Czech Republic

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Coordinates: 49°45′N 15°30′E / 49.750°N 15.500°E / 49.750; 15.500
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For other uses, see Czech Republic (disambiguation). "Czechia" redirects here. Not to be confused with Chechnya. For other uses, see Czechia (disambiguation).

Czech Republic
Česká republika (Czech)
Motto: 
Ethnic groups
(2021)[2]
Religion
(2021)[3]
  • 1.2%
    other
  • 30.1% unanswered
    • Demonym(s)Czech
    GovernmentUnitary parliamentary republic
    • President
    		Petr Pavel
    Petr Fiala
    LegislatureParliament
    • Upper house
    		Senate
    • Lower house
    		Chamber of Deputies
    Establishment
    c. 870
    1198
    28 October 1918
    1 January 1993
    Area
    • Total
    		78,871 km2 (30,452 sq mi)[4] (115th)
    • Water (%)
    		2.16 (as of 2022)[4]
    Population
    • 2023 estimate
    		Neutral increase 10,900,555[5] (85th)
    • 2021 census
    		Neutral increase 10,524,167[2]
    • Density
    		133/km2 (344.5/sq mi) (91st)
    GDP (PPP)2023 estimate
    • Total
    		Increase $539.318 billion[6] (46th)
    • Per capita
    		Increase $49,025[6] (39th)
    GDP (nominal)2023 estimate
    • Total
    		Increase $335.243 billion[6] (47th)
    • Per capita
    		Increase $30,474[6] (37th)
    Gini (2020)Negative increase 24.2[7]
    low
    HDI (2022)Increase 0.895[8]
    very high (32nd)
    CurrencyCzech koruna (CZK)
    Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
    • Summer (DST)
    		UTC+2 (CEST)
    Date formatd. m. yyyy
    Driving sideright
    Calling code+420[a]
    ISO 3166 codeCZ
    Internet TLD.cz[b]

    The Czech Republic,[c][12] also known as Czechia,[d][13] is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Historically known as Bohemia,[14] it is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the southeast.[15] The Czech Republic has a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,871 square kilometers (30,452 sq mi) with a mostly temperate continental and oceanic climate. The capital and largest city is Prague; other major cities and urban areas include Brno, Ostrava, Plzeň and Liberec.

    The Duchy of Bohemia was founded in the late 9th century under Great Moravia. It was formally recognized as an Imperial State of the Holy Roman Empire in 1002 and became a kingdom in 1198.[16][17] Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, all of the Crown lands of Bohemia were gradually integrated into the Habsburg monarchy. Nearly a hundred years later, the Protestant Bohemian Revolt led to the Thirty Years' War. After the Battle of White Mountain, the Habsburgs consolidated their rule. With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Crown lands became part of the Austrian Empire.

    In the 19th century, the Czech lands became more industrialized, and in 1918 most of it became part of the First Czechoslovak Republic following the collapse of Austria-Hungary after World War I.[18] Czechoslovakia was the only country in Central and Eastern Europe to remain a parliamentary democracy during the entirety of the interwar period.[19] After the Munich Agreement in 1938, Nazi Germany systematically took control over the Czech lands.

    Czechoslovakia was restored in 1945 and three years later became an Eastern Bloc communist state following a coup d'état in 1948. Attempts to liberalize the government and economy were suppressed by a Soviet-led invasion of the country during the Prague Spring in 1968. In November 1989, the Velvet Revolution ended communist rule in the country and restored democracy. On 31 December 1992, Czechoslovakia was peacefully dissolved, with its constituent states becoming the independent states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

    The Czech Republic is a unitary parliamentary republic and developed country with an advanced, high-income social market economy. It is a welfare state with a European social model, universal health care and free-tuition university education. It ranks 32nd in the Human Development Index. The Czech Republic is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the European Union, the OECD, the OSCE, the Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group.

    Etymology

    Main article: Name of the Czech Republic

    The traditional English name "Bohemia" derives from

    cognate to the Czech word člověk (a person).[23]

    The country has been traditionally divided into three lands, namely Bohemia (Čechy) in the west, Moravia (Morava) in the east, and Czech Silesia (Slezsko; the smaller, south-eastern part of historical Silesia, most of which is located within modern Poland) in the northeast.[24] Known as the lands of the Bohemian Crown since the 14th century, a number of other names for the country have been used, including Czech/Bohemian lands, Bohemian Crown, Czechia, [25] and the lands of the Crown of Saint Wenceslaus. When the country regained its independence after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian empire in 1918, the new name of Czechoslovakia was coined to reflect the union of the Czech and Slovak nations within one country.[26]

    After Czechoslovakia dissolved on the last day of 1992, Česko was adopted as the Czech short name for the new state and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic recommended Czechia for the English-language equivalent.[27] This form was not widely adopted at the time, leading to the long name Czech Republic being used in English in nearly all circumstances. The Czech government directed use of Czechia as the official English short name in 2016.[28] The short name has been listed by the United Nations[29] and is used by other organizations such as the European Union,[30] NATO,[31] the CIA,[32] Google Maps,[33] and the European Broadcasting Union.[34] In 2022, the American AP Stylebook stated in its entry on the country that "Czechia, the Czech Republic. Both are acceptable. The shorter name Czechia is preferred by the Czech government. If using Czechia, clarify in the story that the country is more widely known in English as the Czech Republic."[35]

    History

    Main article: History of the Czech lands

    Prehistory

    Ceramic sculpture
    Stone Sculpture
    Left: Venus of Dolní Věstonice dated to 29,000–25,000 BCE.
    Right: the stone head of a Celt is among the archaeological collections of the National Museum.[36]

    Archaeologists have found evidence of prehistoric human settlements in the area, dating back to the Paleolithic era.[citation needed]

    In the classical era, as a result of the 3rd century BC Celtic migrations, Bohemia became associated with the Boii.[37] The Boii founded an oppidum near the site of modern Prague.[38] Later in the 1st century, the Germanic tribes of the Marcomanni and Quadi settled there.[39]

    Slavs from the Black Sea–Carpathian region settled in the area (their migration was pushed by an invasion of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe into their area:[40] Huns, Avars, Bulgars and Magyars).[41] In the sixth century, the Huns had moved westwards into Bohemia, Moravia, and some of present-day Austria and Germany.[41]

    During the 7th century, the Frankish merchant Samo, supporting the Slavs fighting against nearby settled Avars,[42] became the ruler of the first documented Slavic state in Central Europe, Samo's Empire. The principality of Great Moravia, controlled by Moymir dynasty, arose in the 8th century.[43] It reached its zenith in the 9th (during the reign of Svatopluk I of Moravia), holding off the influence of the Franks. Great Moravia was Christianized, with a role being played by the Byzantine mission of Cyril and Methodius. They codified the Old Church Slavonic language, the first literary and liturgical language of the Slavs, and the Glagolitic script.[44]

    Bohemia

    Main article: Bohemia
    The Crown of Bohemia within the Holy Roman Empire (1600). The Czech lands were part of the Empire in 1002–1806, and Prague was the imperial seat in 1346–1437 and 1583–1611.

