Czechs
irreligious[16] | |
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Related ethnic groups | |
Other West Slavs (Moravians, Chodové, Slovaks, Silesians and Sorbs) |
The Czechs (
Ethnic Czechs were called Bohemians in English until the early 20th century,[18] referring to the former name of their country, Bohemia, which in turn was adapted from the late Iron Age tribe of Celtic Boii. During the Migration Period, West Slavic tribes settled in the area, "assimilated the remaining Celtic and Germanic populations", and formed a principality in the 9th century, which was initially part of Great Moravia, in form of Duchy of Bohemia and later Kingdom of Bohemia, the predecessors of the modern republic.
The
, among others.Ethnology
Part of a series on the |
Culture of the Czech Republic |
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People |
Languages |
Mythology and Folklore |
Cuisine |
Festivals |
Religion |
Music and Performing arts |
Sport |
The Czech ethnic group is part of the
The Czechs are closely related to the neighbouring Slovaks (with whom they constituted Czechoslovakia 1918–1992). The Czech–Slovak languages form a dialect continuum rather than being two clearly distinct languages.[21] Czech cultural influence in Slovak culture is noted as having been much higher than the other way around.[22] Czech (Slavic) people have a long history of coexistence with the Germanic people. In the 17th century, German replaced Czech in central and local administration; upper classes in Bohemia and Moravia were Germanized, and espoused a political identity (Landespatriotismus), while Czech ethnic identity survived among the lower and lower-middle classes.[23] The Czech National Revival took place in the 18th and 19th centuries aiming to revive Czech language, culture and national identity. The Czechs were the initiators of Pan-Slavism.[24]
The Czech ethnonym (archaic Čechové) was the name of a Slavic tribe in central Bohemia that subdued the surrounding tribes in the late 9th century and created the Czech/Bohemian state. The origin of the name of the tribe itself is unknown. According to legend, it comes from their leader
Genetics
Czechs, like most Europeans, largely descend from three distinct lineages:
The population of the Czech lands has been influenced by different
Population | n | R1b |
R1a |
I |
E1b1b |
J | G |
N |
T |
Others | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Czech R. | 257 | — | 34.2 | 18.3 | 5.8 | 4.7 | 5.1 | 1.6 | — | — | Luca et al. 2007[27] |
Czech R. | ? | 35.6 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | Semino et al. 2000[32] |
Czech R. | 817 | 29.4 | 26.7 | 8.6 | 4.9 | 5.6 | 6.8 | 3.2 | 1.0 | — | Czech DNA Project 2001–2018[35] |
History
The population of the Czech Republic descends from diverse peoples of
During the 7th century, the Frankish merchant
The second half of the 13th century was a period of advancing
Part of a series on |
Czechs |
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Defenestrations of Prague in 1618, signaled an open revolt by the Bohemian estates against the Habsburgs and started the Thirty Years' War. After the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, all Czech lands were declared hereditary property of the Habsburg family. The German language was made equal to the Czech language.
Czech patriotic authors tend to call the following period, from 1620 to 1648 until the late 18th century, the "Dark Age". It is characterized by devastation by foreign troops;
The 18th and 19th century is characterized by the Czech National Revival, focusing to revive Czech culture and national identity.
Since the turn of the 20th century, Chicago is the city with the third largest Czech population, after Prague and Vienna.[44][45]
During World War I,
After 1933, Czechoslovakia remained the only democracy in central and eastern Europe. However, in 1938 the
The Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 was followed by a wave of emigration, unseen before and stopped shortly after in 1969 (estimate: 70,000 immediately, 300,000 in total),[49] typically of highly qualified people.
Tens of thousands of Czechs had repatriated from Volhynia and Banat after World War II. Since the 1990s, the Czech Republic has been working to repatriate Romania and Kazakhstan's ethnic Czechs.[50][51]
Following the Czech Republic's entry into the European Union in May 2004, Czechs gradually gained the right to work in EU countries without a work permit.[52]
Notable people
Historical figures
The last five Přemyslids were kings:
Many people are considered national heroes and cultural icons, many national stories concern their lives.
