | Д | Е | Ё | Ж | З | И | Ӣ | Й | К | Қ | Л | М | Н | О | П | Р | С | Т | У | Ӯ | Ф | Х | Ҳ | Ч | Ҷ | Ш | Ъ | Э | Ю | Я | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Romance languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Moldovan (Romanian) |
А | Б | В | Г | Д | Е | Ж | Ӂ | З | И | Й | К | Л | М | Н | О | П | Р | С | Т | У | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Ш | Ы | Ь | Э | Ю | Я | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Uralic languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Komi-Permyak | А | Б | В | Г | Д | Е | Ё | Ж | З | И | І | Й | К | Л | М | Н | О | Ӧ | П | Р | С | Т | У | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы | Ь | Э | Ю | Я | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Meadow Mari | А | Б | В | Г | Д | Е | Ё | Ж | З | И | Й | К | Л | М | Н | Ҥ | О | Ӧ | П | Р | С | Т | У | Ӱ | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы | Ь | Э | Ю | Я | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hill Mari | А | Ӓ | Б | В | Г | Д | Е | Ё | Ж | З | И | Й | К | Л | М | Н | О | Ӧ | П | Р | С | Т | У | Ӱ | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы | Ӹ | Ь | Э | Ю | Я | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kildin Sami | А | Ӓ | Б | В | Г | Д | Е | Ё | Ж | З | И | Й | Ҋ | Ј | К | Л | Ӆ | М | Ӎ | Н | Ӊ | Ӈ | О | П | Р | Ҏ | С | Т | У | Ф | Х | Һ | Ц | Ч | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы | Ь | Ҍ | Э | Ӭ | Ю | Я | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Udmurt | А | Б | В | Г | Д | Е | Ё | Ж | Ӝ | З | Ӟ | И | Ӥ | Й | К | (К̈) | Л | М | Н | О | Ӧ | П | Р | С | Т | У | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Ӵ | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы | Ь | Э | Ю | Я | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Turkic languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Azerbaijani | А | Б | В | Г | Ғ | Д | Е | Ә | Ё | Ж | З | Ы | И | Ј | Й | К | Ҝ | Л | М | Н | О | Ө | П | Р | С | Т | У | Ү | Ф | Х | Һ | Ц | Ч | Ҹ | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы | Ь | Э | Ю | Я | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bashkir | А | Ә | Б | В | Г | Ғ | Д | Ҙ | Е | Ё | Ж | З | И | Й | К | Ҡ | Л | М | Н | Ң | О | Ө | П | Р | С | Ҫ | Т | У | Ү | Ф | Х | Һ | Ц | Ч | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы | Ь | Э | Ә | Ю | Я | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chuvash | А | Ӑ | Б | В | Г | Д | Е | Ё | Ӗ | Ж | З | И | Й | К | Л | М | Н | О | П | Р | С | Ҫ | Т | У | Ӳ | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы | Ь | Э | Ю | Я | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kazakh | А | Ә | Б | В | Г | Ғ | Д | Е | Ё | Ж | З | И | І | Й | К | Қ | Л | М | Н | Ң | О | Ө | П | Р | С | Т | У | Ұ | Ү | Ф | Х | Һ | Ц | Ч | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы | Ь | Э | Ю | Я | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kyrgyz | А | Б | Г | Д | Е | Ё | Ж | З | И | Й | К | Л | М | Н | Ң | О | Ө | П | Р | С | Т | У | Ү | Х | Ч | Ш | Ы | Э | Ю | Я | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tatar | А | Ә | Б | В | Г | Д | Е | Ё | Ж | Җ | З | И | Й | К | Л | М | Н | Ң | О | Ө | П | Р | С | Т | У | Ү | Ф | Х | Һ | Ц | Ч | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы | Ь | Э | Ю | Я | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Uzbek | А | Б | В | Г | Ғ | Д | Е | Ё | Ж | З | И | Й | К | Қ | Л | М | Н | О | П | Р | С | Т | У | Ў | Ф | Х | Ҳ | Ч | Ш | Ъ | Э | Ю | Я | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mongolian languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Buryat | А | Б | В | Г | Д | Е | Ё | Ж | З | И | Й | Л | М | Н | О | Ө | П | Р | С | Т | У | Ү | Х | Һ | Ц | Ч | Ш | Ы | Ь | Э | Ю | Я | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Khalkha | А | Б | В | Г | Д | Е | Ё | Ж | З | И | Й | К | Л | М | Н | О | Ө | П | Р | С | Т | У | Ү | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы | Ь | Э | Ю | Я | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kalmyk | А | Ә | Б | В | Г | Һ | Д | Е | Ж | Җ | З | И | Й | К | Л | М | Н | Ң | О | Ө | П | Р | С | Т | У | Ү | Х | Ц | Ч | Ш | Ь | Э | Ю | Я | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Caucasian languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abkhaz | А | Б | В | Г | Ҕ | Д | Дә | Џ | Е | Ҽ | Ҿ | Ж | Жә | З | Ӡ Ӡә | И | Й | К | Қ | Ҟ | Л | М | Н | О | Ҩ | П | Ҧ | Р | С | Т Тә | Ҭ Ҭә | У | Ф | Х | Ҳ Ҳә | Ц Цә | Ҵ Ҵә | Ч | Ҷ | Ш Шә | Щ | Ы | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sino-Tibetan languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dungan | А | Б | В | Г | Д | Е | Ё | Ж | Җ | З | И | Й | К | Л | М | Н | Ң | Ә | О | П | Р | С | Т | У | Ў | Ү | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы | Ь | Э | Ю | Я |
