Cytoarchitecture

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The human cerebral cortex divided into Brodmann areas on the basis of cytoarchitecture.

Cytoarchitecture (

Greek κύτος= "cell" + ἀρχιτεκτονική= "architecture"), also known as cytoarchitectonics, is the study of the cellular composition of the central nervous system's tissues under the microscope. Cytoarchitectonics is one of the ways to parse the brain, by obtaining sections of the brain using a microtome and staining them with chemical agents which reveal where different neurons
are located.

The study of the parcellation of nerve fibers (primarily axons) into layers forms the subject of myeloarchitectonics (<Gk. μυελός=marrow + ἀρχιτεκτονική=architecture), an approach complementary to cytoarchitectonics.[1]

History of the cerebral cytoarchitecture

Defining cerebral cytoarchitecture began with the advent of histology—the science of slicing and staining brain slices for examination.[2] It is credited to the Viennese psychiatrist Theodor Meynert (1833–1892), who in 1867 noticed regional variations in the histological structure of different parts of the gray matter in the cerebral hemispheres.[3]

Paul Flechsig was the first to present the cytoarchitecture of the human brain into 40 areas.[4] Alfred Walter Campbell then divided it into 14 areas.[5]

Sir

Brodmann Area,[2] and he believed that each of these regions served a unique functional purpose.[9]

Constantin von Economo and Georg N. Koskinas, two neurologists in Vienna, produced a landmark work in brain research by defining 107 cortical areas on the basis of cytoarchitectonic criteria.[10][11] They used letters to categorize the architecture, e.g., "F" for areas of the frontal lobe.

The Nissl staining technique

The Nissl staining technique (named for

rough endoplasmic reticulum), which are abundant in neurons and reveal specific patterns of cytoarchitecture in the brain. Other common staining techniques used by histologists in other tissues (such as the hematoxylin and eosin or "H&E stain") leave brain tissue appearing largely homogeneous and do not reveal the level of organization apparent in a Nissl stain. Nissl staining reveals details ranging from the macroscopic, such as the laminar pattern of the cerebral cortex or the interlocking nuclear patterns of the diencephalon and brainstem, to the microscopic, such as the distinctions between individual neurons and glia in any subregion of the central nervous system. Many other neuroanatomic and cytoarchitectonic techniques are available to supplement Nissl cytoarchitectonics, including immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, which allow one to label any gene or protein
expressed in any group of cells in the brain. However, Nissl cytoarchitecture remains a reliable, inexpensive, and familiar starting or reference point for neuroscientists wishing to examine or communicate their findings in a widely recognized anatomical framework and/or in reference to neuroanatomical atlases which use the same technique.

See also

References

  1. ISBN 978-1-4625-0666-8
    .
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-0-12-405931-3
    .
  3. ^ Meynert, T. (1872) Der Bau der Gross-Hirnrinde und seine örtlichen Verschiedenheiten, nebst einem pathologisch–anatomischen Corollarium. J.H. Heuser’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Neuwied & Leipzig.
  4. ^ "Neue Untersuchungen über die Markbildung in den menschlichen Grosshirnlappen". Neurologisches Centralblatt 17:977-996 (1898).
  5. ^ Campbell, A.W. (1903). "Histological studies on cerebral localisation". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 72:488-492.
  6. ^ Elliot Smith, G. (1907) A new topographical survey of the human cerebral cortex, being an account of the distribution of the anatomically distinct cortical areas and their relationship to the cerebral sulci. Journal of Anatomy and Physiology (London) 41: 237-254.
  7. ^ Brodmann, K. (1909) Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig.
  8. ^ Garey, L.J. (2006) Brodmann’s Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex. Springer Science, New York.
  9. ISBN 978-0-19-803952-5
    .
  10. ^ Economo, C. von, Koskinas, G.N. (1925) Die Cytoarchitektonik der Hirnrinde des erwachsenen Menschen. Julius Springer, Vienna.
  11. ^ Economo, C. von, Koskinas, G.N. (2008) Atlas of Cytoarchitectonics of the Adult Human Cerebral Cortex (translated, revised and edited by L.C. Triarhou). Karger, Basel.
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