    The Duchy of Bohemia emerged in the late 9th century when it was unified by the Přemyslid dynasty. Bohemia was from 1002 until 1806 an Imperial Estate of the Holy Roman Empire.[45]

    In 1212, Přemysl Ottokar I extracted the Golden Bull of Sicily from the emperor, confirming Ottokar and his descendants' royal status; the Duchy of Bohemia was raised to a Kingdom.[46] German immigrants settled in the Bohemian periphery in the 13th century.[47] The Mongols in the invasion of Europe carried their raids into Moravia but were defensively defeated at Olomouc.[48]

    After a series of dynastic wars, the House of Luxembourg gained the Bohemian throne.[49]

    Efforts for a reform of the church in Bohemia started already in the late 14th century. Jan Hus' followers seceded from some practices of the Roman Church and in the Hussite Wars (1419–1434) defeated five crusades organized against them by Sigismund. During the next two centuries, 90% of the population in Bohemia and Moravia were considered Hussites. The pacifist thinker Petr Chelčický inspired the movement of the Moravian Brethren (by the middle of the 15th century) that completely separated from the Roman Catholic Church.[50]

    Painting of battle between mounted knights
    Battle between Hussites and crusaders during the Hussite Wars; Jena Codex, 15th century

    On 21 December 1421, Jan Žižka, a successful military commander and mercenary, led his group of forces in the Battle of Kutná Hora, resulting in a victory for the Hussites. He is honoured to this day as a national hero.

    After 1526 Bohemia came increasingly under Habsburg control as the Habsburgs became first the elected and then in 1627 the hereditary rulers of Bohemia. Between 1583 and 1611 Prague was the official seat of the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II and his court.

    The Defenestration of Prague and subsequent revolt against the Habsburgs in 1618 marked the start of the Thirty Years' War. In 1620, the rebellion in Bohemia was crushed at the Battle of White Mountain and the ties between Bohemia and the Habsburgs' hereditary lands in Austria were strengthened. The leaders of the Bohemian Revolt were executed in 1621. The nobility and the middle class Protestants had to either convert to Catholicism or leave the country.[51]

    The following era of 1620 to the late 18th century became known as the "Dark Age". During the Thirty Years' War, the population of the Czech lands declined by a third through the expulsion of Czech Protestants as well as due to the war, disease and famine.[52] The Habsburgs prohibited all Christian confessions other than Catholicism.[53] The flowering of Baroque culture shows the ambiguity of this historical period. Ottoman Turks and Tatars invaded Moravia in 1663.[54] In 1679–1680 the Czech lands faced the Great Plague of Vienna and an uprising of serfs.[55]

    The 1618 Defenestration of Prague marked the beginning of the Bohemian Revolt against the Habsburgs and therefore the first phase of the Thirty Years' War.

    There were peasant uprisings influenced by famine.[56] Serfdom was abolished between 1781 and 1848. Several battles of the Napoleonic Wars took place on the current territory of the Czech Republic.

    The end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 led to degradation of the political status of Bohemia which lost its position of an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire as well as its own political representation in the Imperial Diet.[57] Bohemian lands became part of the Austrian Empire. During the 18th and 19th century the Czech National Revival began its rise, with the purpose to revive Czech language, culture, and national identity. The Revolution of 1848 in Prague, striving for liberal reforms and autonomy of the Bohemian Crown within the Austrian Empire, was suppressed.[58]

    It seemed that some concessions would be made also to Bohemia, but in the end, the Emperor Franz Joseph I affected a compromise with Hungary only. The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and the never realized coronation of Franz Joseph as King of Bohemia led to a disappointment of some Czech politicians.[58] The Bohemian Crown lands became part of the so-called Cisleithania.

    The Czech Social Democratic and progressive politicians started the fight for universal suffrage. The first elections under universal male suffrage were held in 1907.[59]

    Czechoslovakia

    Main article:
    Bohemian Crown.[62]

    The First Czechoslovak Republic comprised only 27% of the population of the former Austria-Hungary, but nearly 80% of the industry, which enabled it to compete with Western industrial states.[60] In 1929 compared to 1913, the gross domestic product increased by 52% and industrial production by 41%. In 1938 Czechoslovakia held 10th place in the world industrial production.[63] Czechoslovakia was the only country in Central and Eastern Europe to remain a liberal democracy throughout the entire interwar period.[64] Although the First Czechoslovak Republic was a unitary state, it provided certain rights to its minorities, the largest being Germans (23.6% in 1921), Hungarians (5.6%) and Ukrainians (3.5%).[65]

    Prague during the 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia

    Western Czechoslovakia was

    Czechoslovak resistance to Nazi occupation as well as reprisals against the Czechoslovaks for their anti-Nazi resistance. The German occupation ended on 9 May 1945, with the arrival of the Soviet and American armies and the Prague uprising.[67] Most of Czechoslovakia's German-speakers were forcibly expelled from the country, first as a result of local acts of violence and then under the aegis of an "organized transfer" confirmed by the Soviet Union, the United States, and Great Britain at the Potsdam Conference.[68]

    In the

    1946 elections, the Communist Party gained 38%[69] of the votes and became the largest party in the Czechoslovak parliament, formed a coalition with other parties, and consolidated power. A coup d'état came in 1948 and a single-party government was formed. For the next 41 years, the Czechoslovak Communist state conformed to Eastern Bloc economic and political features.[70] The Prague Spring political liberalization was stopped by the 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
    . Analysts believe that the invasion caused the communist movement to fracture, ultimately leading to the Revolutions of 1989.

    Czech Republic

    Main articles: Velvet Revolution and Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
    Václav Havel, one of the most important figures in Czech history during the 20th century. Leader of the Velvet Revolution, the last president of Czechoslovakia and the first president of the Czech Republic.

    In November 1989, Czechoslovakia again became a liberal democracy through the Velvet Revolution. However, Slovak national aspirations strengthened (Hyphen War) and on 31 December 1992, the country peacefully split into the independent countries of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Both countries went through economic reforms and privatizations, with the intention of creating a market economy, as they have been trying to do since 1990, when Czechs and Slovaks still shared the common state. This process was largely successful; in 2006 the Czech Republic was recognized by the World Bank as a "developed country",[71] and in 2009 the Human Development Index ranked it as a nation of "Very High Human Development".[72]

    From 1991, the Czech Republic, originally as part of Czechoslovakia and since 1993 in its own right, has been a member of the

    OECD. The Czech Republic joined NATO on 12 March 1999 and the European Union on 1 May 2004. On 21 December 2007 the Czech Republic joined the Schengen Area.[73]

    Until 2017, either the centre-left

    elections with three times more votes than its closest rival, the Civic Democrats.[74] In December 2017, Czech president Miloš Zeman appointed Andrej Babiš as the new prime minister.[75]

    In the

    Ukrainian refugees, the largest number per capita in the world.[78][79]

    Geography

    Main article: Geography of the Czech Republic
    Topographic map

    The Czech Republic lies mostly between latitudes 48° and 51° N and longitudes 12° and 19° E.