- Ё in Russian is usually spelled as Е; Ё is typically printed in texts for learners and in dictionaries, and in word pairs which are differentiated only by that letter (все – всё).[48]
Computer encoding
Unicode
As of Unicode version 15.1, Cyrillic letters, including national and historical alphabets, are encoded across several blocks:
- Cyrillic: U+0400–U+04FF
- Cyrillic Supplement: U+0500–U+052F
- Cyrillic Extended-A: U+2DE0–U+2DFF
- Cyrillic Extended-B: U+A640–U+A69F
- Cyrillic Extended-C: U+1C80–U+1C8F
- Cyrillic Extended-D: U+1E030–U+1E08F
- Phonetic Extensions: U+1D2B, U+1D78
- Combining Half Marks: U+FE2E–U+FE2F
The characters in the range U+0400 to U+045F are essentially the characters from
Unicode as a general rule does not include accented Cyrillic letters. A few exceptions include:
- combinations that are considered as separate letters of respective alphabets, like Ќ(as well as many letters of non-Slavic alphabets);
- two most frequent combinations orthographically required to distinguish Ѝ;
- a few Old and New Church Slavonic combinations: Ѽ.
To indicate stressed or long vowels,
Some languages, including
Unicode 5.1, released on 4 April 2008, introduces major changes to the Cyrillic blocks. Revisions to the existing Cyrillic blocks, and the addition of Cyrillic Extended A (2DE0 ... 2DFF) and Cyrillic Extended B (A640 ... A69F), significantly improve support for the early Cyrillic alphabet, Abkhaz, Aleut, Chuvash, Kurdish, and Moksha.[49]
Other
Other character encoding systems for Cyrillic:
- also known as GOST-alternative. Cyrillic characters go in their native order, with a "window" for pseudographic characters.
- ISO/IEC 8859-5 – 8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by International Organization for Standardization
- most significant bit from each byte – the result became a very rough, but readable, Latin transliteration of Cyrillic. Standard encoding of early 1990s for Unixsystems and the first Russian Internet encoding.
- KOI8-U – KOI8-R with addition of Ukrainian letters.
- .
- Windows-1251 – 8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by Microsoft for use in Microsoft Windows. The simplest 8-bit Cyrillic encoding – 32 capital chars in native order at 0xc0–0xdf, 32 usual chars at 0xe0–0xff, with rarely used "YO" characters somewhere else. No pseudographics. Former standard encoding in some Linux distributions for Belarusian and Bulgarian, but currently displaced by UTF-8.
- GOST-main.
- GB 2312 – Principally simplified Chinese encodings, but there are also the basic 33 Russian Cyrillic letters (in upper- and lower-case).
- JIS and Shift JIS – Principally Japanese encodings, but there are also the basic 33 Russian Cyrillic letters (in upper- and lower-case).
Keyboard layouts
Each language has its own standard
See also
- Cyrillic Alphabet Day
- Cyrillic digraphs
- Cyrillic script in Unicode
- Faux Cyrillic, real or fake Cyrillic letters used to give Latin-alphabet text a Soviet or Russian feel
- List of Cyrillic digraphs and trigraphs
- Russian Braille
- Russian cursive
- Russian manual alphabet
- Bulgarian Braille
- Vladislav the Grammarian
- Yugoslav Braille
- Yugoslav manual alphabet
Internet top-level domains in Cyrillic
Notes
- ^ North Macedonia has two official languages, Macedonian, which is written in Cyrillic, and Albanian, written in Latin.
- ^ Bosnia and Herzegovina has three official languages, Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian, which are used with both Latin and Cyrillic, except for Croatian which is exclusively in Latin.
- ^ Albanian is written in Latin script in Kosovo, but Serbian in Cyrillic.
- ^ Kazakh language will be transitioned to a Latin script from 2023 to 2031. Russian, the co-official language in Kazakhstan, will continue to be written in Cyrillic.