Modern politicians
One of the most notable figures are founders of Czechoslovakia, modern state of independence of Czech and Slovak nations, Presidents
Another notable politician after the fall of the communist regime is Václav Havel, last President of Czechoslovakia and first President of the Czech Republic.[58] The first directly elected president is Miloš Zeman.[59]
The Czech Republic has had multiple
Diplomat Madeleine Albright was of Czech origin and spoke Czech. Other well-known Czech diplomats were Jan Masaryk or Jiří Dienstbier.
Science
Czechs established themselves mainly in Biology, Chemistry, Philology and Egyptology.
- Chemistry – Jaroslav Heyrovský (Nobel Prize 1959), Otto Wichterle, Zdenko Hans Skraup, Antonín Holý
- Biology –
- Mathematics – Bernard Bolzano, Eduard Čech, Miroslav Katětov, Petr Vopěnka, Václav Chvátal, Otakar Borůvka, Vojtěch Jarník, Kurt Gödel
- Physics and engineering – František Josef Gerstner, Ernst Mach
- Astronomy – Antonín Mrkos, Antonín Bečvář
- Astronautics – Vladimír Remek
- Philology – Bedřich Hrozný, Josef Dobrovský, Josef Jungmann, Vilém Mathesius, Julius Pokorny, René Wellek, Jan Mukařovský
- Medicine – Carl von Rokitansky, Joseph Škoda, Jan Janský
- Archeology – Pavel Pavel, Lubor Niederle, Karel Absolon, Miroslav Verner
- Anthropology and ethnography – Aleš Hrdlička, Emil Holub, Alois Musil
- History – František Palacký, Bohuslav Balbín, Konstantin Jireček, Max Dvořák, Miroslav Hroch
- Philosophy – Edmund Husserl, Jan Patočka, Karel Kosík, Egon Bondy, Ladislav Klíma
- Psychology – Max Wertheimer, Stanislav Grof, Sigmund Freud
- Theology – Jan Hus, Jerome of Prague, Petr Chelčický, Jan Rokycana, Tomáš Špidlík, Tomáš Halík
- Modern occultism – Franz Bardon
- Pedagogy – Jan Amos Komenský
- Folklorists – František Ladislav Čelakovský, Karel Jaromír Erben
- Literary theory – Karel Teige, Pavel Janáček
Sports
Sports have also been a contributor to famous Czechs especially
- Tennis – Jaroslav Drobný, Jan Kodeš, Martina Navrátilová, Ivan Lendl, Hana Mandlíková, Jana Novotná, Helena Suková, Petr Korda, Petra Kvitová,[62] Tomáš Berdych, Karolína Plíšková, Barbora Krejčíková
- Football – Oldřich Nejedlý, Antonín Puč, František Plánička, Josef Bican, Josef Masopust, Ivo Viktor, Antonín Panenka, Zdeněk Nehoda, Tomáš Skuhravý, Pavel Nedvěd, Karel Poborský, Jan Koller, Milan Baroš, Marek Jankulovski, Vladimír Šmicer, Tomáš Rosický,[63][64] Petr Čech
- Hockey – Jaromír Jágr, Dominik Hašek, Vladimír Růžička, Jiří Šlégr, Ivan Hlinka, Jiří Holeček, Jaroslav Pouzar, Jiří Hrdina, Petr Sýkora, Patrik Eliáš, Bobby Holík, Michal Rozsíval, Milan Hejduk, Petr Nedvěd, Martin Straka, Václav Prospal, Jakub Voráček, Tomáš Plekanec, František Kaberle, David Výborný, Pavel Patera, Martin Procházka, David Krejčí, David Pastrňák, Filip Chytil
- Athletics – Emil Zátopek, Dana Zátopková, Jarmila Kratochvílová, Roman Šebrle, Jan Železný, Barbora Špotáková
- Chess – Wilhelm Steinitz, Věra Menčíková, Richard Réti, Salo Flohr, David Navara
- Others – Věra Čáslavská, Martina Sáblíková, Martin Doktor, Štěpánka Hilgertová, Josef Holeček, Kateřina Neumannová, Filip Jícha, Jiří Zídek Sr., Jan Veselý, Ester Ledecká
The arts
Music
.Czech musicians also played an important role in the development of European music.