    Krkonoše range of the Sudetes. The highest point in the country, Sněžka at 1,603 m (5,259 ft), is located here. Moravia, the eastern part of the country, is also hilly. It is drained mainly by the Morava River, but it also contains the source of the Oder River (Czech
    : Odra).

    Water from the Czech Republic flows to three different seas: the

    lot in the middle of the Hamburg Docks, which was awarded to Czechoslovakia by Article 363 of the Treaty of Versailles
    , to allow the landlocked country a place where goods transported down river could be transferred to seagoing ships. The territory reverts to Germany in 2028.

    Phytogeographically, the Czech Republic belongs to the Central European province of the Circumboreal Region, within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature, the territory of the Czech Republic can be subdivided into four ecoregions: the Western European broadleaf forests, Central European mixed forests, Pannonian mixed forests, and Carpathian montane conifer forests.[80]

    There are four national parks in the Czech Republic. The oldest is Krkonoše National Park (Biosphere Reserve), and the others are Šumava National Park (Biosphere Reserve), Podyjí National Park, and Bohemian Switzerland.

    The three historical lands of the Czech Republic (formerly some countries of the Bohemian Crown) correspond with the river basins of the Elbe and the Vltava basin for Bohemia, the Morava one for Moravia, and the Oder river basin for Czech Silesia (in terms of the Czech territory).

    Climate

    Köppen climate classification types of the Czech Republic using the 0 °C isotherm
      Humid continental climate
      Subarctic climate
    Köppen climate classification types of the Czech Republic using the −3 °C isotherm
      Humid continental climate
      Oceanic climate
      Subarctic climate

    The Czech Republic has a temperate climate, situated in the transition zone between the oceanic and continental climate types, with warm summers and cold, cloudy and snowy winters. The temperature difference between summer and winter is due to the landlocked geographical position.[81]

    Temperatures vary depending on the elevation. In general, at higher altitudes, the temperatures decrease and

    precipitation increases. The wettest area in the Czech Republic is found around Bílý Potok in Jizera Mountains and the driest region is the Louny District to the northwest of Prague
    . Another factor is the distribution of the mountains.

    At the highest peak of Sněžka (1,603 m or 5,259 ft), the average temperature is −0.4 °C (31 °F), whereas in the lowlands of the South Moravian Region, the average temperature is as high as 10 °C (50 °F). The country's capital, Prague, has a similar average temperature, although this is influenced by urban factors.

    The coldest month is usually January, followed by February and December. During these months, there is snow in the mountains and sometimes in the cities and lowlands. During March, April, and May, the temperature usually increases, especially during April, when the temperature and weather tends to vary during the day. Spring is also characterized by higher water levels in the rivers, due to melting snow with occasional flooding.

    The warmest month of the year is July, followed by August and June. On average, summer temperatures are about 20–30 °C (36–54 °F) higher than during winter. Summer is also characterized by rain and storms.

    Autumn generally begins in September, which is still warm and dry. During October, temperatures usually fall below 15 °C (59 °F) or 10 °C (50 °F) and deciduous trees begin to shed their leaves. By the end of November, temperatures usually range around the freezing point.

    The coldest temperature ever measured was in Litvínovice near České Budějovice in 1929, at −42.2 °C (−44.0 °F) and the hottest measured, was at 40.4 °C (104.7 °F) in Dobřichovice in 2012.[82]

    Most rain falls during the summer. Sporadic rainfall is throughout the year (in Prague, the average number of days per month experiencing at least 0.1 mm (0.0039 in) of rain varies from 12 in September and October to 16 in November) but concentrated rainfall (days with more than 10 mm (0.39 in) per day) are more frequent in the months of May to August (average around two such days per month).[83] Severe thunderstorms, producing damaging straight-line winds, hail, and occasional tornadoes occur, especially during the summer period.[84][85]

    Environment

    See also: Protected areas of the Czech Republic and Fauna of the Czech Republic

    As of 2020, the Czech Republic ranks as the 21st most environmentally conscious country in the world in

    České Švýcarsko National Park, Podyjí National Park
    ) and 25 Protected Landscape Areas.

    Government

    Main articles: Government of the Czech Republic and Politics of the Czech Republic
    Petr Pavel
    President
    Petr Pavel
    Petr Fiala
    Prime Minister
    Petr Fiala

    The Czech Republic is a pluralist multi-party

    election threshold. There are 14 voting districts, identical to the country's administrative regions. The Chamber of Deputies, the successor to the Czech National Council, has the powers and responsibilities of the now defunct federal parliament of the former Czechoslovakia. The members of the Senate are elected in single-seat constituencies by two-round runoff voting for a six-year term, with one-third elected every even year in the autumn. This arrangement is modeled on the U.S. Senate
    , but each constituency is roughly the same size and the voting system used is a two-round runoff.

    The Chamber of Deputies, lower house of the Parliament of the Czech Republic

    The president is a formal head of state with limited and specific powers, who appoints the prime minister, as well the other members of the cabinet on a proposal by the prime minister. From 1993 until 2012, the

    semi-presidential one.[90] The Government's exercise of executive power derives from the Constitution. The members of the government are the Prime Minister, Deputy prime ministers and other ministers. The Government is responsible to the Chamber of Deputies.[91] The Prime Minister is the head of government and wields powers such as the right to set the agenda for most foreign and domestic policy and choose government ministers.[92]

    Main office-holders
    Office Name Party Since
    President Petr Pavel Independent 9 March 2023
    President of the Senate Miloš Vystrčil ODS 19 February 2020
    President of the Chamber of Deputies Markéta Pekarová Adamová TOP 09 10 November 2021
    Prime Minister Petr Fiala ODS 28 November 2021

    Law

    Main articles: Law of the Czech Republic, Judiciary of the Czech Republic, and Law enforcement in the Czech Republic
    See also:
    Self-defence (Czech Republic)
    Interior of the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic in Brno

    The Czech Republic is a unitary state,[93] with a civil law system based on the continental type, rooted in Germanic legal culture. The basis of the legal system is the Constitution of the Czech Republic adopted in 1993.[94] The Penal Code is effective from 2010. A new Civil code became effective in 2014. The court system includes district, county, and supreme courts and is divided into civil, criminal, and administrative branches. The Czech judiciary has a triumvirate of supreme courts. The Constitutional Court consists of 15 constitutional judges and oversees violations of the Constitution by either the legislature or by the government.[94] The Supreme Court is formed of 67 judges and is the court of highest appeal for most legal cases heard in the Czech Republic. The Supreme Administrative Court decides on issues of procedural and administrative propriety. It also has jurisdiction over certain political matters, such as the formation and closure of political parties, jurisdictional boundaries between government entities, and the eligibility of persons to stand for public office.[94] The Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court are both based in Brno, as is the Supreme Public Prosecutor's Office.[94]

    Foreign relations

    Main article: Foreign relations of the Czech Republic
    See also:
    Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic
    citizenship of the European Union
    )

    The Czech Republic has ranked as one of the safest or most peaceful countries for the past few decades.[95] It is a member of the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, OECD, Council of Europe and is an observer to the Organization of American States.[96] The embassies of most countries with diplomatic relations with the Czech Republic are located in Prague, while consulates are located across the country.