- ^ Cyrillic is the de facto script used alongside Latin. It is used in business, government, and other official documents. It is also widely spread throughout Uzbekistan.
- ^ Cyrillic is used co-officially alongside the Mongolian script.
- ^ The Montenegrin language, the official language of Montenegro, is written in Latin and Cyrillic.
- ^ Turkmenistan has one official language, Turkmen, which is written in Latin. The daily official newspaper is published in both Turkmen (Türkmenistan)[2] and Russian (Нейтральный Туркменистан).[3]
- ^ The Russian name ital'yanskiy shrift (Italian type) refers to a particular typeface family, whereas rimskiy shrift (roman type) is just a synonym for Latin type, Latin alphabet.
Footnotes
- ^ Auty, R. Handbook of Old Church Slavonic, Part II: Texts and Glossary. 1977.
- ^ "Gazetler | TDNG". metbugat.gov.tm. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
- ^ "Gazetler | TDNG". metbugat.gov.tm. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
- ^ Oldest alphabet found in Egypt. BBC. 1999-11-15. Retrieved 2015-01-14.
- ^ "Bdinski Zbornik[manuscript]". lib.ugent.be. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
- List of countries by population
- ^ Orban, Leonard (24 May 2007). "Cyrillic, the third official alphabet of the EU, was created by a truly multilingual European" (PDF). European Union. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
- ^ Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, s.v. "Cyril and Methodius, Saints"; Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Incorporated, Warren E. Preece – 1972, p. 846, s.v., "Cyril and Methodius, Saints" and "Eastern Orthodoxy, Missions ancient and modern"; Encyclopedia of World Cultures, David H. Levinson, 1991, p. 239, s.v., "Social Science"; Eric M. Meyers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, p. 151, 1997; Lunt, Slavic Review, June 1964, p. 216; Roman Jakobson, Crucial problems of Cyrillo-Methodian Studies; Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky, A Handbook of Slavic Studies, p. 98; V. Bogdanovich, History of the ancient Serbian literature, Belgrade, 1980, p. 119.
- ^ Dvornik, Francis (1956). The Slavs: Their Early History and Civilization. Boston: American Academy of Arts and Sciences. p. 179.
The Psalter and the Book of Prophets were adapted or "modernized" with special regard to their use in Bulgarian churches and it was in this school that the Glagolitic script was replaced by the so-called Cyrillic writing, which was more akin to the Greek uncial, simplified matters considerably and is still used by the Orthodox Slavs.
- ^ a b Curta (2006), pp. 221–222.
- ISBN 978-0-19-161488-0.
- ^ "Провежда се международна конференция в гр. Опака за св. Антоний от Крепчанския манастир" [An international conference is being held in the town of Opaka for St. Anthony of the Krepchan Monastery]. 15 October 2021.
Another inscription found by Popkonstantinov during the survey of the monastery speaks of the time of its creation. It consists of nine lines and has come down to us much damaged. 59 letters are saved. The first three lines are readable. What is preserved of him reads: "In the year 921, in the month of October, the servant of God Anton died..."
- ^ ISBN 0-19-507993-0.
- ^ Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, s.v. "Cyril and Methodius, Saints"; Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Incorporated, Warren E. Preece – 1972, p. 846, s.v., "Cyril and Methodius, Saints" and "Eastern Orthodoxy, Missions ancient and modern"; Encyclopedia of World Cultures, David H. Levinson, 1991, p. 239, s.v., "Social Science"; Eric M. Meyers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, p. 151, 1997; Lunt, Slavic Review, June, 1964, p. 216; Roman Jakobson, Crucial problems of Cyrillo-Methodian Studies; Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky, A Handbook of Slavic Studies, p. 98; V. Bogdanovich, History of the ancient Serbian literature, Belgrade, 1980, p. 119.
- ^ The Columbia Encyclopaedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, O.Ed. Saints Cyril and Methodius "Cyril and Methodius, Saints) 869 and 884, respectively, "Greek missionaries, brothers, called Apostles to the Slavs and fathers of Slavonic literature."
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Major alphabets of the world, Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets, 2008, O.Ed. "The two early Slavic alphabets, the Cyrillic and the Glagolitic, were invented by St. Cyril, or Constantine (c. 827–869), and St. Methodii (c. 825–884). These men from Thessaloniki who became apostles to the southern Slavs, whom they converted to Christianity."
- ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
Constantine (Cyril) and his brother Methodius were the sons of the droungarios Leo and Maria, who may have been a Slav.
- S2CID 166319427.
- ^ Schenker, Alexander (1995). The Dawn of Slavic. Yale University Press. pp. 185–186, 189–190.
- ISBN 9783110162844.
- ^ Wien, Lysaght (1983). Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian)-Middle Greek-Modern English dictionary. Verlag Bruder Hollinek.
