Czechs

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Czech people
)

Czechs
irreligious[16]
Related ethnic groups
Other West Slavs
(Moravians, Chodové, Slovaks, Silesians and Sorbs)

The Czechs (

culture, history, and the Czech language
.

Ethnic Czechs were called Bohemians in English until the early 20th century,[18] referring to the former name of their country, Bohemia, which in turn was adapted from the late Iron Age tribe of Celtic Boii. During the Migration Period, West Slavic tribes settled in the area, "assimilated the remaining Celtic and Germanic populations", and formed a principality in the 9th century, which was initially part of Great Moravia, in form of Duchy of Bohemia and later Kingdom of Bohemia, the predecessors of the modern republic.

The

, among others.

Ethnology

The Czech ethnic group is part of the

Forefather Čech
, who according to legend brought the tribe of Czechs into its land.

The Czechs are closely related to the neighbouring Slovaks (with whom they constituted Czechoslovakia 1918–1992). The Czech–Slovak languages form a dialect continuum rather than being two clearly distinct languages.[21] Czech cultural influence in Slovak culture is noted as having been much higher than the other way around.[22] Czech (Slavic) people have a long history of coexistence with the Germanic people. In the 17th century, German replaced Czech in central and local administration; upper classes in Bohemia and Moravia were Germanized, and espoused a political identity (Landespatriotismus), while Czech ethnic identity survived among the lower and lower-middle classes.[23] The Czech National Revival took place in the 18th and 19th centuries aiming to revive Czech language, culture and national identity. The Czechs were the initiators of Pan-Slavism.[24]

The Czech ethnonym (archaic Čechové) was the name of a Slavic tribe in central Bohemia that subdued the surrounding tribes in the late 9th century and created the Czech/Bohemian state. The origin of the name of the tribe itself is unknown. According to legend, it comes from their leader

Čech, who brought them to Bohemia. Research regards Čech as a derivative of the root čel- (member of the people, kinsman).[25] The Czech ethnonym was adopted by the Moravians in the 19th century.[26]

Genetics

American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2007[27]
  Czech samples
  German samples
  Polish samples
  Italian samples
  Balkan samples

Czechs, like most Europeans, largely descend from three distinct lineages:

Cro-Magnon population that arrived in Europe about 45,000 years ago,[29] Neolithic farmers who migrated from Anatolia during the Neolithic Revolution 9,000 years ago,[30] and Yamnaya steppe pastoralists who expanded into Europe from the Pontic–Caspian steppe in the context of Indo-European migrations 5000 years ago.[28]

The population of the Czech lands has been influenced by different

mtDNA study of 179 individuals from Western Bohemia showed that 3% had East Eurasian lineages that perhaps entered the gene pool through admixture with Central Asian nomadic tribes in the early Middle Ages.[33] A group of scientists suggested that the high frequency of a gene mutation causing cystic fibrosis in Central European (including Czech R.) and Celtic populations supports the theory of some Celtic ancestry among the Czech population.[34]

Y-DNA studies
Population n
R1b
R1a
I
 
E1b1b
J
G
N
T
Others Reference
Czech R. 257 34.2 18.3 5.8 4.7 5.1 1.6 Luca et al. 2007[27]
Czech R. ? 35.6 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Semino et al. 2000[32]
Czech R. 817 29.4 26.7 8.6 4.9 5.6 6.8 3.2 1.0 Czech DNA Project 2001–2018[35]

History

Duchy of Bohemia, the early form of the Czech state pictured in the 11th century within the Holy Roman Empire

The population of the Czech Republic descends from diverse peoples of

Forefather Čech who settled at the Říp Mountain
.

During the 7th century, the Frankish merchant

Prince Bořivoj, founder of the Přemyslid dynasty and the city of Prague was established. Vratislav II was the first Czech king in 1085 and the duchy was raised to a hereditary kingdom under Ottokar I
in 1198.

The second half of the 13th century was a period of advancing

Habsburg Monarchy focused much of its power on religious wars against the Protestants. While these religious wars were taking place, the Czech estates revolted against Habsburg from 1546 to 1547 but were ultimately defeated.[42]

Czech traditional costumes

Defenestrations of Prague in 1618, signaled an open revolt by the Bohemian estates against the Habsburgs and started the Thirty Years' War. After the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, all Czech lands were declared hereditary property of the Habsburg family. The German language was made equal to the Czech language.

Czech patriotic authors tend to call the following period, from 1620 to 1648 until the late 18th century, the "Dark Age". It is characterized by devastation by foreign troops;

Germanization; and economic and political decline. It is estimated that the population of the Czech lands declined by a third.[43]

The 18th and 19th century is characterized by the Czech National Revival, focusing to revive Czech culture and national identity.