    The Czech passport is

    World Tourism Organization ranks the Czech passport 24th.[98] The US Visa Waiver Program
    applies to Czech nationals.

    Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Prague

    The

    foreign intelligence agency responsible for espionage
    and foreign policy briefings, as well as protection of Czech Republic's embassies abroad.

    The Czech Republic has ties with

    members. After 2020, relations with Asian democratic states, such as Taiwan, are being strengthened.[103] Conversely, the Czech Republic has long had bad relations with Russia, and from 2021 the Czech Republic appears on Russia's official list of enemy countries.[104] The Czech Republic also has problematic relations with China
    .

    Czech officials have supported dissenters in Belarus, Moldova, Myanmar and Cuba.[105]

    Famous Czech diplomats of the past included Jaroslav Lev of Rožmitál, Humprecht Jan Czernin, Count Philip Kinsky of Wchinitz and Tettau, Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg, Prince Karl Philipp Schwarzenberg, Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal, Ottokar Czernin, Edvard Beneš, Jan Masaryk, Jiří Hájek, Jiří Dienstbier, Michael Žantovský, Petr Kolář, Alexandr Vondra, Prince Karel Schwarzenberg and Petr Pavel.

    Military

    Main article: Army of the Czech Republic
    General Staff of the Army of the Czech Republic in Prague

    The Czech armed forces consist of the Czech Land Forces, the Czech Air Force and of specialized support units. The armed forces are managed by the Ministry of Defence. The President of the Czech Republic is Commander-in-chief of the armed forces. In 2004 the army transformed itself into a fully professional organization and compulsory military service was abolished. The country has been a member of NATO since 12 March 1999. Defence spending is approximately 1.28% of the GDP (2021).[106] The armed forces are charged with protecting the Czech Republic and its allies, promoting global security interests, and contributing to NATO.

    Currently, as a member of NATO, the Czech military are participating in the

    OT-90, BVP-2) and tanks (T-72 and T-72M4CZ
    ).

    The most famous Czech, and therefore Czechoslovak, soldiers and military leaders of the past were Ottokar II of Bohemia, John of Bohemia, Jan Žižka, Albrecht von Wallenstein, Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg, Joseph Radetzky von Radetz, Josef Šnejdárek, Heliodor Píka, Ludvík Svoboda, Jan Kubiš, Jozef Gabčík, František Fajtl and Petr Pavel.

    Human rights

    Main article:
    Human rights in the Czech Republic
    See also: LGBT rights in the Czech Republic

    Human rights in the Czech Republic are guaranteed by the

    international treaties on human rights. Nevertheless, there were cases of human rights violations such as discrimination against Roma children,[108] for which the European Commission asked the Czech Republic to provide an explanation,[109] or the illegal sterilization of Roma women,[110] for which the government apologized.[111]

    Logo of the Czech humanitarian organization People in Need

    Prague is the seat of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Today, the station is based in Hagibor. At the beginning of the 1990s, Václav Havel personally invited her to Czechoslovakia.[112]

    People of the same sex can enter into a "

    registered partnership" in the Czech Republic. Conducting same-sex marriage is not legal under current Czech law.[113]

    The best-known Czech activists and supporters of human rights include Berta von Suttner, born in Prague, who won the Nobel Peace Prize for her pacifist struggle, philosopher and the first Czechoslovak president Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, student Jan Palach, who set himself on fire in 1969 in protest against the Soviet occupation, Karel Schwarzenberg, who was chairman of the International Helsinki Committee for Human Rights between 1984 and 1990, Václav Havel, long-time dissident and later president, sociologist and dissident Jiřina Šiklová and Šimon Pánek, founder and director of the People in Need organization.

    Administrative divisions

    Main articles: Regions of the Czech Republic, Districts of the Czech Republic, and Obec

    Since 2000, the Czech Republic has been divided into thirteen regions (Czech: kraje, singular kraj) and the capital city of Prague. Every region has its own elected regional assembly and a regional governor. In Prague, the assembly and presidential powers are executed by the city council and the mayor.

    The older seventy-six districts (okresy, singular okres) including three "statutory cities" (without Prague, which had special status) lost most of their importance in 1999 in an administrative reform; they remain as territorial divisions and seats of various branches of state administration.[114]

    The smallest administrative units are obce (municipalities). As of 2021, the Czech Republic is divided into 6,254 municipalities. Cities and towns are also municipalities. The capital city of Prague is a region and municipality at the same time.

    Map of the Czech Republic with traditional regions and current administrative regions
    Map with court districts

    Economy

    Main article: Economy of the Czech Republic
    Real GDP per capita in the Czech Republic from 1973 to 2018
    European Single Market and the Schengen Area (dark and light blue on the map above), but uses its own currency, the Czech koruna
    .

    The Czech Republic has a

    World Bank Human Capital Index. It was described by The Guardian as "one of Europe's most flourishing economies".[119]

    As of 2023[update], the country's

    nominal value.[121] According to Allianz A.G., in 2018 the country was an MWC (mean wealth country), ranking 26th in net financial assets.[122] The country experienced a 4.5% GDP growth in 2017.[123] The 2016 unemployment rate was the lowest in the EU at 2.4%,[124] and the 2016 poverty rate was the second lowest of OECD members.[125] Czech Republic ranks 27th in the 2021 Index of Economic Freedom,[126] 31st in the 2023 Global Innovation Index, down from 24th in the 2016,[127][128] 29th in the Global Competitiveness Report,[129] and 25th in the Global Enabling Trade Report.[130]
    The Czech Republic has a diverse economy that ranks 7th in the 2016 Economic Complexity Index.[131] The industrial sector accounts for 37.5% of the economy, while services account for 60% and agriculture for 2.5%.[132] The largest trading partner for both export and import is Germany and the EU in general. Dividends worth CZK 270 billion were paid to the foreign owners of Czech companies in 2017, which has become a political issue.[133] The country has been a member of the Schengen Area since 1 May 2004, having abolished border controls, completely opening its borders with all of its neighbors on 21 December 2007.[134]

    Industry

    Škoda Octavia RS iV

    In 2018 the

    Let Kunovice (civil aircraft), Zetor (tractors), Jawa Moto (motorcycles) and Čezeta
    (electric scooters).

    Škoda Transportation is the fourth largest tram producer in the world; nearly one third of all trams in the world come from Czech factories.[136] The Czech Republic is also the world's largest vinyl records manufacturer, with GZ Media producing about 6 million pieces annually in Loděnice.[137] Česká zbrojovka is among the ten largest firearms producers in the world and five who produce automatic weapons.[138]

    In the food industry, Czech companies include Agrofert, Kofola and Hamé.