- ^ Benjamin W. Fortson. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, p. 374.
- ^ Balić, Smail (1978). Die Kultur der Bosniaken, Supplement I: Inventar des bosnischen literarischen Erbes in orientalischen Sprachen. Vienna: Adolf Holzhausens, Vienna. pp. 49–50, 111.
- ^ Algar, Hamid (1995). The Literature of the Bosnian Muslims: a Quadrilingual Heritage. Kuala Lumpur: Nadwah Ketakwaan Melalui Kreativiti. pp. 254–268.
- Srećko M. Džaja & Ivan Lovrenović in Zagreb's biweekly "Vijenac", later in whole published in Journal of Franciscan theology in Sarajevo, "Bosna franciscana" No.42. 2014. Archived from the originalon 11 April 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
- ^ Iliev, Ivan G. "Short history of the Cyrillic alphabet – Ivan G. Iliev". International Journal of Russian Studies. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
- ISBN 978-1932026016. Archivedfrom the original on 8 December 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
- ^ А. Н. Стеценко. Хрестоматия по Старославянскому Языку, 1984.
- ^ Cubberley, Paul. The Slavic Alphabets, 1996.
- ^ Variant form: S.
- ^ Variant form: Ꙋ.
- ^ Variant form: ЪИ.
- ^ Lunt, Horace G. Old Church Slavonic Grammar, Seventh Edition, 2001.
- ^ Bringhurst (2002) writes: "in Cyrillic, the difference between normal lower case and small caps is more subtle than it is in the Latin or Greek alphabets" (p. 32) and "in most Cyrillic faces, the lower case is close in color and shape to Latin small caps" (p. 107).
- ISBN 978-608-220-042-2. Archived(PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ISBN 978-86-363-0296-5.
- ^ "Cyrillicsly: Two Cyrillics: a critical history I".
- ^ "Cyrillic script variations and the importance of localisation - Fontshare.com". 24 September 2020.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
- ^ The Times (20 March 2020). "Mongolia to restore traditional alphabet by 2025". News.MN. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
- ^ "Alaskan Orthodox texts". All Saints of North America Orthodox Church. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
- ^ Iliev, Ivan G. "SHORT History of the Cyrillic ALPHABET". International Journal of Russian Studies. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
- ^ "Komi language and alphabet". omniglot.com. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
- ^ "Serbian constitution".
- ^ "Serbian signs of the times are not in Cyrillic". Christian Science Monitor. 29 May 2008.
- S2CID 245301540.
- ^ "UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems".
- ^ Лопатин, В. В., ed. (2009). "Употребление буквы ё в текстах разного назначения" [Rules of Russian orthography and punctuation online. Usage of the letter ё in texts of varied purposes]. Правила русской орфографии и пунктуации онлайн (in Russian). Retrieved 4 September 2023.
- ^ "IOS Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
References
- ISBN 0-88179-133-4.
- ISBN 978-0-521-81539-0.
Further reading
- Isailović, Neven G.; Krstić, Aleksandar R. (2015). "Serbian Language and Cyrillic Script as a Means of Diplomatic Literacy in South Eastern Europe in 15th and 16th Centuries". Literacy Experiences concerning Medieval and Early Modern Transylvania. Cluj-Napoca: George Bariţiu Institute of History. pp. 185–195.
- Nezirović, M. (1992). Jevrejsko-španjolska književnost [Jewish-Spanish literature]. Sarajevo: Svjetlost. [cited in Šmid, 2002]
- Prostov, Eugene Victor (1931). "Origins of Russian Printing". Library Quarterly. 1 (1 (January)): 255–77. ]
- Šmid, Katja (2002). "Los problemas del estudio de la lengua sefardí" [The problems of studying the Sephardic language] (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2008. in Verba Hispanica. Vol. X. Liubliana: Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Liubliana. ISSN 0353-9660..
- 'The Lives of St. Tsurho and St. Strahota', Bohemia, 1495, Vatican Library
- Ammon, Philipp (2016). "Tractatus slavonicus (in: Sjani (Thoughts) )" (PDF). Georgian Scientific Journal of Literary Theory and Comparative Literature (17): 248–256.
External links
- The Cyrillic Charset Soup overview and history of Cyrillic charsets.
- Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts, a collection of writing systems and transliteration tables
- History and development of the Cyrillic alphabet
- Cyrillic Alphabets of Slavic Languages review of Cyrillic charsets in Slavic Languages.
- data entry in Old Cyrillic / Стара Кирилица (archived 22 February 2014)
- Cyrillic and its Long Journey East – NamepediA Blog, article about the Cyrillic script
- Vladimir M. Alpatov (24 January 2013). "Latin Alphabet for the Russian Language". Soundcloud (Podcast). The University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
- Unicode collation charts—including Cyrillic letters, sorted by shape