Since the turn of the 20th century, Chicago is the city with the third largest Czech population, after Prague and Vienna.[44][45]

During World War I,

Czechoslovak Legions fought in France, Italy and Russia against the Central Powers. In 1918 the independent state of Czechoslovakia was proclaimed. Czechs formed the leading class in the new state emerging from the remnants of the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy
.

After 1933, Czechoslovakia remained the only democracy in central and eastern Europe. However, in 1938 the

Czech resistance and the Czechoslovak state authorities, made Czechs—especially in the early 1950s—settle alongside Slovaks and Romani people in the former lands of the Sudeten Germans, who had been deported to East Germany, West Germany and Austria according to the Potsdam Conference and Yalta Conference
.

The Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 was followed by a wave of emigration, unseen before and stopped shortly after in 1969 (estimate: 70,000 immediately, 300,000 in total),[49] typically of highly qualified people.

Tens of thousands of Czechs had repatriated from Volhynia and Banat after World War II. Since the 1990s, the Czech Republic has been working to repatriate Romania and Kazakhstan's ethnic Czechs.[50][51]

Following the Czech Republic's entry into the European Union in May 2004, Czechs gradually gained the right to work in EU countries without a work permit.[52]

Notable people

Areas where Czech language is spoken

Historical figures

The last five Přemyslids were kings:

Luxembourg dynasty represents the heights of Czech (Bohemian) statehood territorial and influence as well as advancement in many areas of human endeavors.[54]

Many people are considered national heroes and cultural icons, many national stories concern their lives.

Hussite Movement.[55] Jan Žižka and Prokop the Great were leaders of hussite army, George of Poděbrady was a hussite king. Albrecht von Wallenstein was a notable military leader during the Thirty Years' War. The teacher of nations Jan Amos Komenský is also considered a notable figure in Czech history.[56] Joseph Radetzky von Radetz was an Austrian general staff during the later period of the Napoleonic Wars. Josef Jungmann is often credited for expanding the modern Czech language, and preventing its extinction.[57] The most famous Czech historian was František Palacký
, often called "father of nation".

Modern politicians

One of the most notable figures are founders of Czechoslovakia, modern state of independence of Czech and Slovak nations, Presidents

Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk and Edvard Beneš, who was also leader of exile government in World War II. Ludvík Svoboda was a head of the Czechoslovak military units on the Eastern Front during the World War II (later president of Czechoslovakia). The key figures of the Communist regime were Klement Gottwald, Antonín Zápotocký, Antonín Novotný (and Slovak Gustáv Husák), the most famous victims of this regime were Milada Horáková and Rudolf Slánský. Jan Palach committed self-immolation as a political protest against the end of the Prague Spring resulting from the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Warsaw Pact
armies.

Another notable politician after the fall of the communist regime is Václav Havel, last President of Czechoslovakia and first President of the Czech Republic.[58] The first directly elected president is Miloš Zeman.[59]

The Czech Republic has had multiple

Prime Ministers the first of which was latter Presidents Václav Klaus and Miloš Zeman.[60] Another Prime Ministers of the Czech Republic were conservative politicians such as Mirek Topolánek, Petr Nečas and social democratic such as Vladimír Špidla, Jiří Paroubek, Bohuslav Sobotka.[61]

Diplomat Madeleine Albright was of Czech origin and spoke Czech. Other well-known Czech diplomats were Jan Masaryk or Jiří Dienstbier.

Science

Czechs established themselves mainly in Biology, Chemistry, Philology and Egyptology.

Sports

Sports have also been a contributor to famous Czechs especially

athletics
:

The arts

Music

Bedřich Smetana Among his Friends, 1865; oil painting by František Dvořák

.

Czech musicians also played an important role in the development of European music.

microtonal music
in the 20th century must be also mentioned.

Czech music reached as far as

sinologist who was introduced to the Kangxi Emperor on 3 February 1717, in Beijing. The emperor favored him and employed him as court musician. (Slavíček was a Spinet player).[68]

Some notable modern Czech musicians are US-based composer and guitarist Ivan Král, musician and composer Jan Hammer and the rock band The Plastic People of the Universe which played an important part in the underground movement during the communist regime.

The Czech Republic first entered the Eurovision Song Contest in 2007. Czech performer qualified for the grand final for the first time in 2016 when singer Gabriela Gunčíková finished in 25th place. In 2018 the singer Mikolas Josef reached the 6th place in the contest being the best result of the Czech Republic until today.

Other important names:

Literature

Jaroslav Seifert was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his poetry.[62] Božena Němcová has become a cultural icon and gained much fame for her book Babička (The Grandmother).[70] Other important Czech writers include

Jiří Voskovec, Emil František Burian). Known journalists were Julius Fučík, Milena Jesenská or Ferdinand Peroutka
.