Czech music reached as far as
Some notable modern Czech musicians are US-based composer and guitarist Ivan Král, musician and composer Jan Hammer and the rock band The Plastic People of the Universe which played an important part in the underground movement during the communist regime.
The Czech Republic first entered the Eurovision Song Contest in 2007. Czech performer qualified for the grand final for the first time in 2016 when singer Gabriela Gunčíková finished in 25th place. In 2018 the singer Mikolas Josef reached the 6th place in the contest being the best result of the Czech Republic until today.
Other important names:
Literature
Jaroslav Seifert was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his poetry.[62] Božena Němcová has become a cultural icon and gained much fame for her book Babička (The Grandmother).[70] Other important Czech writers include
Visual arts
Film
Film director
Actors Zdeněk Svěrák, Vlastimil Brodský,[73] Vladimír Menšík,[74] Libuše Šafránková or Karel Roden have also made a mark in modern Czech history. The most successful Czech erotic actress is Silvia Saint.
Modeling
The first Czech models have made a breakthrough in the international modeling were Paulina Porizkova or Ivana Trump. After the fall of communism in Czechoslovakia many other models succeeded: Karolína Kurková, Eva Herzigová, Taťána Kuchařová, Petra Němcová and Daniela Peštová.
Saints
Czech culture involves many saints,[75] most notably St. Wenceslaus (Václav), patron of the Czech nation,[76] St. John of Nepomuk (Jan Nepomucký),[77] St. Adalbert (Vojtěch),[78] Saint Procopius or St. Agnes of Bohemia (Anežka Česká).[79] Although not a Christian, rabbi Judah Loew ben Bezalel of Prague, a 16th Century scholar and one of the most influential figures of Jewish history, is considered to be part of the country's religious legacy as well.[80][81]
Natives
The modern Czech nation was formed through the process of the
Czech ancestry
People with Czech ancestry include the astronauts
Geography
The Czechs live in three historical lands:
Czech language
The Czech language is spoken by approximately 12 million people around the world, but the vast majority are in the Czech Republic.[88] It developed from the Proto-Slavic language in the 10th century[88][89] and is mutually intelligible with the Slovak language.[90]
Religion
In 1977, Richard Felix Staar described Czechs as "tolerant and even indifferent towards religion as a rule".[91]
After the
As of 2015, Pew Research Center found in that 72% of the population of Czech Republic declared to be
Demographics
In the Czech Republic, the nation state of the Czech people, 6,732,104 (63.7%) declared as ethnic Czech according to the 2011 census. Notably, another 2,742,669 (26%) were undeclared, and 522,474 (4.9%) declared as Moravians.[1] There is a large Czech diaspora, which includes 1,703,930 Americans of Czech/Czechoslovak ancestry,[92] 94,805 Canadians of Czech ancestry,[93] an estimated 45,000 Czech-born residents in the United Kingdom,[8] and ca. 31,000 in Australia.[94] There are smaller communities throughout Europe. Number of Israelis of Czech-Jewish ancestry is estimated to be about 50,000 to 100,000, with notable individuals such as Max Brod, Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld or Yehuda Bauer.
See also
- List of Czechs
- The Greatest Czech
- List of Bohemian monarchs
- List of prime ministers of the Czech Republic
- List of prime ministers of Czechoslovakia
- List of presidents of Czechoslovakia
- List of presidents of the Czech Republic
References
Notes
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Further reading
- .
- ISBN 978-0-521-55469-5.