    Energy

    Main article: Energy in the Czech Republic
    Dukovany Nuclear Power Station

    Production of Czech electricity exceeds consumption by about 10

    TWh per year, the excess being exported. Nuclear power presently provides about 30 percent of the total power needs, its share is projected to increase to 40 percent. In 2005, 65.4 percent of electricity was produced by steam and combustion power plants (mostly coal); 30 percent by nuclear plants; and 4.6 percent came from renewable sources, including hydropower. The largest Czech power resource is Temelín Nuclear Power Station, with another nuclear power plant in Dukovany
    .

    The Czech Republic is reducing its dependence on highly polluting low-grade

    war in Ukraine, the government gradually stopped these supplies.[139] Gas consumption (approx. 100 TWh in 2003–2005) is almost double electricity consumption. South Moravia has small oil and gas deposits
    .

    Transportation infrastructure

    Main article: Transport in the Czech Republic
    Václav Havel Airport Prague

    As of 2020, the road network in the Czech Republic is 55,768.3 kilometers (34,652.82 mi) long, out of which 1,276.4 km (793.1 mi) are motorways.[140] The speed limit is 50 km/h (31 mph) within towns, 90 km/h (56 mph) outside of towns and 130 km/h (81 mph) on motorways.[141]

    The Czech Republic has one of the densest rail networks in the world. As of 2020, the country has 9,542 kilometers (5,929 mi) of lines. Of that number, 3,236 km (2,011 mi) is electrified, 7,503 km (4,662 mi) are single-line tracks and 2,040 km (1,270 mi) are double and multiple-line tracks.[142] The length of tracks is 15,360 km (9,540 mi), out of which 6,917 km (4,298 mi) is electrified.[143]

    České dráhy (the Czech Railways) is the main railway operator in the country, with about 180 million passengers carried yearly. Maximum speed is limited to 160 km/h (99 mph).

    Václav Havel Airport in Prague is the main international airport in the country. In 2019, it handled 17.8 million passengers.[144] In total, the Czech Republic has 91 airports, six of which provide international air services. The public international airports are in Brno, Karlovy Vary, Mnichovo Hradiště, Mošnov (near Ostrava), Pardubice and Prague.[145] The non-public international airports capable of handling airliners are in Kunovice and Vodochody.[146]

    Russia, via pipelines through Ukraine and to a lesser extent, Norway, via pipelines through Germany, supply the Czech Republic with liquid and natural gas.[147]

    Communications and IT

    Main article: Internet in the Czech Republic
    Founders and owners of the antivirus group Avast

    The Czech Republic ranks in the top 10 countries worldwide with the fastest average internet speed.

    Český Telecom slowed down broadband penetration. At the beginning of 2004, local-loop unbundling began and alternative operators started to offer ADSL and also SDSL
    . This and later privatization of Český Telecom helped drive down prices.

    On 1 July 2006, Český Telecom was acquired by globalized company (Spain-owned) Telefónica group and adopted the new name

    Telefónica O2 Czech Republic. As of 2017
    , VDSL and ADSL2+ are offered in variants, with download speeds of up to 50 Mbit/s and upload speeds of up to 5 Mbit/s. Cable internet is gaining more popularity with its higher download speeds ranging from 50 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s.

    Two computer security companies, Avast and AVG, were founded in the Czech Republic. In 2016, Avast led by Pavel Baudiš bought rival AVG for US$1.3 billion, together at the time, these companies had a user base of about 400 million people and 40% of the consumer market outside of China.[151][152] Avast is the leading provider of antivirus software, with a 20.5% market share.[153]

    Tourism

    Main article: Tourism in the Czech Republic
    Medieval castle Karlštejn

    Prague is the fifth most visited city in Europe after London, Paris, Istanbul and Rome.[154] In 2001, the total earnings from tourism reached 118 billion CZK, making up 5.5% of the country's GNP and 9% of its overall export earnings. The industry employs more than 110,000 people – over 1% of the population.[155] Guidebooks and tourists reporting overcharging by taxi drivers and pickpocketing problems talk mainly about Prague, though the situation has improved recently.[156][157] Since 2005, Prague's mayor, Pavel Bém, has worked to improve this reputation by cracking down on petty crime[157] and, aside from these problems, Prague is a "safe" city.[158] The Czech Republic's crime rate is described by the United States State department as "low".[159]

    The Czech Republic boasts 17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 3 of them being transnational. As of 2024, further 13 sites are on the tentative list.[160]

    Český Krumlov

    Architectural heritage is an object of interest to visitors – it includes

    basilica
    by the Pope, as well as many monasteries.

    Away from the towns, areas such as Bohemian Paradise, Bohemian Forest and the Giant Mountains attract visitors seeking outdoor pursuits.

    The country is also known for its various

    festivals, and beer festivals.[161] Aquapalace Prague in Čestlice is the largest water park
    in the country.

    Science

    Chemist Jaroslav Heyrovský, Nobel Prize winner

    The Czech lands have a long and well-documented history of scientific innovation.

    universities.[166] Czech scientists are embedded members of the global scientific community.[167] They contribute annually to multiple international academic journals and collaborate with their colleagues across boundaries and fields.[168][169][170][171] The Czech Republic was ranked 24th in the Global Innovation Index in 2020 and 2021, up from 26th in 2019.[172][173][174]

    Historically, the Czech lands, especially

    Royal Czech Society of Sciences. Currently, this organization is known as the Czech Academy of Sciences.[175] Similarly, the Czech lands have a well-established history of scientists,[176][177] including Nobel laureates biochemists Gerty and Carl Ferdinand Cori, chemists Jaroslav Heyrovský and Otto Wichterle, physicists Ernst Mach and Peter Grünberg, physiologist Jan Evangelista Purkyně and chemist Antonín Holý.[178] Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, was born in Příbor,[179] Gregor Mendel, the founder of genetics, was born in Hynčice and spent most of his life in Brno,[180] logician and mathematician Kurt Gödel
    was born in Brno.

    Eli Beamlines Science Center with the most powerful laser in the world in Dolní Břežany

    Historically, most scientific research was recorded in Latin, but from the 18th century onwards increasingly in German and later in Czech, archived in libraries supported and managed by religious groups and other denominations as evidenced by historical locations of international renown and heritage such as the Strahov Monastery and the Clementinum in Prague. Increasingly, Czech scientists publish their work and that of their history in English.[181][182]

    The current important scientific institution is the already mentioned Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, the CEITEC Institute in Brno or the HiLASE and Eli Beamlines centers with the most powerful laser in the world in Dolní Břežany. Prague is the seat of the administrative center of the GSA Agency operating the European navigation system Galileo and the European Union Agency for the Space Programme.