Visual arts

was an important ballet choreographer.

Film

Film director

surrealist filmmaker and animator Jan Švankmajer was born in Prague and has resided in the Czech Republic throughout his life. In the field of animation and puppet film famous people include Zdeněk Miler, Karel Zeman and Jiří Trnka
.

Actors Zdeněk Svěrák, Vlastimil Brodský,[73] Vladimír Menšík,[74] Libuše Šafránková or Karel Roden have also made a mark in modern Czech history. The most successful Czech erotic actress is Silvia Saint.

Modeling

The first Czech models have made a breakthrough in the international modeling were Paulina Porizkova or Ivana Trump. After the fall of communism in Czechoslovakia many other models succeeded: Karolína Kurková, Eva Herzigová, Taťána Kuchařová, Petra Němcová and Daniela Peštová.

Saints

St. John of Nepomuk (Jan Nepomucký)

Czech culture involves many saints,[75] most notably St. Wenceslaus (Václav), patron of the Czech nation,[76] St. John of Nepomuk (Jan Nepomucký),[77] St. Adalbert (Vojtěch),[78] Saint Procopius or St. Agnes of Bohemia (Anežka Česká).[79] Although not a Christian, rabbi Judah Loew ben Bezalel of Prague, a 16th Century scholar and one of the most influential figures of Jewish history, is considered to be part of the country's religious legacy as well.[80][81]

Natives

The modern Czech nation was formed through the process of the

Emil Orlik, architects Adolf Loos, Peter Parler, Josef Hoffmann, Jan Santini Aichel and Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer, cellist David Popper, violist Heinrich Wilhelm Ernst, pianists Alice Herz-Sommer and Rudolf Serkin, president of Austria Karl Renner, Prime Minister of Poland Jerzy Buzek, industrialist Oskar Schindler, or chess player Wilhelm Steinitz
.

Czech ancestry

People with Czech ancestry include the astronauts

John Forbes Kerry and Caspar Weinberger, chemist and Nobel Prize laureate Thomas Cech, physicist Karl Guthe Jansky, economist Friedrich Hayek, painters Jan Matejko, Gustav Klimt, Egon Schiele and Oskar Kokoschka, actors Ashton Kutcher, Sissy Spacek and Kim Novak, tennis players Richard Krajicek, Jakob Hlasek and Stan Wawrinka, singer Jason Mraz, Brazil president Juscelino Kubitschek, founder of McDonald's company Ray Kroc, writers Georg Trakl and Robert Musil, mayor of Chicago Anton Cermak and Ivanka Trump and her brother Donald Trump Jr.

Geography

Greater coat of arms of the Czech Republic shows symbols of historical lands Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia

The Czechs live in three historical lands:

Czech. Local dialects (such as Central Bohemian, the Chod dialect, Moravian dialects, Cieszyn Silesian, etc.) are found in various parts of the country.[87]

Czech language

The Czech language is spoken by approximately 12 million people around the world, but the vast majority are in the Czech Republic.[88] It developed from the Proto-Slavic language in the 10th century[88][89] and is mutually intelligible with the Slovak language.[90]

Religion

Predecessor to Protestantism, Jan Hus

In 1977, Richard Felix Staar described Czechs as "tolerant and even indifferent towards religion as a rule".[91]

After the

Reformed
were either expelled, killed, or converted to Catholicism. The Catholic Church lost the bulk of its adherents during the Communist era.

As of 2015, Pew Research Center found in that 72% of the population of Czech Republic declared to be

Catholics),[15]
while 2% belonged to other faiths.

Demographics

In the Czech Republic, the nation state of the Czech people, 6,732,104 (63.7%) declared as ethnic Czech according to the 2011 census. Notably, another 2,742,669 (26%) were undeclared, and 522,474 (4.9%) declared as Moravians.[1] There is a large Czech diaspora, which includes 1,703,930 Americans of Czech/Czechoslovak ancestry,[92] 94,805 Canadians of Czech ancestry,[93] an estimated 45,000 Czech-born residents in the United Kingdom,[8] and ca. 31,000 in Australia.[94] There are smaller communities throughout Europe. Number of Israelis of Czech-Jewish ancestry is estimated to be about 50,000 to 100,000, with notable individuals such as Max Brod, Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld or Yehuda Bauer.

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ This number is a lower estimate, as 2,742,669 people opted out declaring ethnicity in 2011, vast majority of whom were ethnic Czechs as the figure from the 2001 census would suggest, where there were 9.25 million Czechs, excluding Moravians (9.8 million with them included).

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Sources

Further reading

External links