    Demographics

    Main article: Demographics of the Czech Republic
    See also: List of cities and towns in the Czech Republic

    The

    guest workers by the Czechoslovak government.[187] In 2009, there were about 70,000 Vietnamese in the Czech Republic.[188] Most decide to stay in the country permanently.[189]

    According to results of the 2021 census, the majority of the inhabitants of the Czech Republic are

    Moravians (3.4%), Slovaks (0.9%), Ukrainians (0.7%), Viets (0.3%), Poles (0.3%), Russians (0.2%), Silesians (0.1%) and Germans (0.1%). Another 4.0% declared combination of two nationalities (3.6% combination of Czech and other nationality). As the 'nationality' was an optional item, a number of people left this field blank (31.6%).[2] According to some estimates, there are about 250,000 Romani people in the Czech Republic.[190][191] The Polish minority resides mainly in the Trans-Olza region.[192]

    There were 658,564 foreigners residing in the country in 2021,[193] according to the Czech Statistical Office, with the largest groups being Ukrainian (22%), Slovak (22%), Vietnamese (12%), Russian (7%) and German (4%). Most of the foreign population lives in Prague (37.3%) and Central Bohemia Region (13.2%).[194]

    The

    Jewish population of Bohemia and Moravia, 118,000 according to the 1930 census, was nearly annihilated by the Nazi Germans during the Holocaust.[195] There were approximately 3,900 Jews in the Czech Republic in 2021.[196] The former Czech prime minister, Jan Fischer, is of Jewish faith.[197]

    Nationality of residents, who answered the question in the Census 2021:[198][199]

    Nationality Share
    Czech 83.76%
    Moravian 4.99%
    Czech and Moravian 2.50%
    Slovak 1.33%
    Ukrainian 1.08%
    Czech and Slovak 0.82%
    Vietnamese 0.44%
    Polish 0.37%
    Russian 0.35%
    Other 4.36%

    Largest cities

     
    Largest municipalities in the Czech Republic
    Rank
    Name
    		 Region Pop. Rank
    Name
    		 Region Pop.
    Prague
    Prague
    Brno
    Brno     		1 Prague Prague 1,357,326 11 Zlín Zlín 74,191 Ostrava
    Ostrava
    Plzeň
    Plzeň
    2 Brno South Moravian 396,101 12 Havířov Moravian-Silesian 70,245
    3 Ostrava Moravian-Silesian 283,504 13 Kladno Central Bohemian 68,436
    4 Plzeň Plzeň 181,240 14 Most Ústí nad Labem 63,856
    5 Liberec Liberec 107,389 15 Opava Moravian-Silesian 55,512
    6 Olomouc Olomouc 101,825 16 Frýdek-Místek Moravian-Silesian 54,188
    7 České Budějovice South Bohemian 96,417 17 Jihlava Vysočina 52,548
    8 Hradec Králové Hradec Králové 93,506 18 Teplice Ústí nad Labem 50,843
    9 Pardubice Pardubice 92,149 19 Karviná Moravian-Silesian 50,172
    10 Ústí nad Labem Ústí nad Labem 91,963 20 Karlovy Vary Karlovy Vary 49,043

    Religion

    Main articles: Religion in the Czech Republic and Religion in the European Union
    Religion in the Czech Republic (2011)[201]
    Undeclared
     
    		 44.7%
    Irreligion
     
    		 34.5%
    Catholicism
     
    		 10.5%
    Believers, not members of other religions
     
    		 6.8%
    Other Christian churches
     
    		 1.1%
    Protestantism
     
    		 1%
    Believers, members of other religions
     
    		 0.7%
    Other religions / Unknown
     
    		 0.7%

    About 75%

    Czech people have been historically characterized as "tolerant and even indifferent towards religion".[205] The religious identity of the country has changed drastically since the first half of the 20th century, when more than 90% of Czechs were Christians.[206]

    Saint Wenceslaus, patron saint of the Czech lands

    Christianization in the 9th and 10th centuries introduced

    Habsburgs regained control of Bohemia, the whole population was forcibly converted to Catholicism—even the Utraquist Hussites. Going forward, Czechs have become more wary and pessimistic of religion as such. A history of resistance to the Catholic Church followed. It suffered a schism with the neo-Hussite Czechoslovak Hussite Church in 1920, lost the bulk of its adherents during the Communist era and continues to lose in the modern, ongoing secularization. Protestantism never recovered after the Counter-Reformation was introduced by the Austrian Habsburgs in 1620. Prior to the Holocaust, the Czech Republic had a sizable Jewish community of around 100,000. There are many historically important and culturally relevant Synagogues in the Czech Republic such as Europe's oldest active Synagogue, The Old New Synagogue and the second largest Synagogue in Europe, the Great Synagogue (Plzeň). The Holocaust decimated Czech Jewry and the Jewish population as of 2021 is 3,900.[207]

    According to the 2011 census, 34% of the population stated they had no religion, 10.3% was Catholic, 0.8% was

    Pagan). 45% of the population did not answer the question about religion.[201] From 1991 to 2001 and further to 2011 the adherence to Catholicism decreased from 39% to 27% and then to 10%; Protestantism similarly declined from 3.7% to 2% and then to 0.8%.[209] The Muslim population is estimated to be 20,000 representing 0.2% of the population.[210]

    The proportion of religious believers varies significantly across the country, from 55% in Zlín Region to 16% in Ústí nad Labem Region.[211]

    Education and health care

    Main articles: Education in the Czech Republic and Healthcare in the Czech Republic
    The oldest part of Charles University, founded in 1348

    Education in the Czech Republic is compulsory for nine years and citizens have access to a

    University of Economics
    .

    The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks the Czech education system as the 15th most successful in the world, higher than the OECD average.[213] The UN Education Index ranks the Czech Republic 10th as of 2013 (positioned behind Denmark and ahead of South Korea).[214]

    Health care in the Czech Republic is similar in quality to that of other developed nations. The Czech

    Euro health consumer index, a comparison of healthcare in Europe, the Czech healthcare is 13th, ranked behind Sweden and two positions ahead of the United Kingdom.[216]

    Culture

    Main article: Culture of the Czech Republic

    Art

    Main article: Czech art
    Painting of a woman
    Painting of a woman
    Painting of a woman
    Painting of a woman
    Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter (1896) by Art Nouveau artist Alphonse Mucha

    Theodoric of Prague was a painter in the Gothic era who decorated the castle Karlštejn. In the Baroque era, there were painters Wenceslaus Hollar, Jan Kupecký, Karel Škréta, Anton Raphael Mengs and Petr Brandl and sculptors Matthias Braun and Ferdinand Brokoff
    .

    In the first half of the 19th century,

    National Gallery in Prague, which manages the largest collection of art in the Czech Republic. Max Švabinský
    was another Art Nouveau painter.

    The 20th century brought an avant-garde revolution, represented in the Czech lands mainly by expressionists and cubists: Josef Čapek, Emil Filla, Bohumil Kubišta or Jan Zrzavý. Surrealism emerged particularly through the work of Toyen, Josef Šíma and Karel Teige. In the world, however, the most well-known Czech avant-garde artist might be František Kupka, a pioneer of abstract painting. Illustrators and cartoonists to gain fame in the first half of the 20th century include Josef Lada, Zdeněk Burian or Emil Orlík. Art photography became a new field represented by František Drtikol, Josef Sudek, later Jan Saudek and Josef Koudelka.

    The Czech Republic is also known for its individually made, mouth-blown, and decorated Bohemian glass.

    Architecture

    Main article: Czech architecture
    Historic center of Prague

    The earliest preserved stone buildings in Bohemia and Moravia date back to the time of the Christianization in the 9th and 10th centuries. Since the Middle Ages, the Czech lands have been using the same architectural styles as most of Western and Central Europe. The oldest still standing churches were built in the Romanesque style. During the 13th century, it was replaced by the Gothic style. In the 14th century, Emperor Charles IV invited architects from France and Germany, Matthias of Arras and Peter Parler, to his court in Prague. During the Middle Ages, some fortified castles were built by the king and aristocracy, as well as some monasteries.

    The Renaissance style penetrated the Bohemian Crown in the late 15th century when the older Gothic style started to be mixed with Renaissance elements. An example of pure Renaissance architecture in Bohemia is the Queen Anne's Summer Palace, which was situated in the garden of Prague Castle. Evidence of the general reception of the Renaissance in Bohemia, involving an influx of Italian architects, can be found in spacious chateaus with arcade courtyards and geometrically arranged gardens.[217] Emphasis was placed on comfort, and buildings that were built for entertainment purposes also appeared.[218]

    In the 17th century, the Baroque style spread throughout the Crown of Bohemia.[219]

    In the 18th century, Bohemia produced an architectural peculiarity – the Baroque Gothic style, a synthesis of the Gothic and Baroque styles.[217]

    Czech artists developed a distinct cubist style in architecture and applied arts. It later evolved into national Czechoslovak style, rondocubism.

    During the 19th century stands the

    revival architectural styles. Some churches were restored to their presumed medieval appearance and there were constructed buildings in the Neo-Romanesque, Neo-Gothic and Neo-Renaissance styles. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the new art style appeared in the Czech lands – Art Nouveau
    .

    Bohemia contributed an unusual style to the world's architectural heritage when Czech architects attempted to transpose the Cubism of painting and sculpture into architecture.

    Between World Wars I and II, Functionalism, with its sober, progressive forms, took over as the main architectural style.[217]

    After World War II and the Communist coup in 1948, art in Czechoslovakia became Soviet-influenced. The Czechoslovak avant-garde artistic movement is known as the

    Brutalism
    dominated in the 1970s and 1980s.

    The Czech Republic is not shying away from the more modern trends of international architecture, an example is the

    Dancing House (Tančící dům) in Prague, Golden Angel in Prague or Congress Centre in Zlín.[217]

    Influential Czech architects include Peter Parler, Benedikt Rejt, Jan Santini Aichel, Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer, Josef Fanta, Josef Hlávka, Josef Gočár, Pavel Janák, Jan Kotěra, Věra Machoninová, Karel Prager, Karel Hubáček, Jan Kaplický, Eva Jiřičná or Josef Pleskot.

    Literature

    Main article: Czech literature
    Franz Kafka

    The literature from the area of today's Czech Republic was mostly written in Czech, but also in Latin and German or even Old Church Slavonic. Franz Kafka, although a competent user of Czech, wrote in his mother tongue, German.[220][221] His works include The Trial and The Castle.

    In the second half of the 13th century, the royal court in Prague became one of the centers of German Minnesang and courtly literature. The Czech German-language literature can be seen in the first half of the 20th century.

    Bible translations played a role in the development of Czech literature. The oldest Czech translation of the Psalms originated in the late 13th century and the first complete Czech translation of the Bible was finished around 1360. The first complete printed Czech Bible was published in 1488. The first complete Czech Bible translation from the original languages was published between 1579 and 1593. The Codex Gigas from the 12th century is the largest extant medieval manuscript in the world.[222]

    Jaroslav Seifert, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature

    Czech-language literature can be divided into several periods: the Middle Ages; the Hussite period; the Renaissance humanism; the Baroque period; the Enlightenment and Czech reawakening in the first half of the 19th century, modern literature in the second half of the 19th century; the avant-garde of the interwar period; the years under Communism; and the Czech Republic.

    The antiwar comedy novel The Good Soldier Švejk is the most translated Czech book in history.

    The international literary award the Franz Kafka Prize is awarded in the Czech Republic.[223]

    The Czech Republic has the densest network of libraries in Europe.[224]

    Czech literature and culture played a role on at least two occasions when Czechs lived under oppression and political activity was suppressed. On both of these occasions, in the early 19th century and then again in the 1960s, the Czechs used their cultural and literary effort to strive for political freedom, establishing a confident, politically aware nation.[225]

    Music

    Main articles:
    Moravian traditional music
    Antonín Dvořák

    The musical tradition of the Czech lands arose from the first church hymns, whose first evidence is suggested at the break of the 10th and 11th centuries. Some pieces of Czech music include two chorales, which in their time performed the function of anthems: "

    Saint Adalbert of Prague (sv.Vojtěch), bishop of Prague, living between 956 and 997.[227]

    The wealth of musical culture lies in the classical music tradition during all historical periods, especially in the

    traditional folk music of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia
    . Since the early era of artificial music, Czech musicians and composers have been influenced the folk music of the region and dance.

    Czech music can be considered to have been "beneficial" in both the European and worldwide context, several times co-determined or even determined a newly arriving era in musical art,

    New World Symphony, Sinfonietta and Jenůfa
    .

    A music festival in the country is Prague Spring International Music Festival of classical music, a permanent showcase for performing artists, symphony orchestras and chamber music ensembles of the world.

    Theatre

    Portrait
    Portrait
    The National Theatre (left) and the Estates Theatre (right)
    Main article: Theatre of the Czech Republic

    The roots of Czech theatre can be found in the Middle Ages, especially in the cultural life of the

    multimedia art
    project in an international context.

    A drama is Karel Čapek's play R.U.R., which introduced the word "robot".[229]

    The country has a tradition of puppet theater. In 2016, Czech and Slovak Puppetry was included on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.[230]

    Film

    Main article: Cinema of the Czech Republic
    Hermína Týrlová, animator and film director

    The tradition of Czech cinematography started in the second half of the 1890s. Peaks of the production in the era of silent movies include the historical drama The Builder of the Temple and the social and erotic drama Erotikon directed by Gustav Machatý.[231] The early Czech sound film era was productive, above all in mainstream genres, with the comedies of Martin Frič or Karel Lamač. There were dramatic movies sought internationally.[citation needed]

    Hermína Týrlová was a prominent Czech animator, screenwriter, and film director. She was often called the mother of Czech animation. Over the course of her career, she produced over 60 animated children's short films using puppets and the technique of stop motion animation.[citation needed]

    Before the German occupation, in 1933, filmmaker and animator Irena Dodalová [cs] established the first Czech animation studio "IRE Film" with her husband Karel Dodal.[citation needed]

    After the period of Nazi occupation and early communist official dramaturgy of socialist realism in movies at the turn of the 1940s and 1950s with fewer exceptions such as

    Mole
    etc.).

    Oscar-winning director Miloš Forman

    In the 1960s, the hallmark of Czechoslovak New Wave's films were improvised dialogues, black and absurd humor and the occupation of non-actors. Directors are trying to preserve natural atmosphere without refinement and artificial arrangement of scenes. A personality of the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s with original manuscript and psychological impact is František Vláčil. Another international author is Jan Švankmajer, a filmmaker and artist whose work spans several media. He is a self-labeled surrealist known for animations and features.[233]

    The Barrandov Studios in Prague are the largest film studios with film locations in the country.[234] Filmmakers have come to Prague to shoot scenery no longer found in Berlin, Paris and Vienna. The city of Karlovy Vary was used as a location for the 2006 James Bond film Casino Royale.[235]

    The

    Jihlava International Documentary Film Festival, One World Film Festival, Zlín Film Festival and Fresh Film Festival
    .

    Media

    Headquarters of Czech Television

    Czech journalists and media enjoy a degree of

    Czech law. The Czech press was ranked as the 40th most free press in the World Press Freedom Index by Reporters Without Borders in 2021.[236] Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
    has its headquarters in Prague.

    news program and prime time program.[237] Other public media services include the Czech Radio and the Czech News Agency
    .

    The best-selling daily national newspapers in 2020/21 are

    Mladá fronta DNES (average 461,000 daily readers), Právo (average 182,000 daily readers), Lidové noviny (average 163,000 daily readers) and Hospodářské noviny (average 162,000 daily readers).[238]

    Most Czechs (87%

    Seznam Zprávy.cz being the most visited as of 2021.[241]

    Cuisine

    Main article: Czech cuisine
    A mug of Pilsner Urquell, the first pilsner type of pale lager beer, brewed since 1842

    Czech cuisine is marked by an emphasis on meat dishes with pork, beef, and chicken. Goose, duck, rabbit, and venison are served. Fish is less common, with the occasional exception of fresh trout and carp, which is served at Christmas.[242][243] One popular Czech menu item is smažený vepřový řízek (fried breaded pork filet), served with boiled potatos.[244]

    There is a variety of local sausages, wurst, pâtés, and smoked and cured meats. Czech desserts include a variety of whipped cream, chocolate, and fruit pastries and tarts, crêpes, creme desserts and cheese, poppy-seed-filled and other types of traditional cakes such as buchty, koláče and štrúdl.[245]

    Budweiser Budvar
    .

    The South Moravian region has been producing wine since the Middle Ages; about 94% of vineyards in the Czech Republic are Moravian. Aside from beer, slivovitz and wine, the Czech Republic also produces two liquors, Fernet Stock and Becherovka. Kofola is a non-alcoholic domestic cola soft drink which competes with Coca-Cola and Pepsi.

    Sport

    Main article: Sport in the Czech Republic
    Hockey player Jaromír Jágr

    The two leading sports in the Czech Republic are football and ice hockey. The most watched sporting events are the Olympic tournament and World Championships of ice hockey.[246][247] Other most popular sports include tennis, volleyball, floorball, golf, ball hockey, athletics, basketball and skiing.[248]

    The country has won 15 gold medals in the

    2001.[citation needed
    ]

    The Škoda Motorsport is engaged in competition racing since 1901 and has gained a number of titles with various vehicles around the world. MTX automobile company was formerly engaged in the manufacture of racing and formula cars since 1969.[citation needed]

    Hiking is a popular sport. The word for 'tourist' in Czech, turista, also means 'trekker' or 'hiker'. For hikers, thanks to the more than 120-year-old tradition, there is the Czech Hiking Markers System of trail blazing, that has been adopted by countries worldwide. There is a network of around 40,000 km of marked short- and long-distance trails crossing the whole country and all the Czech mountains.[249][250]

    See also

    Notes

    1. ^ Code 42 was shared with Slovakia until 1997.
    2. ^ Also .eu, shared with other European Union member states.
    3. ^ /tʃɛk/ ⓘ CHEK;[11] Czech: Česká republika [ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpublɪka] ⓘ.
    4. ^ /ˈtʃɛkiə/ ⓘ CHEK-ee-ə; Czech: Česko [ˈtʃɛsko] ⓘ.

    References

    Citations

    1. ^ "Czech language". Czech Republic – Official website. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic. Archived from the original on 6 November 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
    2. ^ a b c "Národnost". Census 2021 (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
    3. ^ "Náboženská víra". Census 2021 (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
    4. ^ a b "Land use (as at 31 December)". Public database. Czech Statistical Office. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
    5. ^ "Population – CZSO". Czech Statistical Office. 23 March 2024.
    6. ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Czechia)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
    7. ^ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income". Eurostat. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
    8. ^ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
    9. ^ Citizens belonging to minorities, which traditionally and on a long-term basis live within the territory of the Czech Republic, enjoy the right to use their language in communication with authorities and in courts of law (for the list of recognized minorities see National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic Archived 7 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Belarusian and Vietnamese since 4 July 2013, see Česko má nové oficiální národnostní menšiny. Vietnamce a Bělorusy Archived 8 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine). Article 25 of the Czech Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms ensures the right of the national and ethnic minorities to education and communication with the authorities in their own language. Act No. 500/2004 Coll. (The Administrative Rule) in its paragraph 16 (4) (Procedural Language) ensures that a citizen of the Czech Republic who belongs to a national or an ethnic minority, which traditionally and on a long-term basis lives within the territory of the Czech Republic, has the right to address an administrative agency and proceed before it in the language of the minority. If the administrative agency has no employee with knowledge of the language, the agency is bound to obtain a translator at the agency's own expense. According to Act No. 273/2001 (Concerning the Rights of Members of Minorities) paragraph 9 (The right to use language of a national minority in dealing with authorities and in front of the courts of law) the same also applies to members of national minorities in the courts of law.
    10. ^ The Slovak language may be considered an official language in the Czech Republic under certain circumstances, as defined by several laws – e.g. law 500/2004, 337/1992. Source: http://portal.gov.cz Archived 10 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine. Cited: "Například Správní řád (zákon č. 500/2004 Sb.) stanovuje: "V řízení se jedná a písemnosti se vyhotovují v českém jazyce. Účastníci řízení mohou jednat a písemnosti mohou být předkládány i v jazyce slovenském ..." (§ 16, odstavec 1). Zákon o správě daní a poplatků (337/1992 Sb.) "Úřední jazyk: Před správcem daně se jedná v jazyce českém nebo slovenském. Veškerá písemná podání se předkládají v češtině nebo slovenštině ..." (§ 3, odstavec 1). http://portal.gov.cz
    11. ^ "Oxford English Dictionary". Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
    12. ^ "Publications Office — Interinstitutional style guide — 7.1. Countries — 7.1.1. Designations and abbreviations to use". Publications Office. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
    13. ^ "the Czech Republic". The United Nations Terminology Database. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
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    General sources

    Further reading

    External links

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